中性粒细胞和淋巴细胞比值与头颈恶性肿瘤放疗过程中口腔黏膜炎的相关性
Correlation between Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio and Oral Mucositis during Radiotherapy for Head and Neck Cancer
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2023.132263, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 216  浏览: 285 
作者: 李 涛, 宋轶鹏*:青岛大学附属烟台毓璜顶医院,山东 烟台
关键词: 头颈部恶性肿瘤放疗口腔粘膜炎中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值Head and Neck Cancer Radiotherapy Oral Mucositis Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio
摘要: 目的:探讨中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值(NLR)对头颈部恶性肿瘤(HNC)放疗患者口腔粘膜炎(OM)的相关性。方法:选取2020年6月至2021年1月在青岛大学附属烟台毓璜顶医院行放射治疗的31例HNC患者为研究对象,依据受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)中NLR最佳截断值分为低NLR组及高NLR组。分别根据WHO标准和OMAS量表对患者OM进行评估,将WHO分级为3级和4级的定义为严重OM。分析放疗前NLR水平与HNC患者放疗过程中OM之间的联系。结果:依据ROC曲线,放疗前NLR的最佳截取值为2.95。根据WHO标准和OMAS标准,高NLR组患者出现严重OM的比例高于低NLR组,且高NLR组的OMAS评分高于低NLR组(均P < 0.05)。在单因素分析中,NLR水平、临床分期、N分期与患者发生严重OM显著相关,logistic多因素回归分析表明影响患者发生严重OM的独立危险因素为NLR水平、N分期;NLR对HNC放疗患者严重OM的发生具有一定的诊断价值(均P < 0.05)。结论:NLR与HNC患者放疗过程中OM严重程度相关,且对严重OM的发生具有一定的预测价值。
Abstract: Objective: To investigate the correlation between neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and oral mucositis (OM) in patients receiving radiotherapy for head and neck cancer (HNC). Methods: A total of 31 HNC patients undergoing radiotherapy in Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University from June 2020 to January 2021 were enrolled. According to the optimal cut-off value of NLR in receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC), they were divided into low NLR group and high NLR group. Patients were evaluated for OM according to WHO criteria and OMAS scale, respec-tively, and those with WHO grading of grade 3 and 4 were defined as severe OM to analyze the asso-ciation between pre-radiotherapy NLR levels and OM during radiotherapy in HNC patients. Results: The ROC indicated that the optimal intercept value of NLR before radiotherapy was 2.95. According to WHO criteria and OMAS criteria, the proportion of patients with severe OM was higher in the high NLR group than in the low NLR group, and the OMAS score was higher in the high NLR group than in the low NLR group (all P < 0.05). In the univariate analysis, NLR level, clinical stage and N stage were significantly associated with the occurrence of severe OM in patients, and multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the independent risk factors affecting the occurrence of severe OM in patients were NLR level and N stage; NLR had a diagnostic value for the occurrence of severe OM in HNC radiotherapy patients (all P < 0.05).
文章引用:李涛, 宋轶鹏. 中性粒细胞和淋巴细胞比值与头颈恶性肿瘤放疗过程中口腔黏膜炎的相关性[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(2): 1899-1905. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.132263

1. 引言

头颈部恶性肿瘤是世界第六大高发恶性肿瘤,每年有超过900,000的新发病例和370,000的死亡病例 [1] 。随着放射治疗技术的发展,放疗已经成为头颈部恶性肿瘤治疗(head and neck cancer, HNC)的重要方法 [2] [3] [4] 。然而,在接受放疗的HNC患者中,约80%的患者会出现口腔粘膜炎(oralmucositis, OM) [5] ,造成患者生活质量和治疗效果的下降。从临床的角度来看,寻找OM相关的高风险因素非常重要,因为识别出有发生重度OM风险的患者将给予机会制定个体化治疗计划 [6] 。作为体内炎症反应的标志物之一,中性粒细胞–淋巴细胞比值(neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, NLR)已被证实在胰腺癌、胃癌、食道癌、下咽癌等恶性肿瘤中具有预后价值 [7] [8] [9] [10] 。然而,关于NLR与HNC放疗过程中OM的关系亟待进一步研究。

2. 资料及方法

2.1. 一般资料

选取2020年6月至2021年1月期间在青岛大学附属烟台毓璜顶医院诊断为HNC并接受放疗或同步放化疗的患者31例。其中男性27例,女性4例;平均年龄(57 ± 10)岁。纳入标准:1) 18岁 ≤ 年龄 ≤ 85岁;2) 病理组织学确诊为头颈部鳞状细胞癌;3) 拟行放疗或同步放化疗;4) 临床资料完整。排除标准:1) 严重的肝肾功能疾病;2) 既往免疫疾病或合并其他恶性肿瘤病史;3) 放疗前出现急性或慢性感染;4) 既往接受过放化疗;5) 存在口腔黏膜疾病或牙周疾病的患者。NLR最佳截断值为2.95,低NLR组(NLR < 2.95)为17例,高NLR组(NLR ≥ 2.95)为14例。研究方案经医院伦理委员会通过,所有入组患者均签署知情同意书。

2.2. 方法

2.2.1. 治疗方法

根据中国临床肿瘤学会(CSCO)指南2020版 [11] ,HNC患者接受调强放射治疗(伴或不伴同步化疗)。放射治疗由医疗直线加速器(Varian, USA)实施,每周5次,共30或33次,累计剂量在66至72 Gy之间。同步化疗方案为每3周1次顺铂静脉输液治疗(100 mg/m2)。

2.2.2. 观察指标

患者放疗前1天或放疗前当天清晨,于空腹状态抽取肘静脉血,根据血常规结果记录中性粒细胞绝对值和淋巴细胞绝对值,计算NLR。

采用世界卫生组织(World Health Organization, WHO)标准 [12] 和口腔黏膜炎评估量表(Oral Mucositis Assessment Scale, OMAS) [13] 分别对放疗结束时的OM进行评估。WHO标准根据口腔疼痛、红斑、溃疡和进食能力将OM分为0~4级:0级,无红斑、疼痛等粘膜炎初期症状;1级,红斑,伴有疼痛感;2级,溃疡,能吃固体食物;3级,溃疡,需要流质饮食;4级,溃疡,无法进食。3级和4级粘膜炎被定义为重度OM (severe OM, SOM),3级以下被定义为非重度OM (non-severe OM, NSOM) [12] 。OMAS量表根据9个不同口腔部位的粘膜炎大小和严重程度,计算出各部位的OM评分(0~5分),最终得出一个0~45分的OM总分。

2.3. 统计学方法

采用SPSS 26.0统计软件对数据进行处理。计量资料以平均值 ± 标准差或中位数(上四分位数,下四分位数)来表示,组间比较采用独立样本t检验或者Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney检验,计数资料以n(%)表示,组间比较采用Fisher精确检验。通过ROC分析NLR预测OM严重程度的价值并确定最佳截断值。采用logistics回归进行单因素及多因素回归分析。P < 0.05被认为差异有统计学意义。

3. 结果

3.1. NLR与OM严重程度

以放疗前NLR = 2.95为界,将31例患者分为高NLR组(NLR ≥ 2.95,14例)、低NLR组(NLR < 2.95,17例)。根据WHO标准,低NLR组有70.59%的患者出现轻中度粘膜炎,29.41%的患者出现重度粘膜炎;高NLR组7.14%的患者出现轻中度粘膜炎,92.86%的患者出现重度OM;高NLR组出现严重OM的比例显著高于低NLR组(P = 0.001)。放疗前高、低NLR组OMAS评分分别为23.5 (15.7, 31.3)和13.0 (4.5, 21.5),两组间有显著性差异(P < 0.001)。见表1

Table 1. Comparison of OM severity between the two groups

表1. 低NLR组与高NLR组的OM严重程度比较

注:a为Fisher精确检验,b为Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney检验。

3.2. NLR水平与临床特征

将低NLR组与高NLR组的临床特征进行比较,结果表明,两组间的年龄、性别、吸烟史、肿瘤部位、TNM分期的差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。见表2

Table 2. Comparison of clinical characteristics between low NLR group and high NLR group

表2. 低NLR组与高NLR组的临床特征比较

3.3. 影响OM的相关因素分析

单因素分析结果显示,放疗前NLR水平、临床分期、N分期与放疗过程中严重OM的出现有相关性(均P < 0.05),年龄、性别、吸烟史、肿瘤部位、T分期与严重OM的出现无相关性(均P > 0.05)。而多因素logistic回归分析表明影响HNC患者发生严重OM的独立危险因素为NLR水平、N分期。见表3表4

Table 3. Univariate analysis for severe OM in HNC patients receiving radiotherapy

表3. HNC放疗患者发生严重OM的单因素分析

Table 4. Multivariate analysis for severe OM in HNC patients receiving radiotherapy

表4. HNC放疗患者发生严重OM的多因素分析

3.4. ROC分析及NLR的预测价值

以放疗过程中严重OM的发生为终点,将放疗前NLR设置为检测变量,绘制ROC曲线。ROC曲线中NLR的截取值为2.95 (约登指数 = 0.513),曲线下面积为0.769 (95%CI: 0.603~0.936)。NLR对HNC放疗过程中严重OM的出现具有一定的诊断价值(P < 0.05)。见图1表5

Table 5. Predictive role of NLR for severe OM during radiotherapy for HNC

表5. NLR对HNC放疗过程中严重OM的预测价值

Figure 1. ROC curve

图1. ROC曲线

4. 讨论

OM是HNC放疗过程中常见的副反应之一,主要的病理生理特征可分为五个阶段:起始、初级反应、信号放大、溃疡以及最后的愈合阶段 [14] 。OM不仅使患者感到痛苦,影响进食,严重的OM还会对治疗产生恐惧心理,使患者对后续治疗失去信心,甚至造成患者放弃治疗或更改治疗方案(11%~16%),影响疗效 [15] 。放射性粘膜炎的预防性或治愈性治疗尚未建立,基于阿片类药物的疼痛控制计划通常用于姑息治疗 [16] 。然而,如果寻找出一个可以识别患者出现重度OM的高风险因素,我们便可以提前对患者进行干预,从而预防或缓解粘膜炎。NLR已被报道在多种恶性肿瘤中具有预后价值,但是关于其与HNC放疗过程中OM的相关性有待进一步探索。

本研究通过ROC曲线来选取截断值,放疗前NLR的截取值为2.95。以截断值为界将放疗前NLR的表达分为高水平组和低水平组。高NLR组的严重OM的发生率及OMAS评分显著高于低NLR组,而放疗前NLR水平与性别、年龄、吸烟史、肿瘤部位、T分期、N分期、临床分期等临床病理参数无关。多因素logistic回归分析表明,NLR及N分期是严重粘膜炎的独立危险因素。Lee等已证明,放射性肺炎患者的治疗前NLR水平高于无症状患者 [17] 。他们还发现,确认放射性肺炎时的NLR值可预测炎症进一步发展为症状形式 [17] 。OM的发生主要是促炎细胞因子活化的结果 [18] 。NLR是体内炎症反应的标志物之一,高NLR值表明中性粒细胞增多,可导致TNFα、MMP、IL-1和IL6在炎症反应中过度刺激,从而可能造成细胞凋亡和组织损伤的加剧 [18] - [23] 。这可以解释我们得到的结果。

此外,在ROC分析中,曲线下面积为0.769 (95% CI: 0.603~0.936),提示放疗前NLR具有较高的预测准确性。NLR是临床中常见的指标,广泛可用、廉价且易于解释。对接受放疗的HNC患者,我们可以在放疗前对NLR进行检测,以评估患者发生严重OM的风险,为缓解或预防放疗过程中OM的发生发展提供了新思路。本研究应用WHO及OMAS两套评分系统对粘膜炎进行了评估,相互验证,使结果更可靠,然而本研究为单中心研究,且样本量小,下一步需要扩大样本量,进行多中心研究来论证。

5. 结论

综上所述,放疗前NLR与HNC患者放疗过程中OM严重程度相关,且对严重OM的发生具有一定的预测价值,有助于放射性OM的临床预防和诊治。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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