冠状动脉旁路移植术与冠脉动脉介入术手术效果研究现状
Current Status of Research on the Effect of Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting and Coronary Artery Intervention
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2023.134733, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 215  浏览: 345 
作者: 方万顺:山东第一医科大学研究生部,山东 济南;戴炳光*:济南市第五人民医院胸心外科,山东 济南
关键词: 冠状动脉搭桥(CABG)经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)药物洗脱支架手术效果Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG) Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) Drug-Eluting Stent Surgical Effect
摘要: 冠心病(CAD)现在已经成为世界上威胁人民健康的首要疾病,对于冠心病的手术治疗,传统冠状动脉旁路移植术(Coronary artery bypass grafting, CABG)和经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(Percutaneous coro-nary intervention, PCI)都已经被证实有效且被患者接受,但目前两种手术的手术效果都存在一定的问题,目前国内外正在探索减轻CABG创伤或者优化PCI的新兴技术,从而给患者提供更好的诊疗方案。
Abstract: Coronary heart disease (CAD) has become the primary disease threatening people’s health in the world. For the surgical treatment of coronary heart disease, traditional coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) have been proved to be effective and accepted by patients, but at present, there are some problems in the surgical effects of the two kinds of surgery. At present, new techniques to reduce CABG trauma or optimize PCI are being ex-plored at home and abroad in order to provide patients with a better diagnosis and treatment plan.
文章引用:方万顺, 戴炳光. 冠状动脉旁路移植术与冠脉动脉介入术手术效果研究现状[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(4): 5170-5174. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.134733

1. 引言

随着经济水平的不断提高,人们的物质生活水平也在逐渐丰富。高盐、高脂饮食带来了一系列的心脑血管问题,其中冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病及其引发的心血管不良事件严重影响了国民的身体健康。冠心病是世界范围三大死亡原因之一 [1] ,研究表明,每秒钟就有一人死于心血管疾病 [2] 。目前针对冠心病,主要的手术手段包括:传统冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)和经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI),两种手术都已被证明可以缓解症状,并在某些情况下延长寿命 [3] 。但关于两者的手术效果的研究现状还不清楚,本文通过搜集资料对比两种手术的手术效果,分析两种术式研究现状。

2. CABG对PCI的手术优势

冠状动脉旁路移植术和经皮冠状动脉内支架植入术在疗效方面的相对优势一直备受争议。CABG和PCI相比,死亡风险,急性心肌梗死(MI)和反复血运重建的发生率降低 [4] 。手术有效避免了开胸手术创伤后的炎症反应,特别是炎性细胞因子IL-6,TNF-α以及自身免疫反应对术后恢复的影响 [5] 。CABG的心脏保护优势被认为是由于对冠状动脉进行了血管的旁路移植,它不仅治疗罪犯血管的狭窄部位,而且通过手术,减少了斑块破裂和动脉粥样硬化对未来不良心血管事件的发生率,而支架只治疗适当的狭窄节段,无法阻止冠心病的继续发展。后续仍有并发心肌梗死的风险。尽管经皮冠状动脉介入治疗组的围术期不良事件发生率较低,但冠状动脉旁路移植组患者在术后30天至3年期间的不良事件较少 [6] 。从根本上讲,PCI治疗只治疗局部狭窄的病变,而CABG治疗整个血管 [7] 。与PCI相比,CABG导致更好的中晚期死亡率结局,这可能是由于动脉移植物与隐静脉移植物相比更通畅 [8] 。有研究表明,冠状动脉旁路移植术后的5年死亡率显著低于经皮冠状动脉介入术后。特别是合并有多支血管病变和糖尿病的患者 [9] 。同时在相同的适应症中,冠状动脉旁路移植术干预可节省更多的成本。因为虽然CABG的单次花费高,但对疾病控制的有效期长,PCI术后往往需要多次治疗,进而提高花费成本 [2] 。与PCI相比,接受CABG患者基本都年龄较大且伴有多支血管病变 [10] 。对于高龄且伴有多支血管病变的,PCI术存在血管破裂危险以及需要放入多枚支架。所以,CABG仍然是多支血管病变冠心病的的最佳血运重建策略,可降低死亡率和重复血运重建风险 [11] 。同时讨论冠心病不得不提的就是急性心肌梗死(MI),对于MI,急症内科溶栓失败的患者,必然会面临两种手术的选择,有研究表明在急性心肌梗死中行PCI和冠状动脉旁路移植术的短期和中期发病率和死亡率相似,但 PCI后重复血运重建率更高 [12] 。

3. PCI对CABG的手术优势

对于冠心病患者来说,与CABG相比,PCI大大降低了患者围手术期卒中风险 [13] 。PCI手术风险小于CABG,且CABG需要在体外循环下开胸手术,且与PCI治疗相比,冠脉搭桥术的围手术期风险更高 [14] 。这些创伤和术后不确定性给带来了对CABG手术的恐惧。同时考虑冠心病人常常合并心功能不全和身体虚弱,往往承受不住巨大的手术创伤。患者和医生也倾向于选择侵入性较小的手术方式。严重冠心病患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗期间,临床结果也得到了改善,且死亡风险降低。与CABG相比,经皮冠状动脉介入治疗的侵入性更小,同时减少了围术期并发症,如需要围手术期出血风险、中风、急性肾损伤、感染、严重心律失常等问题 [15] 。血管重建率一直是手术成功与否的重要的指标。与CABG相比,PCI的靶血管血运重建率更高,围手术期卒中发生率更低,一年后死亡率或心肌梗死没有差异 [16] 。1年的中期卒中发生率显著降低 [14] 。所以PCI的短期疗效是可以得到保证的。同时PCI在血管通路、血管内成像方式和抗血栓治疗方面优于CABG。

4. 国内外研究

针对CABG和PCI在手术效果上的不足,国内外也在不停的探究着新的解决方案。PCI术在血管通路、血管内成像方式和抗血栓治疗方面在不断进步,其中新一代药物支架(DES)的研究问世有着不错的反响,随着新一代DES的试行,一项随机临床试验的荟萃分析报告显示,在选定的CAD患者中,经皮冠状动脉成形术和冠状动脉搭桥术后的死亡率相似 [17] 。与冠状动脉旁路移植术相比,PCI联合DES的手术方案至少会产生相似甚至有益的结果 [18] 。同时近二十年来,我们见证了冠状动脉开胸手术也开始往微创的方向发展,研究出了非体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术(OPCABG)和新兴的混合式CABG、机器人内窥镜CABG和微创CABG,这些新型手术都被证明有利于改善预后 [19] 。其中微创CABG通过改变手术入路,避免了正中胸骨的离断,改为从侧胸进行手术,大大减少了创伤。但长期安全性还需要进一步的临床研究就验证。

5. 未来展望

随着微创心脏外科技术的发展,混合冠状动脉血运重建术(HCR)已成为治疗多支冠状动脉疾病的一种微创方法。混合血运重建术的主要优点是结合了CABG与PCI的优势。通过CABG技术实现了胸内动脉移植到左前降支(LAD)的外科重建血管益处,并通过经皮冠状动脉介入(PCI)实现了对非LAD其余血管的完全血运重建,混合冠脉血运重建术是一种安全、微创的方法,住院时间短,中期结果良好 [20] 。由于是新兴技术,长期的手术效果还没有被证实。但冠心病的手术治疗也在朝着微创化的方向前进。同时也有研究表明以运动为基础的心脏康复疗法,作为两种手术的辅助手段,在降低总死亡率和心血管死亡率(中长期研究)和住院率(短期研究)方面是有效的 [21] 。

6. 总结

冠心病的手术治疗主要手段CABG和PCI都对病情有着很好的疗效,但同时存在一些劣势,CABG手术创伤大,围手术期并发症多。PCI术后存在不良心血管事件风险。随着医学的进步,微创心脏外科手术术式的开发以及新一代药物支架的研发,冠心病的治疗开始多元化,研究证明上述方式都是安全且收益更大的,对于未来冠心病的诊疗,结合CABG以及PCI两者优势的混合冠脉血运重建可能会成为未来发展的方向,也会为我国乃至全世界冠心病患者解决痛苦,提高生活质量。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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