结直肠进展期腺瘤的研究进展
Research Progress of Advanced Colorectal Adenoma
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2024.141042, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 117  浏览: 209 
作者: 王海云, 程永波*, 解璇莹:新疆医科大学第一附属医院消化病一科,新疆 乌鲁木齐
关键词: 结直肠进展期腺瘤结直肠癌早期诊断治疗Advanced Colorectal Adenoma Colorectal Cancer Early Diagnosis Treatment
摘要: 结直肠癌(CRC)是目前全球范围内发病率第三位的恶性肿瘤,通常起源于结直肠腺瘤。结直肠进展期腺瘤是指直径 ≥ 10 mm和(或)至少有25%的绒毛结构和(或)伴有高度异型增生的腺瘤,是结直肠癌CRC发生发展的最具特征性的癌前病变。因此,早期识别和切除这些病变,以及定期结肠镜检查是CRC防控策略的核心关键。本文我们将介绍结直肠进展期腺瘤危险因素、更新其恶变分子机制、早期诊断及治疗等方面,为提高对于该病变的认识及预防结直肠癌的发展提供新的参考。
Abstract: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common malignant tumor worldwide, which usually origi-nates from colorectal adenoma. Advanced colorectal adenoma refers to adenoma with diameter ≥ 10 mm and/or at least 25% villous structure and/or high-grade dysplasia, which is the most char-acteristic precancerous lesion in the occurrence and development of colorectal cancer. Therefore, early identification and removal of these lesions, together with regular colonoscopy, are the core keys of CRC prevention and control strategies. In this article, we will introduce the risk factors of advanced colorectal adenoma, update the molecular mechanism of malignant transformation, early diagnosis and treatment, so as to provide a new reference for improving the understanding of this lesion and preventing the development of colorectal cancer.
文章引用:王海云, 程永波, 解璇莹. 结直肠进展期腺瘤的研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(1): 292-296. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2024.141042

1. 引言

腺瘤广义上是指腺组织伴有低级别上皮内瘤变或轻度异型增生的任何良性肿瘤,结直肠腺瘤主要包括管状腺瘤、绒毛状腺瘤、管状绒毛状腺瘤,其中绒毛是指远离黏膜肌层的手指状或叶状上皮突起 [1] ,进展期结直肠腺瘤指具备以下一项或多项标准的腺瘤:① 息肉直径 ≥ 10 mm;② 组织学为绒毛状或管状绒毛状;③ 伴有高级别上皮内瘤变 [2] 。一项15,935例患者参与的前瞻性队列研究显示,进展期腺瘤患结直肠癌的风险显著增加 [3] 。本研究将总结结直肠进展期腺瘤癌病机制,讨论其危险因素、早期诊断和目前对其治疗的建议。

2. 进展期腺瘤的危险因素

目前普遍认为影响进展期腺瘤的因素很多,研究表明增加进展期腺瘤患病的最常见危险因素包括男性、高龄、吸烟、体重指数、结直肠癌家族史等 [4] [5] 。可能由于老年病人肠道激素水平变化、肠道菌紊乱且易合并更多基础疾病。有学者认为性别差异可能因为雌激素的保护作用,相关研究显示雌激素可促进KCNQ1的重新分布,有助于β-连环蛋白泛素化,可促进腺瘤的发生 [6] 。烟草被公认为常见致癌物,不仅会影响呼吸道,它对胃肠道也是有害的,研究显示,吸烟者患结直肠腺瘤的风险是不吸烟者的2.14倍 [7] 。此外,胃肠道充满了不同复杂群落的微生物,结肠微生物群更密集、代谢更活跃,这些微生物在维持体内平衡方面起着重要作用,越来越多的证据表明,结肠腺瘤和癌患者具有独特的微生物群。作为重要癌前病变,结直肠进展期腺瘤患者肠道菌群同时发生了改变。有研究 [8] 表明结直肠进展期腺瘤患者肠道菌群失调,以肠球菌、链球菌为代表的各种机会致病菌明显增多。

3. 进展期腺瘤的发生发展

在“结直肠腺瘤–癌途径”中,APC突变常最早发生,APC活性的丧失导致β-联蛋白的核转运和Wnt信号通路的激活,引起结直肠细胞转化、克隆,表现出发育异常的表型,并可能生长形成管状腺瘤 [9] 。在高达50%的直径 > 1.0 cm的腺瘤中发现了KRAS突变,并且经常与息肉结构从管状到管状绒毛状或绒毛状的改变有关 [10] 。KRAS的激活突变通常发生在APC突变后,并在近40%的结直肠癌中发现,许多KRAS突变的结直肠癌也包含编码PI3K催化亚基的基因突变。此外,前列腺素–内过氧化物合酶2 (PTGS2,也称为COX-2)也参与了“腺瘤–癌”的发展,有研究表明使用COX抑制剂(包括阿司匹林和选择性COX-2抑制剂)可降低腺瘤–癌病变的风险,但最佳剂量、作用机制和最有可能受益的患者特征尚未确定 [11] 。

4. 进展期腺瘤的早期诊断

4.1. 内镜检查

结肠镜检查是进展期腺瘤早期诊断中最常用的方法之一,可对整个结肠和直肠进行直视检查,以确定是否有结直肠息肉和癌症,对结直肠进展期腺瘤,敏感性为0.89~0.95 (95% CI, 0.70~0.99),特异性为0.89 (95% CI, 0.86~0.91) [12] 。但结肠镜检查需要在术前做好肠道准备并改变饮食和药物。许多患者也认为它具有很强的侵入性,导致患者依从性差,在一项纳入500多万例结肠镜检查的荟萃分析中,严重不良事件包括大出血(0.146%)和穿孔(0.031%) [12] 。结肠胶囊内镜检查(CCE)是一种新兴的筛查工具,通过药丸大小的无线摄像头在胃肠道内拍摄图像,该检查微创且不需要镇静、吹气等。然而,CCE的完全检查率仅为66.7% [13] 。CCE的解读还需要接受过胶囊内镜检查培训的临床医生,这通常比传统结肠镜检查和报告需要更多的时间 [14] 。

4.2. 粪便监测

基于粪便监测主要有免疫化学检测(FIT)和多靶点粪便DNA检测(mt-sDNA)。FIT已广泛用于筛查人群,比起传统的愈创木脂粪便潜血检测,具有灵敏度高、操作简便、舒适无创等特点 [15] 。FIT较少受到饮食因素和药物的干扰,在一项荟萃分析中,服用口服抗凝剂、阿司匹林或非甾体抗炎药与阳性预测值无关,因此在FIT筛查之前没有必要停用这些药物 [16] 。多靶点粪便DNA检测是一种较新的筛查方法,旨在通过FIT检测11种异常DNA的分子生物标志物(例如突变KRAS、甲基化BMP3和甲基化NDRG4等)。mt-sDNA的优点是可以在非临床环境中进行,不需要饮食或药物限制,可以每3年进行一次,并且是非侵入性的 [17] 。与FIT相比,可能假阳性率高、成本高,但它对进展期腺瘤的敏感性也更高 [18] 。目前正在研究以提高mt-sDNA检测的敏感性和特异性,随着检测特性和覆盖范围的提高,这种筛查策略的使用可能会增加 [19] 。

4.3. CT结肠成像术(CTC)

CTC是指使用CT扫描仪和计算机重建方法来直观地评估结肠和直肠是否有结直肠息肉和癌。对于直径 ≥ 10 mm的腺瘤,灵敏度为0.89 (95% CI, 0.83~0.96),特异度为0.94 (95% CI, 0.89~1.0) [12] 。与结肠镜检查相比,CTC的侵入性更小,不需要镇静或麻醉,并发症发生率低,对于有躯体合并症而无法进行结肠镜检查的患者相对安全 [18] 。并有可能筛查其他疾病,包括骨密度减低、主动脉钙化和肝脂肪变性等 [17] 。但CTC存在病灶漏诊、低剂量辐射、图像显示不清等风险。

5. 进展期腺瘤的治疗

为防止进展期腺瘤发展为癌,结肠镜检查时发现的所有息肉都应切除。对于小于10 mm的进展期腺瘤可选用活检钳息肉切除术和圈套息肉切除术,活检钳息肉切除术简单易行,术后并发症发生率低,因此对于微小息肉(直径 ≤ 5 mm),活检钳切除是首选治疗方式 [20] ,但据统计微小息肉中进展期腺瘤的占比非常低 [2] 。圈套息肉切除术包括冷圈套息肉切除术(CSP)和热圈套息肉切除术(HSP),可应用于10 mm以内的进展期腺瘤的内镜切除。相关研究显示,对于小息肉(6~9 mm)的切除,HSP和CSP的整块切除率无明显差异,但CSP的延迟出血率与HSP相比有降低的趋势 [21] 。对于≥10 mm的进展期腺瘤,内镜下黏膜切除术(EMR)是首选方法,与内镜下黏膜剥离术(ESD)和外科手术相比,EMR应用广泛,且操作简单具有治疗费用低、手术并发症少等优点。EMR预切术(EMR-P)是一种将ESD与EMR相结合的技术,在粘膜下注射后使用圈套器尖端进行环向粘膜切口(预切割)后通过圈套切除病灶。一项回顾性研究显示,对于中等大小(10~20 mm)无蒂结直肠息肉,EMR-P的整块切除率(94.3%)明显高于CEMR (86%),特别是在>15 mm病灶中。此外,与CEMR相比,EMR-P没有增加不良事件的发生率 [22] 。对于用EMR难以整块切除或伴有黏膜下纤维化的病变目前国内外指南建议行ESD切除,与EMR相比,ESD具有更高的整块切除率且风险更低,但ESD操作难度大、耗时较长、且穿孔率较高。为减短操作时间,降低穿孔率,新近出现的简化ESD (ESD-S)初始步骤与ESD相同,当黏膜切除到病变总面积的1/4左右时,用圈套器剥离而不是电刀切除剩余的组织 [20] 。

6. 进展期腺瘤的术后随访

CROSS [23] 等对21,318例患者多中心、回顾性队列研究发现,术后未规律随访的患者结直肠癌标准化发病率在伴有高度异型增生腺瘤患者中更高,对于低危腺瘤和进展期腺瘤患者,术后未随访的标准化发病率分别为0.75 (95% CI 0.63~0.88)和1.30 (95% CI 1.03~1.62)。一项15,935例患者参与的前瞻性队列研究显示,进展期腺瘤患结直肠癌的风险显著增加 [3] 。基于新的研究,美国多社会工作组 [24] 建议对于在高质量结肠镜检查中完全切除的对于进展期腺瘤患者,每1~3年随访一次。

7. 总结和展望

综上所述,增加进展期腺瘤患病的危险因素有性别、年龄、吸烟、体重指数、结直肠癌家族史等,癌病途径大多数遵循“腺瘤–癌”途径,对于结直肠癌新途径的发现为研究人员和临床医师提供了应对这一挑战的机会;目前对于合并炎症性肠病、CRC个人史、CRC家族史或同时合并多种危险因素如年龄、肥胖、吸烟、性别等患者的随访间隔及治疗的相关前瞻性研究较少,因此需要更多的研究来确定不同个体的亚群,为结直肠进展期腺瘤患者提供个体化随防及治疗。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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