抑郁症与睡眠障碍的关联研究进展
Research Progress on the Association between Depression and Sleep Disorders
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2024.143922, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 34  浏览: 73  科研立项经费支持
作者: 景平平, 傅松年*:新疆医科大学第一附属医院心理医学中心,新疆 乌鲁木齐
关键词: 抑郁症睡眠障碍炎症多导睡眠仪Depression Sleep Disorders Inflammation Polysomnography
摘要: 抑郁症是一种以持续性、复发性情绪低落、快感缺乏的慢性精神疾病。抑郁症患者往往伴有睡眠问题,而睡眠障碍可能会成为导致抑郁症的重要因素。该综述探讨了抑郁症与睡眠障碍的关联及特征,为抑郁症的早期识别、治疗提供个体化依据。
Abstract: Depression is a chronic mental disorder characterized by persistent and recurrent low mood and lack of pleasure. Patients with depression often experience sleep problems, and sleep disorders may become important factors leading to depression. This review explores the association and characteristics of depression and sleep disorders, providing personalized basis for the early identification and treatment of depression.
文章引用:景平平, 傅松年. 抑郁症与睡眠障碍的关联研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(3): 1901-1907. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2024.143922

1. 引言

抑郁症(Major depressive disorder, MDD)是一种常见的以情绪低落、失去兴趣为主要临床特征的疾病总称,常伴有意志活动减退、思维迟钝、快感丢失、自我否定和睡眠障碍及自主神经功能紊乱等临床表现 [1] 。因为具有高患病率、高致残率、高复发率 [2] ,其中一部分患者在病程间歇期仍存在症状残留,甚至需要进行长期治疗,对个人和社会产生严重的负面影响,是全世界致残的主要原因之一,影响全世界4%以上的人口 [3] 。预计2030年将上升至世界疾病负担首位 [4] 。根据世界卫生组织(World Health Organization WHO)的数据,抑郁症影响着全球超过3亿人群,由于新冠病毒(COVID)的大流行,到2020年情况进一步的恶化,全球报告的病例增加了25% [5] 。它也是所有躯体疾病中导致终生致残的主要原因 [6] 。研究表明抑郁症全球平均发病率约5%,终生患病率为15%~20% [7] ,而我国的终生患病率为6.8% [8] 。另外在临床实践中,发现只有大约一半的抑郁症患者会主动寻求治疗,近75%的患者会在生命的某个阶段经历复发 [9] 。

在抑郁症患者中,大约90%的患者普遍存在睡眠问题(如失眠、嗜睡症、发作性睡病等) [10] 。很多研究都独立探索了抑郁症和失眠的大脑功能,发现抑郁症和失眠之间存在明显的神经生物学重叠,如消极情感网络中,这两种疾病的特征都是杏仁核、岛叶、前扣带和内侧前额叶皮质连接失调 [11] 。睡眠障碍是各年龄阶段发生或复发抑郁的独立危险因素,同时也增加了抑郁症患者自杀意念、自杀行为的风险 [12] [13] 。研究指出睡眠改善可以预测抑郁的缓解和恢复,因此在急性期治疗中需要关注睡眠问题 [14] 。简而言之,失眠是抑郁症的可改变危险因素,治疗失眠,可以预防抑郁症的发生和复发 [15] 。这些研究结果表明,在抑郁症发生之前早期诊断和治疗睡眠障碍对于临床医生来说至关重要。研究者们提到抑郁症和失眠之间的关系是矛盾的。从理论上讲,这表明抑郁症和失眠之间的关系不仅仅是因果关系,而是一种复杂的双向关系。

2. 抑郁症与睡眠障碍的关系

睡眠障碍是一个主要的健康问题,包括各种睡眠模式紊乱和困难。在过去的十年中,抑郁症通常被认为是失眠症的一个危险因素。许多纵向研究表明,失眠不仅是抑郁症的一个前驱表现,同时是抑郁症的一个独立危险因素,并且与疾病严重程度、认知功能障碍、失望程度、药物滥用、攻击性和冲动行为、情绪失调有关 [16] 。睡眠不足引起的情绪、认知和行为效应可能会加剧抑郁状态,同时也与抑郁症特定症状的升高有关。如Emslie等人发现患有抑郁症的儿童和青少年中,失眠症状与特定抑郁症状的严重程度更高相关,包括疲劳、身体不适和注意力不集中 [17] 。此外,最新研究提出睡眠障碍和抑郁症之间存在双向关系,即睡眠问题不再是抑郁症的附带症状,而是一种预测性的前驱症状,睡眠时间跟抑郁症呈现u型关系(表明睡眠持续时间过长或者过短都是不利的) [9] [18] 。

3. 抑郁症与睡眠障碍的相互作用机制

3.1. 炎症因子假说

越来越多的证据支持了睡眠欠佳与负面健康状况(如抑郁、心血管和心脏代谢紊乱等)风险增加存在联系。虽然潜在的生物学机制仍有待完全阐述,但许多人已经转向免疫系统的生物标志物,特别是炎症标志物 [19] 。基于一般人群的研究表明,C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein CRP)、白介素-6 (Interleukin 6 IL-6)和肿瘤坏死因子α (Tumor necrosis factor α, TNF-α)的增高可能会导致抑郁的发生,尤其是与伴随抑郁的躯体症状(如疲劳、睡眠困难和食欲改变等)有关 [20] 。炎症反应可以显著调节神经元的活动,影响下丘脑–垂体–肾上腺轴的正常功能,从而引发抑郁症状 [21] 。通过外周免疫细胞(例如淋巴细胞、单核细胞、中性粒细胞)释放的促炎细胞因子激活星形胶质细胞和小胶质细胞来驱动神经炎症,来调节情绪的大脑区域 [22] 。这些物质会导致大脑内单胺类递质水平的下降,激活神经内分泌反应,来增加谷氨酸的浓度,消弱了大脑的可塑性 [23] 。不同的炎症特征与抑郁症的不同亚型有关,如非抑郁症患者促炎状态更加显著,而抑郁症患者则是促炎细胞因子产生减少。TNF与非典型特征和慢性症状有关,IL-6可能代表抑郁患者的“急性加重的状态指标”,此外随着时间的推移,较高水平的IL-6预测了抑郁症的慢性化 [24] 。在一篇纳入72项研究的meta分析中也支持睡眠障碍(包括失眠症状)与IL-6和CRP循环水平升高之间有着相当一致的相关性 [25] 。在睡眠障碍期间,来自交感神经系统的神经纤维将神经递质去甲肾上腺素释放到原发性和继发性淋巴器官中,刺激肾上腺素将储存的肾上腺素释放到体循环中,通过刺激白细胞肾上腺素能受体,激活核因子-kB (NF-κB这是炎症信号级联中的一个关键转录控制途径)增加炎症基因表达来增加炎症细胞因子的产生 [9] 。另外研究者发现IL-1、IL-6、和TNF的激活可以促进快速眼动,从而引发嗜睡症状,而IL-4和IL-10的激活则可以抑制非快速眼动睡眠,从而发挥出抗睡眠的功效 [26] 。尽管睡眠障碍、炎症和抑郁之间的密切关系很明显,但它们之间的确切相互作用仍需进一步研究探讨。

3.2. 昼夜节律

昼夜节律是由下丘脑视交叉上核(SCN)中分子钟控制的生理和行为中的24小时节律。SCN通过负责合成褪黑激素或皮质醇等激素直接或间接调节外周时钟来维持身体所有细胞的同步。例如,神经元和激素时钟调节细胞生长、肾脏过滤、认知、营养代谢和免疫功能 [27] 。褪黑激素是启动睡眠的关键因素。通过与昼夜节律相互作用,使得睡眠持续时间和结构同时受到睡眠–觉醒周期的调节。尽管昼夜节律系统和睡眠–觉醒周期相互作用以及时钟基因和抑郁症之间的分子机制仍然难以捉摸。但近年来的研究提出时钟基因失调被认为是失眠和抑郁发作的重要因素,可能的机制是睡眠障碍和环境因素导致时钟基因的异常表达,进而影响情绪症状,最终导致抑郁发作 [28] 。在一项横断面研究中也观察到睡眠–觉醒节律延迟可能引发抑郁症状恶化,并影响认知功能和社交功能障碍 [29] 。与失眠相关的过度觉醒中,腹侧情绪系统(包括杏仁核和腹侧前扣带皮层)的持续多动,可能与抑郁情绪有关 [30] 。

3.3. 生化途径

在抑郁症的病理生理学中,发现神经递质如5-羟色胺、多巴胺、去甲肾上腺素、组胺等相互作用和激活,可能参与了抑郁的发生 [2] [31] 。事实上多种抗抑郁药物,包括三环类抗抑郁药(TCA)、选择性血清素再摄取抑制剂(SSRI)、去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制剂(NRI)和血清素–去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制剂(SNRI)等,能够有效地缓解抑郁情绪,这也进一步验证了上述理论,而且为临床治疗提供了有力的支持。研究发现,导致REM睡眠异常的单胺神经递质的失调也与抑郁症的表现有关。但好像REM睡眠异常与抑郁症之间没有因果关系,这表明REM睡眠和抑郁症的调节可能存在两种或两种以上的平行途径 [9] 。也有学者提出,胆碱能系统在抑郁症的REM睡眠异常中也起着关键作用,胆碱能激动剂(如阿雷胆碱和毒扁豆碱)可缩短抑郁患者的REM睡眠潜伏期,并优先缩短REM睡眠间隔时间 [32] 。

3.4. 遗传学说

多项遗传学研究,抑郁症的发生与个体的遗传素质存在着密切的联系,这种联系程度从中度到高度不等,且已经被证实是可靠的。一般人们认为失眠是由环境因素,压力或其他精神疾病引起的,但最近的证据表明,遗传因素也可能参与其中。研究发现,睡眠与抑郁症之间存在遗传相关性 [33] 。另有研究得出结论,MDD对失眠的潜在额外遗传影响显着重叠(女性为56%,男性为74%) [34] 。然而,目前,我们只知道失眠和抑郁症部分与遗传有关。以后研究者们需要进一步集中研究参与失眠和抑郁症中特定基因调控的特定基因,以及这些基因如何发挥作用。

4. 抑郁症共病睡眠障碍患者的睡眠特征

多导睡眠仪(PSG)被广泛的认为是诊断睡眠障碍的首选仪器 [35] 。它能够实时监测夜间连续的呼吸、动脉血氧饱和度、脑电图、心电图、肌电、脉率、心率等多种生理参数,可全面了解患者的睡眠状态。睡眠的连续性包括:睡眠效率指数、总睡眠时间、睡眠起始潜伏期,醒来次数、入睡后醒来次数。睡眠结构可以被划分成两个主要的时期,包括快速眼动期(rapid eyes movement REM)和非快速眼动睡眠期(no-rapid eyes movement NREM),其中根据脑电波的频率和振幅,NREM期又分为NREM1 (N1)、NREM2 (N2)、NREM3 (N3),其中N1期也称为浅睡眠,N3期也称为慢波睡眠或深睡眠 [36] 。快速眼动睡眠包括快速眼动睡眠量、快速眼动潜伏期、快速眼动密度和快速眼动持续时间。正常情况下,一夜睡眠由4~6个NREM和REM睡眠组成的睡眠周期组成,每个周期约90分钟。

PSG提示抑郁症患者睡眠连续性和睡眠结构均异常。睡眠连续性方面:抑郁症患者一般早醒,醒来再次入睡困难,睡眠中多次转醒、总的睡眠时间减少,睡眠起始潜伏期延长等。在一项基于大量人群的研究中发现,睡眠效率每增加5%,抑郁症的发病率就会下降12%。而入睡后觉醒每增加5分钟,患抑郁症的风险就会增加2% [37] 。睡眠结构方面发现所有阶段都有睡眠参数异常,REM睡眠的改变是最明显的睡眠特征。REM睡眠潜伏期缩短(睡眠开始与第一次发生REM睡眠之间的间隔缩短),REM睡眠时间减少,REM的密度增加 [38] 。在一项横断面研究中观察到在重度抑郁症(MDD)亚型中PSG的睡眠特征有所不同,忧郁性MDD的睡眠效率降低以及入睡后觉醒增加显著相关。未指定的MDD与快速眼球运动密度增加显着相关 [39] 。最初人们希望这些REM睡眠异常可以作为抑郁症的潜在鉴别诊断标志物,但这并没有实现,因为几乎所有的抗抑郁药都会对抑郁症的睡眠结构产生影响,如经典的三环类抗抑郁药、四环类药物均抑制快速眼动睡眠 [40] 。REM睡眠的改变通常持续到临床发作之后,因此增加了复发或复发的脆弱性,并且可能会降低治疗的有效性 [41] 。

此外,研究发现抑郁症中的自杀意念与特定的睡眠结构有关,特别是在双相和单相抑郁中,NREM第4阶段睡眠减少,午夜醒来时间更长 [42] 。随着年龄的增长,老年抑郁症患者N3期睡眠减少的程度与自杀观念存在相关性,这一发现可以作为有效的预测指标来帮助更好的了解自杀风险 [43] 。而在自杀青少年中的多导睡眠图研究的结果发现睡眠发作潜伏期长,快速眼动密度增加 [44] 。

5. 总结

本文阐述了睡眠障碍与抑郁症之间潜在关系及可能的机制。睡眠障碍不仅是抑郁症的一种并发症,也可能是其前驱症状,可以预示抑郁症的发生和预后。同时出现睡眠障碍和情绪低落对患者生活质量造成了相当大的危害,并对大脑中神经递质功能产生不利影响。因此,在对抑郁症患者进行治疗干预时,不仅需要关注精神症状的改善,还应当重视睡眠障碍的处理。总之,睡眠问题与抑郁症之间的关系是复杂的,它们之间的相互作用机制仍然值得进一步探究。

基金项目

自治区科技支疆项目计划(2022E02055)。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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