肝细胞癌根治性切除术后无复发生存时间和总生存的影响因素分析
An Analysis of the Factors Influencing Disease-Free and Overall Survival Time after Curative Resection for Hepatocellular Carcinoma
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2024.1441291, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 21  浏览: 30  科研立项经费支持
作者: 陈琪栋*, 梁军波#:浙江大学医学院台州医院,浙江 台州
关键词: 肝癌GGTPAB预后因素根治性切除术Hepatocellular Carcinoma GGT PAB Prognostic Factor Curative Resection
摘要: 目的:本研究的目的是调查影响接受根治性切除术的肝细胞癌(HCC)患者无病生存期(RFS)和总生存期(OS)的重要血清因子。患者和方法:从2011年到2018年,我们中心招募了187名接受肝癌根治性手术的患者。使用Kaplan-Meier方法生成生存曲线,并使用对数秩检验进行比较。使用单变量和多变量Cox比例风险模型评估RFS和OS的预后因素。结果:单因素和多变量分析表明,前白蛋白(PAB) (p = 0.016)和GGT (p = 0.007)与RFS独立相关,GGT (p = 0.039)、GGT/PAB (p = 0.038)和GGT/AST (p = 0.035)与OS独立相关。结论:根治性手术后原发性肝细胞癌的预后受多种因素影响。血清GGT、PAB、GGT/PAB和GGT/AST水平可作为评估术后患者预后的方便且经济的方法。
Abstract: Objective: The aim of the current study was to investigate the significant serum factors that influence recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients who receive curative resection. Patients and Methods: From 2011 to 2018, 187 patients who underwent radical surgery for HCC in our center were recruited. Survival curves were generated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using a log-rank test. The prognostic factors of RFS and OS were assessed using univariate and multivariable Cox proportional hazards models. Results: The univariate and multivariable analyses demonstrated that prealbumin (PAB) (p = 0.016) and GGT (p = 0.007) were independently associated with RFS, GGT (p = 0.039), GGT/PAB (p = 0.038) and GGT/AST (p = 0.035) were independently associated with OS. Conclusion: The prognosis of primary HCC after curative surgery can be influenced by many factors. Serum levels of GGT, PAB, GGT/PAB and GGT/AST might be used as convenient and economical methods for evaluating the prognosis of patients after surgery.
文章引用:陈琪栋, 梁军波. 肝细胞癌根治性切除术后无复发生存时间和总生存的影响因素分析[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(4): 2267-2277. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2024.1441291

1. 引言

原发性肝癌(Hepatocellular Carcinoma)是世界上第五大流行的恶性肿瘤 [1] ,持续危害人类的身体健康 [2] [3] 。在全球报道的HCC病例中,55%来自中国 [4] 。近年来,随着病毒性肝炎和脂肪肝患者的逐年增加,HCC的发病率也在逐年上升 [5] [6] 。虽然技术的进步和医疗水平的提高,HCC的治疗也在不断改善。但在世界范围内,肝脏肿瘤的根治性肝切除术仍被认为是最可靠HCC的治疗方法 [7] [8] 。虽然随着手术技术的提高,HCC的预后有所改善,但由于早期转移和复发,患者的5年生存率仍然很低 [9] 。早期对患者术后身体状态的评估以及复发的预测对肝癌患者的预后非常重要。目前,肝癌的术前评估和术后随访主要依靠CT、MRI和肝脏活检,但这些检查有突出的缺点,包括其高昂的成本和不可避免的创伤。评估常规的血液生化指标无疑是一个更好的选择。以往的研究表明,肝脏合成的标志物,白蛋白、白蛋白/球蛋白(A/G)和前白蛋白(PAB)以及代谢功能的指标,如转氨酶(ALT)、转氨酶(AST)和γ-谷氨酰转移酶(GGT)可以反映HCC患者的预后状况 [10] [11] [12] 。其中PAB由肝脏合成和分泌,研究表明,与白蛋白和转铁蛋白相比,PAB是一个更敏感的肝病进展标志物 [13] 。GGT是生物转化和核酸代谢的关键酶,最近的研究将其作为诊断HCC的一个标志物 [14] 。关于是否可以将这些指标结合起来对接受根治性肝切除手术的肝癌患者的术后生存和复发进行综合评估的深入研究还尚待进一步的研究。因此,在当前的研究中,我们旨在找出可靠的血清生化指标,用于评估接受根治性手术的HCC患者的肿瘤预后,以便在今后的临床工作中根据预测结果对患者进行较早的干预,以期望能改善根治性肝切除HCC患者的预后情况。

2. 患者和方法

2.1. 患者

回顾性分析了2011~2018年在我中心(浙江省台州医院)接受根治性肝切除术的187例HCC患者的临床病理统计和随访资料。此外,还采用了以下纳入标准 [15] :(1) 根据典型的术前影像学检查结果和实验室检查结果诊断为HCC;(2) 在我院接受初次HCC治疗前未接受过抗肿瘤的治疗;(3) 无其他恶性肿瘤或转移;(4) 术后病理检查确认为HCC;(5) 术后常规进行随访。本研究经浙江省台州医院伦理委员会批准,按照《赫尔辛基宣言》进行。

2.2. 临床和病理指标

这是对我们中心接受根治性肝切除术的187例HCC患者的回顾性分析。可能影响预后的临床病理变量被记录如下。基本变量(性别、年龄)和肿瘤相关变量(肿瘤大小、肿瘤数量、侵袭、巴塞罗那分期[BCLC]和米兰标准)在术前和术后的评估中获得。反映肝功能的其他变量(前白蛋白(PAB)、血清甲胎蛋白(AFP)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、总胆红素(Tbil)、乙肝病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)、白蛋白与球蛋白、中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞等)收集在手术前一周内进行检测的结果,其他变量(有/无肝硬化、手术方式和术中出血情况)的收集与手术中和手术后的结果保持一致。

2.3. 随访和治疗

根治性肝切除术意味着患者没有发生远处转移的证据,并且在临床上和组织学上完全切除肿瘤。手术后,所有HCC患者都通过电话咨询或门诊询问完成随访。患者一般按照临床指南进行随访,包括体格检查、血液检查(如肝功能,血清AFP和血常规检查等)和每三个月一次的肝脏超声检查,以及每六个月一次的对比CT/MRI。复发是根据临床、放射学和/或病理学结果来诊断的,包括局部复发、肝内远处复发和肝外转移 [14] 。一般来说,当确认肿瘤复发后,根据患者的一般情况、肝功能等因素,选择不同的再次治疗方式,包括再次手术、TACE或经皮消融。研究的结点是无复发生存(RFS)和总生存(OS)。无复发生存时间(RFS)是从手术日期到复发日期计算的,而总生存时间(OS)是从手术日期到最后一次随访或死亡的日期计算的。

2.4. 统计学分析

所有统计分析均使用R (4.03版)和R studio (1.2.5042版)软件进行。用Kaplan-Meier方法估计OS和RFS水平,用log-rank检验比较生存期的差异。通过单因素和多因素的Cox比例风险模型评估与OS和RFS相关的预后因素。P值<0.05被认为具有统计学意义。

3. 研究结果

3.1. HCC患者的临床病理特征

表1总结了患者和肿瘤特征的详细信息。本研究包括157名(84.0%)男性患者和30名(16.0%)女性患者,年龄中位数为58岁(范围:33~78岁)。共有108名(57.8%)患者出现复发,88名(47.1%)患者在随访期间死亡。随访时间的中位数为47个月(范围:6~115个月),由于死亡率 < 50%,所以没有达到中位数的OS。174名患者(93.0%)的乙肝表面抗原(HBsAg)呈阳性,43名患者(23.0%)有腹水,146名患者(78.1%)有肝硬化。124名患者(66.3%)检测到AFP水平升高(≥200 μg/L),56名患者(29.9%)观察到微血管侵犯,26名患者(13.9%)有多个肿瘤。最终,145名患者(77.5%)接受了开放式肝切除手术。根据米兰标准,138名患者(73.8%)符合米兰标准。此外,50名患者(26.7%)的肿瘤直径 ≥ 5 cm,肿瘤的中位数为3.5 cm (范围:0.8~13)。谷丙转氨酶(40 U/l)、谷草转氨酶(40 U/l)、谷草转氨酶(40 U/l)和PAB水平升高的患者人数分别为:n = 102,n = 56,n = 154,和n = 78。

3.2. 与RFS和OS相关因素的单因素和多因素分析

单因素分析显示,肿瘤大小(RFS: P < 0.001; OS: P < 0.001)、米兰标准(RFS: P < 0.001; OS: P < 0.001)、

Table 1. Baseline data of clinical and pathological indices in patients

表1. 本研究中患者临床和病理指标的基线数据资料

GGT/PAB (RFS: P < 0.001; OS: P < 0.001)、GGT/AST (RFS: P < 0.001; OS: P < 0.001)、GGT (RFS: P < 0.001; OS: P < 0.001)、GGT/AST (RFS: P < 0.001; OS: P < 0.001)同时影响根治性肝切除患者的无复发生存时间(RFS)和OS。而PAB (P = 0.0014)、AST (P = 0.0098)、ALT (P = 0.0035)和A/G (P = 0.0086)仅影响根治性肝切除患者的无复发生存时间(RFS)。AFP (P = 0.011)和复发 (P < 0.001)与根治性肝切除患者的总生存时间(OS)显著相关。在多因素分析中,GGT (P = 0.007)和PAB (P = 0.016)是无复发生存时间(RFS)的显著独立预测因素,而GGT (P = 0.039)、GGT/PAB (P = 0.038)和GGT/AST (P = 0.035)是影响患者根治性肝切除患者的总生存时间(OS)的独立影响因素(表2表3)。

Table 2. Univariate analysis of factors influencing Overall Survival (OS) and Recurrence-Free Survival (RFS) in patients undergoing curative liver resection

表2. 影响根治性肝切除患者总生存时间(OS)和无复发生存时间(RFS)相关因素的单因素分析

Table 3. Multifactorial analysis of factors influencing Overall Survival (OS) and Recurrence-Free Survival (RFS) in patients undergoing curative liver resection

表3. 影响根治性肝切除患者总生存时间(OS)和无复发生存时间(RFS)相关因素的多因素分析

3.3. HCC患者的Kaplan-Meier生存曲线图

根据多因素分析的结果,我们发现,GGT、GGT/PAB和GGT/AST是影响根治性肝癌切除患者总生存时间的独立危险因素。因此,我们进一步分析了总生存曲线。如图所示,GGT (P < 0.001)、GGT/PAB (P < 0.001)和GGT/AST (P < 0.001)与根治性肝癌切除患者的总生存时间(OS)显著相关(图1~3),在基于无复发生存时间(RFS)的多因素分析中,GGT和PAB可被认为是影响HCC患者无复发生存时间的独立危险因素。根据我们的Kaplan-Meier生存曲线,低PAB (P < 0.001) (图4)和高GGT (P < 0.001) (图5)的患者会有更差的无复发生存期。

Figure 1. Kaplan-Meier survival curve of Overall Survival (OS) in HCC patients stratified by high and low levels of GGT

图1. GGT高水平组和GGT低水平组的HCC患者的总生存时间(OS)的Kaplan-Meier生存曲线

Figure 2. Kaplan-Meier survival curve of Overall Survival (OS) in HCC patients stratified by high and low levels of GGT/ PAB

图2. GGT/PAB高水平组和GGT/PAB低水平组的HCC患者的总生存时间(OS)的Kaplan-Meier生存曲线

Figure 3. Kaplan-Meier survival curve of Overall Survival (OS) in HCC patients stratified by high and low levels of GGT/AST

图3. GGT/AST高水平组和GGT/AST低水平组的HCC患者的总生存时间(OS)的Kaplan-Meier生存曲线

Figure 4. Kaplan-Meier survival curve of Recurrence-Free Survival (RFS) in HCC patients stratified by high and low levels of PAB

图4. PAB高水平组和PAB低水平组的HCC患者的无复发生存时间(RFS)的Kaplan-Meier生存曲线

Figure 5. Kaplan-Meier survival curve of Recurrence-Free Survival (RFS) in HCC patients stratified by high and low levels of GGT

图5. GGT高水平组和GGT低水平组的HCC患者的无复发生存时间(RFS)的Kaplan-Meier生存曲线

4. 讨论

HCC是最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,其死亡率很高。中国的肝细胞性肝癌的发病率很高,威胁着中国人的身体健康 [16] [17] 。众所周知,手术切除是HCC最重要的治疗法。然而,根治性肝切除术后的肿瘤复发仍然是HCC患者的一个主要危险因素 [18] [19] 。术后5年的复发率仍然很高 [20] 。有研究报道,肿瘤大小、转移、数量、TNM分期和血管侵犯等因素是独立的风险因素,肝癌的预后不良和肿瘤复发显著有关 [21] [22] 。然而,如果没有肿瘤组织病理学检测,这些指标是很难检测出来的,这限制了它们在预测HCC患者预后状况方面的临床应用价值。MRI [23] 和CT [24] 等成像方式可能提供测量结果,但这些检查成本较高,一定程度上限制其普及性。为了解决根治性肝癌切除术后高复发率和低生存率的问题,许多研究人员对如何改善HCC患者的预后进行了研究。以往研究发现,血清标志物水平的升高可能与HCC患者的预后有关 [25] 。因此,我们旨在探讨接受根治性肝脏切除术的HCC患者的无复发生存时间(RFS)和总生存时间(OS)的预后因素。

前白蛋白(PAB)是由肝脏合成的,是一种半衰期只有2至3天的血浆标志物,可以反映肝脏功能储备 [26] 。PAB也是反映人体营养状况的敏感指标,与术后复发和肝功能密切相关 [27] 。作为一种载体蛋白,PAB不仅能运输甲状腺素和维生素A,并且还能促进淋巴细胞的成熟 [28] 。以前的研究表明,PAB通过影响免疫系统而影响肿瘤的发生和发展 [29] 。另一方面,它的浓度只受肝细胞功能的影响,并且不随血浆产品的静脉补充而波动。因此,PAB对肝细胞损伤极为敏感和特异 [30] [31] 。与其他指标相比,它可能更可靠。前白蛋白被越来越多的人选择作为预测HCC患者预后的敏感的标志物 [32] 。在本研究中,我们发现PAB是影响根治性切除术的肝癌患者预后的一个独立风险因素,PAB的水平可以提示患者术后的病情变化。

GGT主要存在于肝细胞膜和微粒体上,当肝实质受到挤压时,常因肝细胞炎症而增加 [33] 。血清中的GGT主要来自肝脏。近年来,GGT逐渐被认为是肿瘤相关的独立预后指标,其中包括卵巢癌、子宫内膜癌、肾细胞癌和食管鳞状细胞癌 [34] [35] [36] 。以前的研究已经证实,GGT在维持细胞中谷胱甘肽的正常水平和保护细胞免受氧化和自由基的损害方面起着关键作用 [37] [38] 。然而,当GGT的表达量过高时,它将干扰抗氧化平衡,导致肿瘤细胞的持续氧化应激,从而促使癌症的形成和发展 [39] [40] 。因此,血清GGT水平越高,HCC患者的预后就越差 [41] 。这与我们的研究相一致,即GGT水平低的患者有更好的总生存期和无复发生存时间。在我们的研究中,除了进行单一指标的分析外,我们还创造性地将各个独立指标结合起来分析,如GGT/PAB、GGT/AST和ALT/AST。它们这些单独的指标联合起来分析可以更好地减少单一指标的偏差,有利于确定预测肝癌患者术后复发和生存的较佳指标。在我们的研究中,我们发现GGT/PAB与单独的GGT相比,对总生存期显示出更好的预测能力,GGT/PAB可以作为一个独立的风险因素来评估患者的总生存时间。

谷草转氨酶是肝脏中一种重要的酶 [42] ,是肝脏损伤的一个可靠而敏感的生化标志物 [43] 。大多数AST存在于肝细胞的线粒体中。由于晚期肝病,线粒体严重受损,可直接导致大量AST释放入血,导致血清水平急剧上升。随着肝病的进展,AST的清除率也在下降 [44] 。在本研究中,我们发现GGT/AST值较高的患者与GGT/AST值较低的患者相比,预后较差,GGT/AST是影响根治性肝切除术的HCC患者总生存时间(OS)的一个独立风险因素。在对影响根治性肝切除术后HCC患者总生存时间(OS)相关因素的分析中,我们发现GGT/AST的预测能力高于单独的GGT或AST。然而,GGT/AST水平与HCC患者的预后相关的机制仍不清楚,需要进一步研究。简而言之,本研究结果显示,GGT水平是和接受根治性肝切除术的HCC患者无复发生存时间(RFS)和总生存时间(OS)相关的独立危险因素,而GGT/AST和GGT/ PAB仅是和患者的总生存时间(OS)相关的独立危险因素,PAB可被视为行根治性肝切除术的HCC患者无复发生存时间(RFS)相关的独立危险因素。因此,HCC患者在行根治性切除后,应定期检测血清中GGT、PAB、GGT/PAB和GGT/AST的水平,并加强随访,以便尽早发现肿瘤复发和转移和尽早的评估患者的预后情况。这样及时发现患者的病情变化,可以及早开始进一步的治疗,以改善患者的生存时间。然而本研究仍存在不足之处,本研究样本量相对较小,这可能会导致结果的局限性,在后续的研究中可以增加样本量或寻找更多的病例以加强研究的可信度。

免责声明

本研究是一项回顾性研究,旨在分析肝细胞癌根治性切除术后无复发生存时间和总生存的影响因素。我们使用的数据是已经匿名处理的患者资料,不包含任何可以识别个人身份的信息。本研究没有涉及任何对患者进行新的干预或治疗,因此未获得特定患者的知情同意。我们严格遵守了相关的隐私保护法规,并尊重患者的隐私权。此外,本研究已经获得了浙江省台州医院伦理委员会审批(批件号:K20220125),以确保研究符合伦理要求。因此,我们特此声明,本研究不会对患者的医疗护理产生影响,也不会泄露患者的个人信息。

基金项目

省自然科学基金(LY21H160045)。

NOTES

*第一作者。

#通讯作者。

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