腹腔镜下食管裂孔疝修补术后与体重、血清Ghrelin、IL-8水平变化研究进展
Research Progress on Changes in Body Weight, Serum Ghrelin, and IL-8 Levels after Laparoscopic Repair of Esophageal Hiatal Hernia
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2024.1441332, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 38  浏览: 71 
作者: 阿迪力·买买提, 克力木·阿不都热依木*:新疆医科大学研究生学院,新疆 乌鲁木齐;艾尼完·卡买尔:新疆维吾尔自治区人民医院微创、疝和腹壁外科,新疆 乌鲁木齐
关键词: 食管裂孔疝体重饥饿素白介素-8Esophageal Hiatal Hernia Body Weight Ghrelin IL-8
摘要: 腹腔镜下食管裂孔疝修补术作为治疗胃食管逆流病变的主要手术方法之一,近年来备受关注。本文旨在综述腹腔镜下食管裂孔疝修补术后与体重、血清Ghrelin、IL-8等指标变化的研究进展。研究发现,术后体重变化与患者原发疾病、手术方式及术后生活方式等多因素相关。在手术后期,部分患者体重出现下降趋势,但这一变化并非普遍存在,部分患者体重稳定或略有增加。此外,术后血清Ghrelin水平的变化对患者的食欲和体重恢复具有一定影响,但其具体机制仍有待深入研究。IL-8作为一种炎症介质,在腹腔镜下食管裂孔疝修补术后的变化也备受关注。研究表明,术后IL-8水平可能与术后并发症的发生及愈合情况相关,但其具体作用机制尚不清楚。综上所述,腹腔镜下食管裂孔疝修补术后的体重变化、血清Ghrelin和IL-8水平的变化对患者的术后康复具有一定的影响,但其确切机制仍需进一步深入研究。
Abstract: Laparoscopic repair of esophageal hiatal hernia, as one of the main surgical methods for treating gastroesophageal reflux disease, has received much attention in recent years. This article aims to review the research progress on changes in body weight, serum Ghrelin, IL-8 and other indicators after laparoscopic repair of esophageal hiatal hernia. Research has found that postoperative weight changes are related to multiple factors such as the patient’s primary disease, surgical approach, and postoperative lifestyle. In the later stage of surgery, some patients show a trend of weight loss, but this change is not universal, and some patients have stable or slightly increased weight. In addition, changes in postoperative serum Ghrelin levels have a certain impact on patient appetite and weight recovery, but the specific mechanism still needs further research. The changes of IL-8, as an inflammatory mediator, after laparoscopic repair of esophageal hiatal hernia have also received much attention. Research has shown that postoperative IL-8 levels may be related to the occurrence and healing of postoperative complications, but the specific mechanism of action is still unclear. In summary, the changes in body weight, serum Ghrelin and IL-8 levels after laparoscopic repair of esophageal hiatal hernia have a certain impact on the postoperative recovery of patients, but the exact mechanism still needs further in-depth research.
文章引用:阿迪力·买买提, 艾尼完·卡买尔, 克力木·阿不都热依木. 腹腔镜下食管裂孔疝修补术后与体重、血清Ghrelin、IL-8水平变化研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(4): 2584-2589. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2024.1441332

1. 引言

当胃或腹部脏器从腹壁突出并通过食管裂孔进入胸腔时,就会发生食管裂孔疝(Hiatal Hernia, HH) [1] 。裂孔疝气有4种主要亚型。滑移性疝气(I型)和食道旁疝气(II型、III型、IV型)。滑移性疝气占全部病例的95%。大多数小型I型食道裂孔疝无症状;然而,I型食管裂孔疝患者可出现胃食道反流病(Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, GERD)症状。III型-IV型HH患者的症状通常是模糊的和间歇性的。常见症状包括胸骨后、上腹部和餐后饱满 [2] 。有症状的HH与GERD的发生也有一定关系,这两种疾病密切相关 [3] [4] 。食道黏膜损伤是GERD最常见的并发症,包括腐蚀性食管炎、Barrett’s食道和食道狭窄 [5] 。同时,食管癌亦涉及胃食道反流,引发黏膜内层的异常生长和迅速的恶性转化 [6] 。食管腺癌的主要危险因素之一是食管裂孔疝,以食道裂孔扩张、隔肌衰弱、腹内压力等为特征 [6] 。

目前认为体重过大和老年人是HH发生的关键风险因素,其他已知的危险因素包括:多胎妊娠、食道手术史、部分或全部胃切除以及与骨骼脱钙和退变相关的某些骨骼系统疾病 [4] 。

HH和GERD之间的联系早已被认识到,在GERD患者中HH的发生率从50%到94%不等。在1952年,Alison描述了食管炎和HH的联系,多年来,HH被认为是GERD的先决条件 [7] 。由于无症状的裂孔疝常常未能被发现,因此很难准确地确定裂孔疝气的发生率。然而,由于全球胃食道反流病(GERD)的发病率呈上升趋势,因此应结合GERD对食管裂孔疝的病理生理学特点对其进行检查 [8] 。HH在GERD的病理生理学中起着不可或缺的作用,并有可能随着时间的推移而扩大 [9] 。HH可能会使胃内容物更容易反流到食道远端,与GERD的发展和加重密切相关 [10] 。

治疗食管裂孔疝金标准是腹腔镜裂孔疝修补术(Laparoscopic Hiatal Hernia Repair, LHHR) [11] [12] 。HH作为一种良性疾病,因此在做手术决定时应考虑患者的生活质量,以避免进一步的损害。无症状的小HH不需要治疗,但HH可伴有反流和烧心等症状;因此,在出现耐药性的情况下,应积极考虑手术治疗 [12] 。LHHR已被证明对GERD有良好的近期和远期疗效,并可减少腹腔镜抗反流手术的并发症 [13] 。早期的外科治疗是为了纠正HH的解剖缺陷。后来,又增加了胃底折叠术,以增加反流控制的效果 [14] 。

2. 食管裂孔疝与饥饿素(Ghrelin)之间的关系

1999年,Masayasu Kojima首次描述了一种位于胃中的28个氨基酸的多肽激素,是生长激素促分泌素受体(GHS-R)的内源性配体。具有独特的N-辛酰化丝氨酸3残基 [15] 。Ghrelin对身体的生理过程有多种代谢作用,如促生长、增加食物摄入量(增食)和成脂作用、通过调节棕色脂肪产热来调节能量消耗、调节血脂水平和一般肥胖、葡萄糖代谢、对内皮细胞功能障碍的影响等 [16] 。根据最近的研究,Ghrelin通过抑制IL-1、IL-6和肿瘤坏死因子等促炎细胞因子以及单核细胞与人内皮细胞的结合而具有强大的抗炎作用 [17] 。Yelyzaveta S. Sirchak等人的有一项研究表明,GERD患者血清Ghrelin水平升高,同时也发现GERD患者的BMI变化与血清Ghrelin水平升高之间存在相关性 [18] 。Iryna B. Romash研究又证实,GERD症状越严重与循环Ghrelin水平直接相关。GERD合并未分化结缔组织病(UTCD)患者的pH < 4反流频率与持续时间 > 5 min与血清Ghrelin水平呈正相关,提示Ghrelin可能在GERD合并UCTD患者睡眠调节中的作用 [19] 。此外,Rubenstein等人研究发现,Ghrelin水平与Barrett’s食道发展风险增加之间存在关系;然而,Ghrelin水平与GERD之间存在负相关 [20] 。Ghrelin和GERD之间的关系通过它在胃肠道内的作用和在动物模型中的观察以及Agrawal等人的一项研究表明,在给予Ghrelin和caprorelin (一种Ghrelin激动剂)后,与安慰剂相比,反流发作的次数减少了 [21] 。根据以前研究及文献阅读,我们目前可以确定GERD与Ghrelin之间存在一定联系,但是血清中Ghrelin水平没有明确的结论。HH经常与GERD并存,并通过破坏抗反流屏障进一步促进GERD的发展。HH的严重程度与反流症状、食管炎和BE之间的关系是确凿的 [22] 。LHHR已被证明对GERD)有良好的近期和远期疗效,并可减少腹腔镜抗反流手术的并发症 [23] 。因此,LHHR可能对于Ghrelin水平与其变化后发生的有一定的影响,但起到什么样的作用目前没有相关的文献来证明。此外,Ghrelin水平与体重有联系,LHHR + 胃底折叠术后体重可能出现下降,影响Ghrelin水平。

3. 食管裂孔疝修补术与体重

HH通常合并GERD,食管裂孔疝修补加胃底折叠成为常见的手术方式。目前已有研究报道标准的Nissen胃底折叠术对术后体重有明显的影响。大部分研究结果表明,Nissen胃底折叠术后患者体重明显降低,并且对于体重下降的原因,研究者们持有不同的看法 [24] 。早先的一个研究中,Thomas Kamolz [25] 等研究者发现,一项研究中,术前92%的患者没有吞咽困难,8%的患者主观上有轻微的吞咽困难。约50%的患者在术后1周出现暂时性吞咽困难。吞咽困难的强度介于轻度(18%)、中度(15%)和重度(16%)之间。术后3个月,约80%的患者无吞咽困难,仅2%的患者有严重吞咽困难,引起吞咽困难的因素较多。由此我们可以总结,术后吞咽可能与术后体重下降有一定的联系。术后为最大限度地减少腹胀、恶心、呕吐、吞咽困难,食管裂孔疝修补 + 胃底折叠术后患者,出院后被要求,少吃多餐,细嚼慢咽,避免体重增加,控制高热量食物,甜食、汽水等食物及饮品 [26] 。高热量食物摄入减少,可能短时间内影响体重情况,可能对体重减少起关键作用。还有一个重要原因就是,尽管微创手术,但它仍然改变了胃食管交接处(EGJ)的结构,可能需要让食道下部以及胃底皱缩的胃适应新的解剖位置。胃底皱缩的胃可能无法正常工作,在这一过渡时期可能表现为胃排空延迟(Delayed Gastric Emptying, DGE),一旦过渡时间过去,胃就可以再次正常工作。因此,这种DGE可以称为“短暂DGE”。这不同于结构性损伤,例如迷走神经损伤,它可能导致长期的DGE [27] 。当接受LHHR + LNF的患者出现新的症状,如饱胀、早饱、腹痛、吞咽困难和术后腹胀时,DGE可能被考虑。特别是巨大食管裂孔疝发生率较高。尽管其潜在的机制尚不清楚,但这些症状大多归因于胃底折叠术或迷走神经损伤引起的胃食管区的解剖和功能改变 [28] 。C. Tog等人研究发现,DGE的患者在手术后体重减轻明显,并且难以恢复到基线体重 [29] 。综上所述,术后吞咽困难,饮食及生活习惯改变,胃排斥延迟等因素可能是术后体重减轻的原因。

4. 食管裂孔疝与IL-8

就像我们前面说的那样,HH通常合并GERD,并且HH术后体重可能受影响,我们可以从这两个方面分析IL-8与HH关系。在胃食道反流病(GERD)的病程中,胃内容物的反流也包括丝氨酸蛋白酶,这在食道黏膜的炎症反应中是至关重要的 [30] 。一系列研究证实了黏膜炎症在GERD发展中的作用。Isomoto等人发现IL-8免疫反应定位于上皮角质形成细胞 [31] 。还有一部分人认为食道角质形成细胞分泌IL-8引起炎症改变是GERD发病的第一步,随后是免疫细胞的渗透。IL-8是中性粒细胞对炎症部位的趋化因子,在GERD患者中高表达 [32] 。还有发现GERD患者受影响黏膜上皮的基底层存在高水平的IL-8,其在食道中的含量随着疾病的进展而增加,并在适当的PPI或腹腔镜Nissen胃底折叠术后显示其水平显著降低 [33] 。由此可见GERD与IL-8有着一定的联系。同时,体重增加或者肥胖病人当中GERD更常见 [34] 。通过LHHR术后减轻体重同时,可进一步预防GERD复发,促进GERD治疗,我们前面说的一样,GERD与IL-8有一定联系,HH术后体重减重改变同时间接可能影响IL-8水平。

综上所述,腹腔镜下食管裂孔疝修补术后的体重、血清Ghrelin和IL-8水平的变化对患者的术后康复具有一定的影响,但尚存在许多未解之谜。未来的研究应重点关注术后体重变化的机制、血清Ghrelin和IL-8在术后康复中的作用机制,并结合临床实践不断优化手术方法及术后管理策略,为患者提供更加个性化和有效的治疗方案,以提高手术治疗的成功率和患者的生活质量。

参考文献

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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