急性淋巴细胞白血病移植后合并弓形虫脑病1例
A Case of Toxoplasma Encephalopathy after Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Transplantation
DOI: 10.12677/acrp.2024.121001, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 50  浏览: 99 
作者: 沈佳烨, 何海龙:苏州大学附属儿童医院血液科,江苏 苏州
关键词: 急性淋巴细胞白血病移植弓形虫脑病Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Transplantation Toxoplasma Encephalopathy
摘要: 目的:探讨儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病移植后合并弓形虫脑病的临床症状、诊断方法及治疗方案,为降低弓形虫脑病死亡率提供参考。方法:回顾分析我院2023年确诊急性淋巴细胞白血病行造血干细胞移植后合并弓形虫脑病1例,并从各数据库学习相关文献。结果:患儿男,急性淋巴细胞白血病移植后有反复发热, 33天出现精神症状,后逐渐加重,有意识障碍,四肢肌力、肌张力下降,颅脑磁共振成像可见两侧基底节区及两侧大脑半球及小脑皮髓质交界处多发异常信号,血液及脑脊液宏基因组第二代测序检出刚地弓形虫,予复方磺胺甲噁唑、克林霉素、阿奇霉素治疗后好转,复查颅脑磁共振成像可见多发异常信号范围较前缩小,血液及脑脊液宏基因组第二代测序检出序列数也较前降低。结论:早期诊断和治疗可以降低HSCT受者中的弓形虫病死亡率。
Abstract: Objective: To investigate the clinical symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of toxoplasma encephalopathy after transplantation in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and to provide reference for reducing the mortality rate of toxoplasma encephalopathy. Methods: A case of toxoplasmosis complicated with acute lymphoblastic leukemia after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in our hospital in 2023 was reviewed and analyzed, and related literature was learned from various databases. Results: The child was a male patient with recurrent fever after transplantation of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and mental symptoms appeared after 33 days, which gradually worsened, with conscious disturbance, and decreased muscle strength and muscle tone of the limbs. Multiple abnormal signals in the basal ganglia of both sides of the brain and the cutis medulla junction of the cerebellum were detected by brain magnetic resonance imaging, and Toxoplasma gondii was detected by the next-generation sequencing of blood and cerebrospinal fluid. After treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, clindamycin, and azithromycin, the range of multiple abnormal signals was reduced by re-examination of brain magnetic resonance imaging, and the number of sequences detected by the next-generation sequencing in blood and cerebrospinal fluid was also reduced. Conclusion: Early diagnosis and treatment can reduce toxoplasmosis mortality in HSCT recipients.
文章引用:沈佳烨, 何海龙. 急性淋巴细胞白血病移植后合并弓形虫脑病1例[J]. 亚洲儿科病例研究, 2024, 12(1): 1-6. https://doi.org/10.12677/acrp.2024.121001

1. 背景

弓形虫病是一种罕见但危及生命的感染,发生在免疫功能低下的宿主中,包括同种异体造血干细胞移植(Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, allo-HSCT)接受者。由于诊断困难,allo-HSCT感染弓形虫的死亡率为60%~90%,如果早期治疗,大约60%的患者在7~10天内出现临床改善 ‎[1] 。本文报道我院1例患儿急性淋巴细胞白血病移植后合并弓形虫脑病,通过治疗后好转,旨在提高对该病的认识及早期识别,改善预后。

2. 临床资料

患儿男,6岁,2022-09-15因“纳差2月,低热1天。”入外院,完善骨穿示ALL,免疫分型示B-ALL,骨髓染色体:46XY,融合基因TCF3/PBX1 (+),诊断为“急性淋巴细胞白血病(中危)”,按CCCG-ALL-2020方案治疗,D19骨穿评估MRD:10.82%,D46骨穿常规示CR,MRD 2.33%,TCF3-PBX1 (+),期间按时完善腰穿鞘注预防中枢神经系统白血病(Central Nervous System Leukemia, CNSL),脑脊液均正常,危险度予升为“高危”,2022-11-14予达沙替尼口服治疗,2022-12-03复查骨穿常规示CR,MRD 1.9%,TCF3-PBX1 (+),2022-12-06至2022-12-21予贝林妥欧单抗治疗,复查骨穿常规示CR,MRD阴性,TCF3-PBX1 (+, 0.07%),后规律化疗,2023-02-13骨穿常规示CR,MRD阴性,TCF3-PBX1 (+, 0.03%),2023-02-14至2023-03-01予贝林妥欧单抗治疗,现为改善预后,遂至我院拟行造血干细胞移植。2023-03-22开始预处理化疗,预处理方案为洛莫司汀(CCNU) + 克拉屈滨 + 阿糖胞苷 + 百消安 + 环磷酰胺 + 粒细胞刺激因子 + 抗人胸腺细胞球蛋白 + 塞替派,移植后应用吗替麦考酚酯 + 环孢素 + 甲氨蝶呤预防移植物抗宿主病,更昔洛韦 + 阿昔洛韦预防病毒感染,肝素 + 凯时预防肝静脉闭塞综合征,预处理期间口服复方磺胺甲噁唑(Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole, TMP-SMZ)预防不典型病原体感染,2023-04-06回输O型RH阳性HLA5/6相合脐血33 mL,其中含CD34+细胞:1.44 × 105/kg,非粒5.77 × 107/kg,同日回输其父AB型RH阳性HLA-5/10相合去红去浆骨髓干细胞114 mL,其中CD34+细胞:6.0 × 106/kg,非粒5.0 × 108/kg,2023-04-07回输其父AB型RH阳性HLA-5/10相合外周干细胞25 mL,其中CD34+细胞:3.66 × 106/kg,有核细胞:2.74 × 108/kg,移植后+11 d (2023-04-18)粒系植入,+16 d (2023-04-23)巨核系植入。

3. 入院查体

神志清,精神反应可,全身未见黄染及出血点,浅表淋巴结未及肿大,呼吸平稳,双肺呼吸音粗,未及明显啰音,心律齐,心音中等,未及病理性杂音,腹软,肝脾肋下未及,四肢活动可,末梢暖。

4. 辅助检查

(3-20预处理前)血常规及CRP示白细胞计数8.78 × 109/L,血红蛋白110 g/L,血小板计数384 × 109/L,淋巴细胞计数2.56 × 109/L,中性粒细胞计数4.46 × 109/L;淋巴细胞亚群示CD4+/CD8+ 0.59% [(0.98~1.94)%],淋巴细胞计数2873个/uL [(1230~3100)个/uL],NK计数172.55个/uL [(90~900)个/uL];TORCH IgM均阴性,弓形虫、巨细胞病毒、单纯疱疹病毒1型IgG阳性。

(5-10)血液宏基因组第二代测序检出EB病毒,序列数47,覆盖度1.38%,BK多瘤病毒,序列数8,覆盖度9.12%,刚地弓形虫,序列数2106,相对丰度94.19%;脑脊液宏基因组第二代测序检出EB病毒,序列数727,覆盖度19.81%,巨细胞病毒,序列数33,覆盖度0.79%,人类疱疹病毒7型,序列数3,覆盖度0.13%,刚地弓形虫,序列数11,184,相对丰度90.63%;脑脊液常规、生化未见明显异常。头颅MRI可见两侧基底节区及两侧大脑半球及小脑皮髓质交界处多发异常信号(见图1)。

Figure 1. Multiple flaky and small flaky long T1 and long T2 signal shadow can be seen in the bilateral basal ganglia, the bilateral cerebral hemispheres and the cerebellar cuticular medulla junction. The DW1 part shows high signal, and the lesions vary in size, are scattered and distributed, and the basal ganglia is significant

图1. 两侧基底节区及两侧大脑半球及小脑皮髓质交界处可见多发片状及小斑片状长T1、长T2信号影,DW1部分呈高信号,病灶大小不等,散在分布,基底节区显著

5. 治疗经过

患儿入院后抗生素全覆盖抗感染治疗,期间仍有反复发热,对症处理后体温可降,移植后+33天,患儿出现精神萎软,神志欠清,可唤醒,可简单回答,四肢肌力、肌张力下降,后患儿出现烦躁不安,结合头颅MRI和血液及脑脊液宏基因组第二代测序结果,考虑“弓形虫脑病”,予克林霉素、阿奇霉素联合复方磺胺甲噁唑抗弓形虫感染治疗,治疗2周复查头颅MRI和血液及脑脊液宏基因组第二代测序均较前好转,出院后继续口服药物治疗,随访6个月,复查颅脑MRI较前明显好转(见图2)。

Figure 2. Flaky and patchy long T1 and long T2 signal shadow can still be seen in bilateral basal ganglia, thalamus, and dermatomedullary junction of both cerebral hemispheres. FLAIR shows high signal, and the lesions are smaller than before

图2. 两侧基底节区、丘脑、两侧大脑半球皮髓质交界处仍可见片状及小斑片状长T1、长T2信号影,FLAIR呈高信号,病灶较前缩小

6. 讨论

急性淋巴细胞白血病为造血系统恶性疾病,可引起贫血、出血、发热等症状 ‎[2] 。目前接受强力化疗的患者约有80%~90%可以达到完全缓解,然而,单纯化疗能够维持长期缓解的机率较低,超过60%的病人在缓解后不久便会出现疾病的复发 ‎[3] 。为了改善预后,人们往往会选择异基因造血干细胞移植(allo-HSCT),它是目前治疗白血病、骨髓增生异常综合征、骨髓纤维化、淋巴瘤等恶性血液病的有效方法 ‎[4] 。

弓形虫病是一种由弓形虫引起的机会性感染,常累及中枢神经系统,在免疫功能低下的宿主中,特别是在同种异体造血干细胞移植受体中,更是一种毁灭性的感染,死亡率高 ‎[5] 。Contopoulos-Ioannidis ‎[6] 等报道allo-HSCT后弓形虫病的中位患病率为2.62%,还有研究表明 ‎[7] ,0.25%~4%的异体移植受者可能发生弓形虫病,死亡率高达60%~90%。大多数HSCT受者的弓形虫病是由于移植前弓形虫血清阳性且未接受适当预防的个体潜伏感染的再激活引起的。因此,Schwenk ‎[8] 等建议对所有异体造血移植受者及其供者和所有自体造血移植受者进行移植前弓形虫IgG和IgM抗体筛查。本病例患儿为异基因造血干细胞移植,移植前TORCH检查示弓形虫IgM阴性,IgG阳性,但没有完善全血弓形虫PCR检查,不能明确。造血干细胞移植后弓形虫病的风险在前6个月最大 ‎[9] 。有文献报道 ‎[10] ,72%的造血干细胞移植后弓形虫病病例发生在31天至180天之间。虽然弓形虫病仅在前30天发生在17%的病例中,但弓形虫病可能在造血干细胞移植后5天内出现。晚期再激活率可能很低,因为造血干细胞移植后的免疫反应随着时间的推移而改善。本病例患儿移植后有反复发热,+33天出现精神症状,与之相符。

造血干细胞移植受者弓形虫病的体征、症状和影像学表现可能是非特异性的,诊断需要高度怀疑,最常见的临床表现是发热、肺炎和脑炎,还可能以中枢神经系统效应为唯一表现 ‎[11] 。本病例患儿移植后有反复发热,可能与CMV病毒感染等相关,无特异性,后出现精神症状,引起重视。脑弓形虫病的常见MRI或CT表现包括单个或多个病灶伴有水肿和造影后增强 ‎[12] 。病变可位于基底神经节、皮质下白质、灰质脑室周围区域和/或小脑 ‎[13] 。T2/FLAIR加权图像显示病变可为高信号或环状增强 ‎[14] ,可见局灶性出血灶。本例患儿头颅MRI病灶位于两侧基底节区及两侧大脑半球及小脑,且为多发病灶,FLAIR加权图像为高信号,是较为典型的弓形虫脑病影像学特征。

未经治疗的HSCT受者中的弓形虫病是100%致命的,然而,早期诊断和治疗可以降低死亡率 ‎[8] 。一些作者仍然强调血清学在弓形虫病诊断中的作用,以及血清学和PCR技术的结合 ‎[7] ,有学者 ‎[8] 建议对于血清阳性的HSCT受者进行每周一次的预防性全血弓形虫PCR筛查,Stajner ‎[15] 等建议至少在成功植入和预防用药之前,每周进行PCR监测,便于早期诊断。近年来,随着第二代测序(Next-Generation Sequencing, NGS)的发展,血液、脑脊液、支气管肺泡灌洗液宏基因组的第二代测序更容易捕捉,结合患儿的颅脑磁共振成像可以明确诊断,值得注意的是,MRI诊断中枢神经系统弓形虫病的敏感性高于CT ‎[16] 。后予复方磺胺甲噁唑、克林霉素、阿奇霉素治疗后好转。

所有患者都有发生弓形虫病的风险,因此,移植前建议完善血清学检查,对于血清学阳性的HSCT受者进行预防性的全血弓形虫PCR筛查,移植后有不明原因的反复发热、精神症状的患儿,及时完善血液、脑脊液、支气管肺泡灌洗液宏基因组的第二代测序,结合颅脑MRI,尽早明确诊断,加以治疗。

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