MR-proANP、BNP及NT-proBNP在诊断慢性阻塞肺疾病急性加重合并急性心力衰竭时的研究进展
Research Progress of MR-proANP, BNP and NT-proBNP in the Diagnosis of Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Combined with Acute Heart Failure
摘要: 急性心力衰竭(AHF)是慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重(AECOPD)患者最重要的合并症之一,与无AHF的患者相比,住院率和死亡率更高。AECOPD时其他急性事件(如AHF)的风险增加,需要优先对AECOPD并发AHF患者进行全面病情评估,因此对于AECOPD患者并发AHF的诊断尤为重要。由于AECOPD和AHF的症状和体征可出现部分重叠,AECOPD时是否伴有AHF的诊断具有较大难度。本综述将探究MR-proANP、BNP及NT-proBNP对AECOPD患者并发AHF的诊断价值的研究进展。
Abstract: Acute heart failure (AHF) is one of the most important comorbidities in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD), with higher rates of hospitalization and mortality compared to patients without AHF. The increased risk of other acute events (e.g., AHF) in the presence of AECOPD necessitates prioritization of patients with AECOPD complicated by AHF for a thorough evaluation of their condition. Therefore, it is particularly important for the diagnosis of AHF in patients with AECOPD. Since the signs and symptoms of AECOPD and AHF may partially overlap, the diagnosis of AHF in AECOPD can be difficult. In this review, we will investigate the progress of MR-proANP, BNP and NT-proBNP in the diagnosis of AHF in patients with AECOPD.
文章引用:王锐, 李元军, 陈卓, 刘常川, 王震. MR-proANP、BNP及NT-proBNP在诊断慢性阻塞肺疾病急性加重合并急性心力衰竭时的研究进展[J]. 临床个性化医学, 2024, 3(4): 1422-1427. https://doi.org/10.12677/jcpm.2024.34202

1. MR-proANP、BNP及NT-proBNP的产生过程及作用

利钠肽系列中的A型利钠肽(ANP)和B型利钠肽(BNP)是反映心脏负荷和/或心室壁张力大小的重要生物标志物。ANP和BNP皆是膜结合型鸟苷酸环化酶受体的配体,可与之相结合介导利钠肽的生物学功能。临床检验科可检测且数据可靠的利钠肽种类主要有:BNP、N末端B型利钠肽原(NT-proBNP)和心房利钠肽原中间片段(MR-proANP)。proANP是由心房肌细胞最初合成拥有151个氨基酸的ANP前肽原,在细胞内转运的过程中,从N端切除掉25个氨基酸的信号肽,当心房容量和/或压力负荷过载引起心肌牵张刺激时,proANP会经转膜酶加工后等量释放出28个氨基酸的活性C末端片段ANP和98个氨基酸的N末端proANP,释放入血发挥其作用。MR-proANP是前体NT-proANP结构中相对稳定的片段,能够准确反映ANP的生成量,在血浆中可以稳定存在,更具临床研究及诊断价值[1]。BNP合成和分泌主要在心室肌细胞中,心脏容量和/或压力负荷过载时导致室壁张力增加,心室初始释放的产物为pre-proBNP1-134,被快速酶切割后变为激素原proBNP1-108,进而被蛋白水解酶分解为等摩尔的两部分:其一为含32个氨基酸的BNP1-32,其二为含76个氨基酸的NT-proBNP 1-76。BNP/NT-proBNP可与相应受体结合,然后介导对抗肾素–血管紧张素–醛固酮系统(RAAS)和交感神经系统的生物学功能,改善肾小球滤过率,并且还具有利尿、利钠和血管舒张作用[2]。BNP主要在肾脏和肺内经内切酶降解清除或通过大血管内受体清除,而NT-proBNP排泄途径主要是在肾脏,因此,BNP半衰期更短[3]

2. MR-proANP、BNP及NT-proBNP在诊断AECOPD合并HF中的研究进展

2.1. MR-proANP在诊断AECOPD合并AHF中的研究进展

ANP在体内的半衰期极短,致使ANP临床应用受到限制。NT-proANP在血浆中较ANP有更长的半衰期,但易降解为多个亚片段,导致含量难以充分检测。MR-proANP是前体NT-proANP结构中稳定的中间片段,能够准确反映ANP的生成量并且在血浆中可以稳定的存在,具有更重要的临床价值[1] [4]。当心房容量和/或压力负荷过重引起牵张刺激时会被释放入血。MR-proANP每增加100 pmol/L,死亡风险明显增加[4] [5]。MR-proANP、BNP和NT-proBNP三种利钠肽对AHF患者1年后的死亡预测能力很强,但MR-proANP对5年生存率的预测价值显著高于其他两者[1]。一项Meta分析对过去30年发表的英文文献进行了系统回顾,MR-proANP诊断AHF的敏感度、特异度和诊断优势比分别为90%、68%和22.89。另外,一项多中心的AHF生物标志物临床试验也证实了上述结论。血浆MR-proANP水平与性别、年龄、糖尿病、高血压、吸烟、肾功能、冠状动脉疾病和HF流行率有中到高度的相关性。Gegenhuber等以169 pmol/L为诊断HF节点,敏感度、特异度和准确度分别为89%、76%和83% [6]。研究表明,在AHF患者中肾功能不全对MR-proANP 的影响需要根据肾功能损伤的程度设置不同诊断节点[7]。MR-proANP与降钙素原(PCT)联合检测有助于心源性和肺源性呼吸困难的鉴别。以120 pmol/L为诊断界值,MR-proANP 检测对HF诊断的敏感度为92.7%,特异度为36.8%;以0.25 ng/ml为诊断界值,PCT对感染性呼吸困难诊断的敏感度为96.5%,特异度为48.8% [8] [9]。目前国内外缺乏AECOPD合并AHF时MR-proANP的变化的探索,但回顾分析AECOPD多由呼吸道感染所致,因此,MR-proANP和PCT联合使用对AECOPD是否合并AHF具有很强提示意义,尤其是MR-proANP值远高于正常值时。

2.2. BNP在诊断AECOPD合并AHF中的研究进展

BNP产生的主要刺激因素是心肌壁应力的增强。BNP的半衰期是20分钟,而NT-proBNP的半衰期为120分钟,因此即使这两个分子都以等比例释放,NT-proBNP血清值会比BNP值高约6倍[10]。BNP在AHF的诊断中虽然很有价值,但仍需要结合个体综合考量。在美国BNP诊断AHF的最佳点是 > 400 ug/L,排除节点是 < 100 ug/L [11]。射血分数保留型AHF患者的血BNP水平通常低于射血分数降低型AHF患者。因此,血BNP水平正常不能排除射血分数保留型AHF的诊断[12] [13]。通过上述解释可以看出BNP在诊断AHF时的排除价值需结合心脏的其他检查来辅助。BNP介于100~400 ug/L的范围称为“灰区”,当BNP水平落在灰区内或附近时,首先需考虑本身可能使得BNP升高的因素,如:年龄、性别以及本身的室性肥厚、肾功能衰竭等。另外,BNP轻度至中度增加同时发生在临床心力衰竭以外的情况下,如:脓毒症、肺动脉高压在内的高动力状态,肾功能损害中,在急性心肌梗死后没有AHF症状的患者中BNP浓度也会升高。高浓度的BNP预示着无AHF的无症状人群的心血管事件风险增加,但在肥胖症患者中会低于正常水平[10]。此外,BNP值的定量也有助于AHF患者的危险等级分层,就诊时BNP水平> 1730 pg/ml的患者住院死亡率是BNP < 430 pg/ml患者的3倍以上[14]。在AECOPD时,血清BNP浓度通常升高[15],AECOPD引起BNP产生、发生的病理生理基础目前主流的认知主要有:低氧性肺血管收缩,肺血管内皮素,炎症反应及肺血管重塑等引起过多的BNP的释放;此外,肺循环是BNP的主要代谢场所,BNP可以被肺和肾内的中性肽链内切酶灭活,COPD患者肺毛细血管网受损,BNP清除能力降低,使血浆BNP水平升高[16]。COPD患者的BNP水平范围为100~500 pg/mL。AECOPD时上述基础因素加剧,使得BNP的释放在COPD患者的基础上增多,肺循环受损程度的加重使得BNP灭活较COPD患者减少。所以,虽然没有在有病史的患者中测试,但仍然建议BNP > 500 pg/mL可提示AECOPD患者合并AHF [17]。从AECOPD患者合并AHF方面分析,血浆BNP浓度随AHF严重程度的增加而增加,BNP水平的降低预示着临床症状的改善[3]。BNP越高,病情越重,监测血浆BNP水平变化可作为AECOPD患者合并AHF病情、疗效及预后评估的指标[18]。由此可以看出BNP在AECOPD且排除上述影响的患者中使用时意义较为肯定,可监测血浆BNP水平变化作为AECOPD患者是否合并AHF及预后评估的有用指标。

2.3. NT-proBNP在诊断AECOPD合并AHF中的研究进展

由于心肌细胞受到心脏负荷的增大而合成和分泌[19]。其在体外相对稳定,个体差异小,25℃可稳定存在3天,4℃稳定存在5天,−20℃或以下至少可以稳定存在6个月[2]。NT-proBNP的检测基本不受体位改变和日常活动影响。血浆NT-proBNP目前广泛用于AHF的检测。此外,它还具有预后价值,可作为在这种情况下滴定治疗的指南[11]。在诊断AHF时NT-proBNP水平应根据年龄和肾功能不全进行分层:对于50岁以下的成人血浆NT-proBNP浓度 > 450 ng/L,50岁以上者血浆浓度 > 900 ng/L,75岁以上者应 > 1800 ng/L;肾功能不全(肾小球滤过率 < 60 ml/min)时应 > 1200 ng/L。其还有助于评估病情的严重程度和预后(Ⅰ类,A级):NT-proBNP > 5000 ng/L时提示心衰患者短期死亡风险较高;>1000 ng/L提示长期死亡风险较高[2] [20];因此,血浆NT-proBNP在临床上广泛用于AHF的诊断、风险分层和管理。此外,血浆NT-proBNP水平升高存在于各种疾病中,如:败血症、休克、肾功能衰竭、肝硬化、甲状腺功能亢进和颅内病变[11]。但在肥胖症患者中通常会低于正常水平[10]。研究表明,NT-proBNP的血浆浓度可以在COPD中增加,特别是在急性加重期间[21]。AECOPD合并AHF患者NT-proBNP血浆浓度与仅有AECOPD患者相比,AECOPD合并AHF患者的NT-proBNP血浆浓度显著升高。存在AECOPD的患者表现出显著升高的NT-proBNP血浆浓度,并出现低氧血症,这可能与这些患者存在低氧血症刺激机体有关。由于NT-proBNP的释放与BNP密切相关,因此考虑炎症反应及肺血管重塑等也会引起过多的NT-proBNP的释放[11]。一项关于655例AECOPD患者(65~88岁)的研究中158例合并AHF,对于与AHF相关的AECOPD的诊断,通过ROC分析确定的血浆NT-proBNP水平为1,677.5 ng/L,产生了敏感性和特异性的最佳组合(分别为87.9%和88.5%),ROC曲线下面积为0.928。因此NT-proBNP的血浆水平可能是诊断AECOPD并发AHF的有用指标[22] [23]。NT-proBNP血浆水平的测定可能为检测AECOPD并发AHF提供重要方法。NT-proBNP的高值可能有助于识别AECOPD患者的AHF成分[24]。综上,可以看出NT-proBNP在COPD/AECOPD时的增高是肯定的,虽然目前尚无COPD/AECOPD患者相对应的界值,但其对于AECOPD是否合并AHF的提示意义可为临床医生的诊断提供可靠的依据,尤其是远高于正常值时,其意义更加明显[18]

3. 结论与展望

本综述总结了诊断AECOPD患者合并AHF的利钠肽家族中的标志物:MR-proANP、BNP及NT-proBNP,从而判断出AECOPD患者是否并发AHF。MR-proANP可作为AHF的独立诊断指标,但诊断价值较BNP和NT-proBNP无明显优势;但预后价值特别是对AHF的预后判断初步显示出了较BNP和NT-proBNP更好的应用前景。但在COPD/AECOPD患者中的变化程度国内外尚没有相关研究,因此,在COPD/AECOPD患者中具体的价值仍需进一步研究证实。但是,MR-proANP与PCT联合检测有助于鉴别呼吸困难是否由AHF引起。BNP水平受年龄的影响较小;而NT-proBNP数值的变化通常需要结合患者年龄性相对应的不同界值来判断,否则BNP和NT-proBNP的使用好像是一致的。在多项研究中,BNP和NT-proBNP在确定AECOPD是否并发AHF有良好的鉴别能力。但是患者的年龄、性别和肾功能不全等个体基础因素可能会改变BNP和NT-proBNP的血浆浓度。因此,在存在这些条件的情况下,应谨慎判读利钠肽值变化的意义。尤其这些标志物的使用在肥胖患者中受到损害,因为它们的水平往往较低。我国2023年国家心力衰竭指南指出BNP和NT-proBNP水平主要是用于排除HF诊断,或协助HF诊断。BNP和NT-proBNP对于AECOPD并发AHF临界值尚未得到充分研究。鉴于稳定的COPD患者的BNP和NT-proBNP水平已经升高,在AECOPD期间,建议采用更高的临界值来鉴别是否并发AHF。未来的研究应着重验证BNP和NT-proBNP的最佳临界值,该值不仅具有高灵敏度,而且具有高特异性,可以达到肯定的研究和无偏差的结果。

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