中医干预MicroRNA调控治疗特应性皮炎的研究进展
Research Progress of Chinese Medicine Intervention in MicroRNA Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis
DOI: 10.12677/jcpm.2025.43336, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 吴绍青:黑龙江中医药大学研究生院,黑龙江 哈尔滨;马天明*:黑龙江中医药大学附属第二医院皮肤科,黑龙江 哈尔滨
关键词: 特应性皮炎MicroRNA中药Atopic Dermatitis MicroRNA Traditional Chinese Medicine
摘要: 特应性皮炎(AD)是一种病因复杂的慢性复发性炎症性皮肤病,表现为干燥、瘙痒、多形损害等,是临床上亟待解决的皮肤病。microRNA作为一种内源性非编码RNA,在与靶基因microRNA的3'非翻译区(3'UTR)结合后,抑制了靶基因翻译、促进其降解,使其转录后水平调控基因表达。研究表明,多种microRNA在特应性皮炎的发病过程中发挥重要作用,如miR-146a可通过调控炎症相关基因表达,影响特应性皮炎的炎症反应,miR-155则参与调节Th1/Th2细胞平衡,进而影响疾病进程。中药调控microRNA可以抑制白细胞介素6受体(IL-6R)和蛋白酶体β-8亚基(PSMB-8)进行免疫调节、阻断NF-κB信号通路、控制炎症因子分泌、抑制角质形成细胞增殖等改善AD病变。本文综述近年来中药干预microRNA调控治疗AD的研究进展,以期为中药治疗AD提供更新的策略。
Abstract: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease associated with genetic hypersensitivity, characterized by pruritus, polymorphic lesion, and exudation tendency. microRNA is a non-coding single-stranded RNA molecule that participates in post-transcriptional gene expression regulation in animals and plants, and plays an important role in the occurrence and development of AD by affecting cell development, differentiation and signal transduction, thereby changing cell function and controlling the release of inflammatory mediators. Intervention in the regulation of microRNA may be a new direction for the treatment of AD. Chinese medicines can inhibit interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R) and proteasome β by targeting microRNA regulation. The β-8 subunit (PSMB-8) is responsible for immune regulation, blocking NF-κB signaling pathway, controlling the secretion of inflammatory factors, inhibiting the proliferation of keratinocytes, regulating Th2 cytokine secretion and inflammatory cell infiltration, maintaining the skin barrier, and activating platelets. In this paper, we reviewed the recent research progress of Chinese medicine intervention in the treatment of AD by microRNA regulation, in order to provide updated strategies for the treatment of AD by Chinese medicine.
文章引用:吴绍青, 马天明. 中医干预MicroRNA调控治疗特应性皮炎的研究进展[J]. 临床个性化医学, 2025, 4(3): 217-222. https://doi.org/10.12677/jcpm.2025.43336

1. 引言

特应性皮炎(atopic dermatitis, AD)是一种慢性、复发性、炎症性皮肤病,最基本的特征是皮肤干燥、慢性湿疹样皮损和明显瘙痒,严重影响患者的生活质量[1]。流行病学显示,AD在不同年龄段均可罹发,总体呈上升趋势,儿童患病率约占15%~30% [2],各国成人AD患病率从2.1%到4.9%不等,严重AD在总体AD人群中所占比例很小[3]

目前AD的病因病机尚不清楚,近年来随着分子生物学技术的发展,microRNA在特应性皮炎发病机制及治疗中的研究不断深入,其通过调节信号通路、改变细胞功能、控制炎症介质释放等方式参与AD的发生发展。中医古籍中记载了与AD特点相似的疾病,如“四弯风”、“奶癣”、“血风疮”等,病因病机多因先天禀赋不足,后天肺脾失养,致心火偏亢,又外感风湿热邪,内外相搏而为病。应用现代医疗技术如生物制剂度普利尤单抗治疗AD具有较高的有效性和安全性,但其昂贵的费用令很多患者望而却步,相形之下,中医药以其独特的理论体系及其多靶点、多通路优势越来越受患者青睐。本文综述了microRNA在AD发展中的作用及中药干预microRNA调控防治AD的研究进展,以期为中药治疗AD提供更新的策略和思路。

2. MicroRNA的认识

microRNA一般由18~25个核苷酸组成,是一类内源性、短序列的非编码单链小分子RNA [4];第一种micro RNA于1993年被国外学者在秀丽新小杆线虫中发现,是长为22个核苷酸的lin-4基因,用来调节线虫的发育[5],随后更多micro RNA分子被陆续发现,其广泛存在于动植物、病毒等多种微生物中;研究发现,多个micro RNA可以共同调控同一个基因,同一个microRNA可以有多个甚至数百个不同的靶基因[6]

3. MicroRNA与AD发生发展

3.1. 参与皮肤炎症反应

既往研究指出,AD的发生和发展与皮肤免疫失衡和炎症反应等存在密切关联,其内在作用机制与microRNA失表达有关。在AD患者的血液、皮肤组织内如果存在microRNA表达失调,就会引发皮肤免疫系统紊乱和产生炎症反应,促进AD的发生与发展[7]。Nousbeck等[8]在研究中抽取了AD患儿的外周血中发现单个核细胞miR-451a存在明显下调的现象,IL-6R、PSMB-8水平等明显上升,引发体内免疫系统失调,出现炎症反应。现有研究表明,miR-20a的正常能够有效地抑制CCL8、IFN-γ之类的炎症因子的分泌,其主要过程与调节NF-κB信号通路(丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶2介导)等过程得以实现[9]。TARC是评估AD严重程度的标志物,研究发现,AD重症期患者与对照组(轻度AD患者)相比而言,其体内的miR-223表达水平明显提升。而且在研究中还发现该基因的表达会影响到TARC水平的调节[10],这一结果在某种程度上表明,miR-223有望充当该病病情发展的重要生物标志物[11]。除此以外,还有研究学者发现在AD患者血象中检测出的miR-191、miR-24的表达水平同β-TG、PF-4之类的血小板活化标志物水平存在密切关联,提示了前两者可能会通过影响血小板的活化过程,调节趋化因子分泌水平,进而对局部炎症进程产生影响[12];研究中指出,通过抑制血小板活性的方式可以有效地下调血浆microRNA表达,反映出两者之间的内在关联性,并认为AD炎症表达是因为miR-223表达的上调导致血小板活化所致[13]。Wang等[14]在研究中指出,通过采取一定的方式阻断miR-155-5p表达能够有效地升高表皮PKIα水平,抑制IL-13/4/5之类炎症因子,从而更好地维护皮肤屏障,有助于抑制表皮炎症反应及恢复皮肤屏障功能。

3.2. 抑制角质细胞

皮肤表皮是由梅克尔、朗格汉斯等细胞与黑素细胞和角质形成细胞所构成的一种器官,而在其中,以角质形成细胞为主,占表皮细胞的80%,它与细胞间脂质两者结合起来保证皮肤屏障功能,防止机体水分流失和有效防护各种病原微生物与损伤刺激的侵入,还能够在一定情形下释放蛋白质有效地修复损伤皮肤[15]。Meng等[16]在研究中,从特应性皮炎患儿血浆中发现了microRNA中hsa-miR-194-5p的表达出现的显著下调,当使其过表达后,HS3ST2也出现了明显的下调,显著抑制KC的增殖,导致皮肤屏障被打破。这说明hsa-miR-194-5p可能通过调控HS3ST2基因参与AD的发病。Vaher等[17]通过对照发现,AD组健康和病变皮肤中miR-10a-5p均明显上调,且在增殖的KC中有更高表达。

3.3. 参与信号通路

信号通路转导的正常与否会影响到细胞生理功能的健全与否。一旦出现信号通路的异常,轻则会影响到细胞的整个生化过程,重则会导致机体出现免疫系统紊乱,引发各种形式的炎症反应,出现自身免疫性或炎症类疾病[18]。Yan等[19]在建立的AD皮肤模型中发现,AD患者的miR-1294表达水平要明显低于正常人,通过采取一定的方式上调miR-1294水平,能够有效地减少皮肤损害。其主要的作用机制在于miR-1294的正常表达,可以有效利用STAT3-NF-κB信号通路,阻止皮肤氧化进展,加速皮肤屏障修复进程。Jia等[20]在研究中指出,IL-13能够有效激活IL-13的mTOR信号通路,导致miR-143表达受到抑制,引发皮肤屏障蛋白(如丝聚蛋白)等的表达缺失。雷帕霉素给药后,患者血浆中的miR-143水平有明显的上调,这一结果反映出miR-143在mTOR信号通路中发挥的重要作用是AD的主要发病机制。

3.4. 干预T细胞调节

Th1/Th2失衡也会在一定程度上影响到microRNA表达失调,进而产生2型免疫反应,显著增加IL-13/4等细胞因子的分泌,促进AD的发生与发展[21]。microRNA能够有效调节Th17细胞的分化过程和功能,对IL-17和IL-22等细胞因子的表达产生影响,进而影响到皮肤的炎症反应[22],无独有偶,Kärner等[23]在通过检测患者外周血的单细胞核的双阳性T细胞的miR323-3p的高表达,经过靶向TGF-β、STAT3等调控路径,对h17细胞分化过程与效应功能产生影响,实现对IL-22表达的有效抑制,从而达到延缓皮肤炎症的目的。因此,未来有望通过干预microRNA的调控为AD的预防和治疗提供一种新的途径。

4. microRNA参与AD的治疗

4.1. 中药调控microRNA表达

白芍总苷具有抗炎、抗氧化、免疫调节和镇痛的作用,白芍总苷可使MiR-223水平显著下降,抑制NLRP3炎症小体的活化程度,使得具有生物活性的IL-1β产生减少,以减轻皮肤角化程度和炎症反应,帮助皮肤修复,抑制AD的发展[24]。Chen等[25]研究发现人参皂苷Rb2miR-216a具有特定的结合亲和力,Rb 2与miR-216 a结合,通过增强Smad 3/IκBα信号通路,进一步减弱miR-216 a诱导的原代人脐静脉内皮细胞衰老状态和炎症过程。Ding等[26]发现红景天苷可以抑制A375细胞酪氨酸酶(TYR)活性和TYR mRNA表达,从而抑制皮肤炎症反应和黑色素的形成。白色蜡蚧多糖粗提物(CWPS)是由葡萄糖、甘露糖和半乳糖组成的昆虫分泌物,可显著降低皮损中Th 17淋巴细胞的水平,抑制Th 17 mRNA的表达[27]。Lee等[28]人证实,白芷提取物抑制了化学引诱物(TARC)调节Th2型细胞募集到AD病变中的功能,因此抑制了炎性细胞因子的mRNA表达。太子参提物可下调背侧皮损中NF-κB、p-IκBα和MAPK蛋白的表达,抑制INF-γ、IL-4、IL-8、IL-1β、TNF-α等多种细胞因子的mRNA表达,降低血清IgE水平、肥大细胞数量和CD 4+浸润[29]。Wang等[30]体内外实验结果表明,BDMC能显著抑制TNF-α/IFN-γ刺激的HaCaT细胞中趋化因子和细胞因子的mRNA表达,减轻炎症反应;能够显著改善DNCB诱导的AD皮肤病变的症状,减少划痕数量、耳部厚度和脾脏指数,改善炎性细胞和肥大细胞浸润,并减少皮肤厚度。此外,它还能抑制趋化因子和炎性细胞因子的mRNA表达水平以及MAPK和NF-κB信号通路的激活。骨碎补中最显著的活性成分柚皮苷,可降低血清IgG 1、IgE、IL-6水平,下调耳损伤中IL-4、IL-6和TNF-α mRNA的表达,从而抑制炎症细胞向皮肤损伤中的浸润[31]。王晓钰等[32]研究发现升麻素可以通过抑制miR-155-5p的表达,以此增加靶基因PKIα的表达,恢复TJs的表达,使得上皮屏障功能得到保护、上皮细胞易感性降低,进而减少TSLP和IL-33的分泌,抑制了TH2型炎症因子,最终达到缓解AD症状的作用。这些中药单体的作用机制较明确,为中医药干预microRNA提供了分子层面的直接证据,在现代特应性皮炎的治疗研究中亦是突破。

4.2. 中医非药物调控microRNA表达

中医非药物疗法如针刺、拔罐、艾灸等,通过调节全身气血运行,改善局部微循环等途径,间接影响特应性皮炎患者体内microRNA的表达。Wang等[33]研究发现电针治疗通过靶向miR-155抑制了肥大细胞中的NF-κB和AP-1激活,并促进了IL-33信号的负反馈调节,这有助于电针对DNFB诱导的大鼠ACD的抗炎作用。虽然这些疗法的直接作用机制尚不完全清楚,但临床实践表明它们对microRNA的调控具有积极作用,有助于缓解特应性皮炎的症状。

5. 总结与展望

综上,中医药在治疗特应性皮炎中形成了独特化、多样化、高效性的中医体系,通过中药外洗内服、针灸、艾灸、拔罐等方式,临床上成效显著。并且随着microRNA在特应性皮炎发生发展中作用机制的深入研究,中医药干预microRNA调控治疗特应性皮炎的研究也初见成效,随着中医药的发展越来越受到国家重视以及在世界上愈发流行,也使得中药在治疗特应性皮炎的研究之中取得显著进展,为特应性皮炎的治疗做出了重要贡献。

然而,当前的研究样本量依然很少、具体作用机制亦不明确,还需进一步深入研究中医药干预miRNA调控治疗特应性皮炎的作用机制,继续完善治疗方案,增强临床疗效,同时与现代分子生物学技术相结合,进行大样本、系统化的临床试验,以验证中医药干预microRNA调控方面的有效性和安全性。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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