社会文化视角下产妇产后焦虑患病率及相关因素调查
Postpartum Anxiety in Chinese Mothers from a Social Cultural Perspective: Prevalence and Related Factors
摘要: 产妇产后一年内的焦虑症状普遍存在,但极易被忽视。本研究基于971份的问卷调查,探讨产妇产后12个月内焦虑症状患病率及相关文化影响因素。结果显示,产后12个月内产妇焦虑症状总患病率为18.02% (175/971),抑郁症状的总患病率为28.42% (276/971)。单因素分析分析显示,独生子女、孕期心情不开心或觉痛苦、产褥期生病或身体不适、产后压力事件、与母亲关系长期十分紧张、有产后抑郁症状的产妇,发生产后焦虑的风险较高;丈夫全力支持发生产后焦虑的风险显著降低;期待生女孩的产妇,相比期待生男孩的产妇更不容易焦虑(P均 < 0.05)。本研究揭示,产妇的孕产期经历、社会支持、代际关系以及传统的生育观念等文化因素与产后焦虑的发生密切相关。因此,在产后护理中,需要特别关注这些文化因素,以便更有效地识别和干预产妇的焦虑症状。
Abstract: Postpartum anxiety symptoms are common within one year after childbirth but are often easily overlooked. Based on a survey of 971 samples, this study investigated the prevalence of postpartum anxiety symptoms and related cultural influencing factors among mothers within 12 months postpartum. The results show that the overall prevalence of postpartum anxiety symptoms was 18.02% (175/971), and the overall prevalence of depressive symptoms was 28.42% (276/971) within 12 months postpartum. Univariate analysis revealed that mothers who were only children, experienced unhappiness or distress during pregnancy, had illness or physical discomfort during the puerperium, faced postpartum stressful events, had a long-term tense relationship with their mother, or exhibited postpartum depressive symptoms had a higher risk of developing postpartum anxiety. Conversely, strong spousal support significantly reduced the risk of postpartum anxiety. Notably, mothers who expected to give birth to a girl were less prone to anxiety compared to those who expected to give birth to a boy (P < 0.05). This study reveals that cultural factors such as perinatal experiences, social support, intergenerational relationships, and traditional fertility beliefs are closely associated with the occurrence of postpartum anxiety. Therefore, these cultural factors warrant special attention in postpartum care for more effective identification and intervention of anxiety symptoms in mothers.
文章引用:欧圆, 陈映仪, 张蕴馨, 张培煜, 赵芮 (2025). 社会文化视角下产妇产后焦虑患病率及相关因素调查. 心理学进展, 15(9), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.12677/ap.2025.159486

1. 引言

由于对母婴造成严重的负面影响和对社会造成的巨大经济损失(Howard et al., 2014),产妇精神健康是重要的公共卫生问题。产后抑郁症及不利影响广为大家接受,产后焦虑障碍却经常被忽视、认知不足或边缘化,这是重要的遗漏,有证据表明,它其实比人们通常认为的更为常见,且经常与其他精神健康问题,如抑郁症同时发生(Goodman et al., 2016; Coleman et al., 2006)。产后焦虑的产妇通常在产后一年内,持续且过度地担心,恐惧和紧张,难以集中精神,或经历严重和反复的发作(Leach et al., 2017)。在高收入国家,产后焦虑症的检出率约为4.7%~33% (Leach et al., 2017),我国的检出率约为2.05%~43.6% (杨芳等,2008王月云等,2017吴辉等,2016)。产后焦虑障碍可导致母亲更有可能自信低、母子互动功能损害(Dennis et al., 2017a),易选择自杀行为和增加药物使用(Schofield et al., 2014),子代发生重大行为和情感问题的风险增加(Stein等,2014),包括注意力缺陷多动障碍(Hudson & Rapee, 2001; Turner et al., 2003; Williams et al., 2012),对新奇的困扰(Reck et al., 2013),社交参与度低、恐惧或回避陌生人(Feldman et al., 2009; Murray et al., 2007)认及认知能力差(Keim et al., 2011)等。为此,提高对产后焦虑的认知重视,识别高危产妇是亟待解决的问题。以往主要对产后6个月内的焦虑进行研究,且缺少对家庭文化因素的考察。本研究以福建省为例,目的了解产妇产后一年内的焦虑患病率及家庭文化等相关因素,为促进母婴健康提供数据支持。

2. 对象与方法

2.1. 研究对象

通过线上问卷星以及线下宣传,对在厦门市某三甲医院分娩的产妇开展精神健康状况问卷调查。纳入标准为:产后3周至产后12个月,非死胎、死产特殊情况。本次调查主要采取电子问卷发放形式,总回收问卷为1017份,其中填答时间超出入选标准和信息不一致视为无效问卷,共47份,最终有效问卷971份,有效率为95.48%。数据分析前,不符合条件和不一致的问卷被排除在进一步的分析之外。

2.2. 研究方法

本次调查采用抑郁自评量表(SDS)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)和自行设计的一般问卷,包括:社会人口特征、产科相关因素、产后社会适应情况以及家庭文化因素。焦虑的评估采用焦虑自评量表(SAS):评定标准为各项目得分相加的粗分,乘以1.25后得到SAS标准分,标准分50~59分为轻度焦虑症状,60~69分为中度焦虑症状,70分以上为重度焦虑症状。抑郁的评估采用抑郁自评量表(SDS):评定标准为各项目得分相加的粗分,乘以1.25后得到SDS标准分,标准分<53分表示无抑郁症状,53~62分为轻度抑郁症状,63~72分为中度抑郁症状,72分以上为重度抑郁症状。

2.3. 统计学分析

运用EXCEL2016录入数据,采用STATA26.0统计软件进行一般性描述性统计,计量资料采用x ± s表示,组间比较采用t检验,计数资料百分数表示,组间比较采用χ2检验,P < 0.05表示差异具有统计学意义。

3. 结果

3.1. 基本特征

本次调查的971位女性中,年龄最小19岁,最大49岁,平均(31.44 ± 4.56)岁,81.77% (794/971)为福建户籍,80.54% (782/971)为非独生子女,57.88% (562/971)产妇为经产妇,6.9% (67/971)生产双胞胎或三胞胎。42.2% (408/971)的产妇信仰佛教,53.86% (523/971)接受过本科或以上教育,23.89% (232/971)接受过专科教育,35.71%目前没有工作,13.59% (132/971) 2018年家庭总收入很低(<5万元)。详见表1

Table 1. Sociodemographic characteristics of the study participants (N = 971)

1. 产妇社会人口学特征(N = 971)

变量

合计(N = 971)

焦虑组(N = 175)

正常组(N = 796)

χ2

P

人数(%)

人数(%)

人数(%)

年龄

7.1518

0.067

19~24

43 (4.43)

10 (5.71)

33 (4.15)

25~29

315 (32.44)

56 (32.00)

259 (32.54)

30~34

373 (38.41)

78 (44.57)

295 (37.06)

≥35

239 (24.71)

31 (17.71)

209 (26.26)

民族

少数民族

28 (2.88)

4 (2.29)

24 (3.02)

0.2725

0.602

汉族

943 (97.12)

171 (97.71)

772 (96.98)

宗教信仰

1.4268

0.490

佛教

408 (42.2)

75 (42.86)

333 (41.83)

其他信仰

51 (5.25)

6 (3.43)

45 (5.65)

无宗教信仰

512 (52.73)

94 (53.71)

418 (52.51)

受教育程度

1.1947

0.754

高中及以下

216 (22.25)

38 (21.71)

178 (22.36)

大学专科

232 (23.89)

43 (24.57)

189 (23.74)

大学本科

437 (45.01)

82 (46.86)

355 (44.60)

研究生

86 (8.86)

12 (6.86)

74 (9.30)

户口

0.6350

0.426

城镇户口

562 (57.88)

106 (60.57)

456 (57.29)

农业户口

409 (42.12)

69 (39.43)

340 (42.71)

户口原籍

0.4494

0.503

福建籍

794 (81.77)

140 (80.00)

654 (82.16)

非福建籍

177 (18.23)

35 (20.00)

142 (17.84)

独生子女

3.5517

0.059

189 (19.46)

43 (24.57)

146 (18.34)

782 (80.54)

132 (75.43)

650 (81.66)

婚姻状况

0.0666

0.796

已婚

964 (99.28)

174 (99.43)

790 (99.25)

离异等情况

7 (0.72)

1 (0.57)

6 (0.75)

职业

9.7551

0.082

普通职员

319 (32.85)

62 (35.43)

257 (32.29)

专业技术人员

178 (18.33)

32 (18.29)

146 (18.34)

政府/机关干部/公务员

60 (6.18)

15 (8.57)

45 (5.65)

工人、服务员等

184 (18.95)

20 (11.43)

164 (20.60)

其他职业

3 (0.31)

1 (0.57)

2 (0.25)

无业或自由职业

227 (23.38)

45 (25.71)

182 (22.86)

工作情况

0.4401

0.507

593 (61.07)

103 (58.86)

490 (61.56)

378 (38.93)

72 (41.14)

306 (38.44)

居住类型

1.2374

0.539

独居

182 (18.74)

38 (21.71)

144 (18.09)

与父母同住

726 (74.77)

126 (72.00)

600 (75.38)

其他

63 (6.49)

11 (6.29)

52 (6.53)

2018年家庭总收入

2.9585

0.228

5万以下

132 (13.59)

26 (14.86)

106 (13.32)

6~20万

554 (57.05)

107 (61.14)

447 (56.16)

21万以上

285 (29.35)

42 (24.00)

243 (30.53)

多胎妊娠

0.0928

0.761

单胎

904 (93.10)

162 (92.57%)

742 (93.22)

双胎或三胎

67 (6.90)

13 (7.43)

54 (6.78)

产次

0.0145

0.904

初产妇

409 (42.12)

73 (41.71)

336 (42.21)

经产妇

562 (57.88)

102 (58.29)

460 (57.79)

3.2. 产妇焦虑和抑郁症状检出情况

在调查的971位产妇中,产后12个月内焦虑症状总检出率为18.02% (175/971),总平均得分为42.16 ± 8.07分,有轻度焦虑症状的产妇占14.01% (136/971),中重度症状的产妇占4.02% (29/971)。产后3个月的焦虑检出率为19.63% (32/163),产后6个月降至18.90% (79/418)。产后12个月内,产后抑郁症状的总检出率为28.42%,有轻度抑郁症状的产妇占18.43% (179/971),中重度抑郁症状的产妇占9.99% (97/971)。

3.3. 影响产后焦虑的单因素分析

意外怀孕、产褥期生病或身体不适、不满意分娩方式、新生儿生病与产后焦虑显著相关(P值均 < 0.05)。丈夫的支持、母女关系、独生子女、婴儿性别期待与产后焦虑显著相关(P值均 < 0.05)。孕期心情差、产后抑郁症状、产后压力事件、母亲角色适应以及产前产后保健培训与焦虑症状显著相关(P值均 < 0.05)。见表2

Table 2. Univariate analysis of factors affecting postpartum anxiety (N = 971)

2. 影响产后焦虑的单因素分析(N = 971)

变量

焦虑组(N = 175)

正常组(N = 796)

χ2/t

P

N (%)/m ± sd

N (%)/m ± sd

产科因素

分娩方式

11.4182

0.001

满意

134 (76.57)

690 (86.68)

不满意

41 (23.43)

106 (13.32)

产褥期生病或不适

2.91 ± 0.15

1.57 ± 0.05

−10.3563

0.000

社会心理因素

孕期心情

52.9877

0.000

开心

129 (73.71)

737 (92.59)

不开心或觉痛苦

46 (26.29)

59 (7.41)

产后抑郁症状

204.5001

0.000

48 (27.43)

647 (81.28)

127 (72.57)

149 (18.72)

产后压力事件

6.09 ± 0.18

4.48 ± 0.07

−9.1185

0.000

家庭文化因素

丈夫的支持

42.8681

0.000

无或较少

85 (48.57)

206 (25.88)

较多支持

51 (29.14)

231 (29.02)

全力支持

39 (22.29)

359 (45.10)

母女关系(从小到大)

17.0906

0.001

非常融洽

85 (48.57)

470 (59.05)

比较融洽

67 (38.29)

282 (35.43)

有点紧张

18 (10.29)

39 (4.90)

十分紧张

5 (2.86)

5 (0.63)

孩子性别期待

13.8579

0.001

男孩

84 (48.00)

267 (33.54)

女孩

11 (6.29)

86 (10.80)

无期待

80 (45.71)

443 (55.65)

4. 讨论

女性在过渡到母亲的过程中,受到精神困扰的风险加大,但对产后焦虑的重视度不够且治疗不足(Woolhouse et al., 2009)。本研究结果显示,产后3个月内的焦虑检出率为19.63%,高于何萍等(何萍等,2008)报道的检出率10.35%,产后6个月内的检出率为18.9%,高于叶碧清(叶碧清,2014)报道的焦虑检出率10.2%。国内对产后12个月内的焦虑研究较少,本研究结果为18.02%,低于国外的研究报道结果21.6% (Ramakrishna et al., 2019),数据凸显了产后焦虑的普遍性。虽然自我报告的筛查方式有局限性,如潜在的检出率过高,但在产科、公共卫生和初级保健中具有很高的临床效用,可以有效地提高病例识别(Dennis et al., 2017b)。这提示医疗保健者应将产后焦虑筛查纳入进母婴健康管理工作中,产后一年内至少筛查一次,且筛查的时间越早越好,做好对产妇有效的预防保护措施。

孕期的情绪问题不仅在一定程度上导致胎儿发育不良(来亚平等,2018Ciesielski et al., 2015),还可预测产后焦虑症状的发生,表明这些临床特征保持相对稳定(George et al., 2013),孕期的集体心理干预能够明显减轻产后的焦虑情绪(汤月芬等,2009),本研究显示孕期心情差或觉痛苦的女性,发生产后焦虑的风险显著升高,女性孕期的心理健康情况值得密切关注。与其他研究报道一致(Falah-Hassani et al., 2016),有产后抑郁症状的女性更可能经历产后焦虑。本数据显示,46.01% (127/276)有产后抑郁症状的女性出现产后焦虑症状。产后焦虑或抑郁症状增加了产后抑郁焦虑共病的风险,共病表现出更严重的临床症状和功能障碍(Farr et al., 2014),自杀风险更高(Feldman et al., 2009),在需要更深入的治疗策略之前,对这两种情况进行筛查十分必要。

与其他研究报道一致(Racine et al., 2019),产后压力事件的增加与产后焦虑的发生呈显著正相关。产妇感知压力事件越多,越容易发生焦虑,在本研究中,压力主要包括睡眠不足、经济压力、不知如何正确哺育孩子、不知道孩子的发育是否处于正常范围、与老人关系紧张以及体重很难恢复等。产褥期生病/身体不适也是重要的预测因素,50.94% (488、958)的产妇经历过1~2种产后疾病/不适,27.09% (263/971)经历过3种及以上,主要包括便秘、乳腺炎、产后尿失禁、贫血、腰疼、腿疼等,提示卫生保健者加强对产后科学护理的指导和宣传,减少产后疾病/不适,促进精神健康。

此外,本研究发现家庭文化因素对产后焦虑的负面影响。与其他研究报道高度一致(Yelland et al., 2010),获得丈夫全力支持的产妇,相比没有或较少得到丈夫支持的产妇,发生焦虑的风险显著降低。这提示应鼓励丈夫积极参与承担日常育儿的工作、多关心产妇,给予充足的支持。亲子关系对心理健康有着持续影响,母女关系长期十分紧张的产妇,发生产后焦虑的风险较高。或许与亲子关系差的个体很大可能性发展成不安全的依恋关系有关。不安全的依恋模式与不同程度上的心理异常状况相关,如围生期情绪障碍、重度抑郁等(Sable, 1995)。性别文化是重要的危险因素,相比期待生男孩,家中期待婴儿性别为女孩的产妇,发生产后焦虑的风险显著较低。独生子女产妇的焦虑风险显著高于非独生子女,这可能与独生子女的家庭支持少于非独子女有关。这些发现均可为产后焦虑的家庭治疗干预提供间接支持。

鉴于越来越多的证据显示产后焦虑的普遍性及遗传性(王上上等,2017),应尽早对产妇进行评估,有针对性地识别和干预产后焦虑的发生。本研究存在一定的局限性,本研究为横断面调查,各个因素与产后焦虑症状之间的因果关系有待进一步开展队列研究。

基金项目

2018年国家社会科学基金青年项目(18CSH055)。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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