肠易激综合征与焦虑抑郁状态的关系
Relationship between Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Anxiety-Depressive State
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2024.14112945, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 刘浩东, 汤丽平*:重庆医科大学附属第一医院消化内科,重庆
关键词: 肠易激综合征焦虑抑郁状态发病机制Irritable Bowel Syndrome Anxiety-Depression State Pathogenesis
摘要: 肠易激综合征(IBS)是一组以腹痛、排便异常,伴频率和(或)粪便性状改变为主要表现的功能性肠道疾病,其与焦虑抑郁状态往往被视为共病,但目前对于IBS与焦虑抑郁状态的因果关系及发病机制尚不明确。本综述根据国内外研究,探讨IBS与焦虑抑郁状态的联系。
Abstract: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a group of functional intestinal diseases characterized by abdominal pain and abnormal bowel movements, accompanied by changes in frequency and/or fecal characteristics. It is often regarded as comorbidities with anxiety-depression state. However, the causal relationship and pathogenesis between IBS and anxiety-depression state are still unclear. This review explores the relationship between IBS and anxiety-depression state.
文章引用:刘浩东, 汤丽平. 肠易激综合征与焦虑抑郁状态的关系[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(11): 778-784. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2024.14112945

1. 引言

肠易激综合征(IBS)是一种功能性肠道疾病,其主要症状表现为腹痛、排便异常,伴频率和(或)粪便性状改变。目前基于症状的IBS诊断标准,即罗马IV标准,该标准是由功能性胃肠道疾病专家一致制定的,包括与大便形式或频率改变相关的腹痛,持续至少6个月。使用布里斯托尔粪便形式量表,根据主要粪便模式对患者进行分组,分别为:腹泻型(IBS-D)、便秘型(IBS-C)、混合型(IBS-M)和不定型(IBS-U) [1]。目前,IBS的发病原因尚不明确,近几年普遍认为脑–肠轴是IBS发病的重要机制[2]。IBS还可合并其他疾病,包括焦虑抑郁状态、泌尿系统慢性盆腔疼痛综合征、外阴疼痛、膀胱过度活动症等[3],其中焦虑抑郁状态往往对患者的生活质量造成极大影响。此外,IBS有较高发病率,Paul Enck等在2016年的一篇关于IBS的综述中指出,IBS的全球汇总患病率为11.2% (95% CI: 9.8~12.8) [4],在欧洲,每年与IBS相关的直接和间接医疗费用估计高达80亿欧元[5];在美国,该费用超过100亿美元[6],在中国则超过1230亿元[7],对医疗系统造成极大负担。本文拟通过回顾性研究,分析IBS与焦虑抑郁状态的关联性,概述IBS与焦虑抑郁状态可能的发病机制和相关危险因素,为临床治疗IBS提供新思路。

2. IBS与焦虑抑郁状态的关系

回顾既往多项研究可以发现,IBS和焦虑抑郁状态是非常普遍的疾病,估计两者同时发生率在44%至84%之间[8]。Prashant Singh等人做的一项临床统计分析提出[9],80%的IBS患者至少患有一种精神合并症,其中患有重度抑郁综合征的患者所占比例最高(47.3%)。在患者出现IBS症状前38周,常有重大生活创伤(情感关系破裂、婚姻失败、家庭成员离家出走或严重的男女朋友关系破裂等) [10]。此外,其他先前的研究表明,早期不良生活事件(EAL,如人际关系适应不良、父母重病或死亡,以及身体、性或情感虐待等)、慢性压力等易导致焦虑抑郁状态的事件容易导致IBS的患病率上升[11]。我国2020年IBS专家共识提示,心理治疗和精神类药物(如选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂)对IBS患者的治疗有益(证据等级:中等质量) [12]。Thakur ER等人进行的一项针对创伤和情绪障碍的情绪意识和表达训练,减少了IBS患者的躯体症状并改善了患者的生活质量[13]。这些研究强烈而明确地表明,IBS的发生与焦虑抑郁状态密切相关。

3. IBS与焦虑抑郁状态关联的紧密程度

一项回顾性研究表明,IBS患者的抑郁和焦虑水平显著升高,且无论IBS亚型如何,IBS患者的抑郁和焦虑水平均高于健康对照者[14]。在印度,IBS患者患焦虑症的风险比对照组高8倍,患抑郁症的风险高7倍[15]。Sibelli等人对11个关于压力、焦虑和IBS发病率之间关系的研究进行了meta分析,发现焦虑患者患IBS的概率是健康人的2.38倍(RR = 2.38, 95% CI: 1.58~3.60),抑郁症患者的概率是健康人的2.06倍(RR = 2.06, 95% CI: 1.44~2.96) [16]。Midenfjord等人也从对769名患者的单因素分析中获得了类似的结果[17],即焦虑和抑郁的患者,有更严重的IBS症状,更频繁地报告身体症状,生活质量更低。

4. IBS与焦虑抑郁状态的因果关系

目前对于IBS与焦虑抑郁状态两者的因果关系尚无定论。有研究指出[18],焦虑抑郁状态很可能早于IBS的发生,提示了脑–肠轴通路的可能性。一项有关IBS治疗的临床试验表明[19],69%的IBS患者经CBT (认知行为疗法)治疗后,临床症状得到缓解。Koloski NA [20]等人进行的一项为期12年的前瞻性研究提出,在研究开始时患有焦虑或抑郁的患者,在研究结束时发展为IBS的可能性更高,即脑–肠轴占主要地位,焦虑抑郁状态的发生似乎早于IBS。Koloski NA四年后的另一项前瞻性研究也证明了这一点:基线时更高水平的焦虑和抑郁是发生IBS的重要预测因子(OR = 1.54; 95% CI: 1.29~1.83, P < 0.001),但该研究同样发现,在基线时焦虑和抑郁水平没有升高的人群中,基线时记录有IBS的受试者在1年后的随访中报告焦虑和抑郁水平显著升高[21],即IBS患者发病前更倾向于有潜在的焦虑抑郁状态,发病后焦虑抑郁状态往往会进一步发展。MP Jones等人[22]的研究也发现,大约50%左右的IBS患者先出现胃肠道症状,然后出现焦虑抑郁等情绪障碍。这表明在IBS中,脑–肠轴的作用可能是双向的。

5. IBS与焦虑抑郁状态可能的发病机制

5.1. 免疫激活

越来越多的证据表明免疫激活在IBS的发生发展中发挥了一定作用,这主要在关于IBS-PI (感染后IBS)机制的研究中得到证实[23]。除感染外,焦虑抑郁状态也可导致免疫激活,从而导致IBS的发生[24] [25]。焦虑抑郁等应激状态导致免疫激活后,肠道中的肥大细胞将活化[26] [27],并通过与CRH (促肾上腺素皮质激素)的相互作用促进炎症反应,改变肠道功能[28]。肠道释放的各种细胞因子,将通过体液(例如短链脂肪酸诱导肠内分泌细胞产生和释放GLP1和PYY激素,间接调节CNS对餐后饱腹感和情绪状态的影响)、细胞免疫(例如肠道抗原刺激B细胞分化为分泌免疫球蛋白A的浆细胞,以控制管腔微生物群落)、神经元(例如肠道病原体能够将炎性IL-1β信号转导到迷走神经,以防止刺激下丘脑引起的厌食反应)等三条通路与CNS进行炎症信号的双向传导[29],这一研究进一步表明了大脑、免疫、肠道这三者之间的紧密联系性。

5.2. 血清素失调

大量的研究已经证实,血清素(5-HT)失调将导致严重的焦虑抑郁等心理障碍[30]。而血清素,特别是通过5-HT起作用的5-HT3和5-HT4受体在控制胃肠道运动、感觉和分泌方面发挥了重要作用[31]-[33],如IBS-C患者中血清素的浓度降低[34],IBS-D患者中的血清素浓度反而升高[35],IBS患者也可在5-HT受体拮抗剂(如昂丹司琼等)的治疗中获益[36],但相关机制尚不明确,可能和维生素D与色氨酸羟化酶的相关调节有关[37]

5.3. 微生物

肠道微生物群被认为是有助于调节宿主健康的关键因素之一,在肠道功能及代谢调节等方面发挥了巨大作用[38],同时也可通过脑–肠轴及下丘脑–垂体–肾上腺轴(HPA)等途径与焦虑抑郁状态产生关联[39],所以肠道微生物很有可能可以解释IBS与焦虑抑郁状态之间的关系。

有研究发现,在已经表现出焦虑抑郁状态的小鼠体内,肠道微生物出现紊乱,而当用双歧杆菌属和乳酸菌属等对焦虑抑郁状态有治疗作用的益生菌对小鼠肠道进行定植后,焦虑抑郁状态可以得到一定程度的逆转[40]。而在人体层面,有队列研究也报告称[41],重度抑郁症(MDD)和焦虑患者肠道微生物的α多样性有所减少,包括放线菌门及变形菌门。值得注意的是,在焦虑抑郁患者中观察到志贺氏菌属、梭杆菌属和瘤胃球菌属的丰度较高,这可能与这些菌属分泌外毒素诱发炎症,并传递到大脑相关。

一项涉及777例IBS患者和461例健康对照组的meta分析指出[42],IBS患者在粪便和粘膜样本中的α多样性均低于对照组,粪便样本中的微生物变化主要体现为厚壁菌门增加及拟杆菌门减少;Lin Wang等人也发现IBS患者肠道中的乳酸杆菌及双歧杆菌数量较低,在腹泻型IBS患者中同样如此,这可能为该亚型的治疗提供了新的思路[43]

目前已有许多关于微生物治疗IBS和焦虑抑郁状态的相关研究。Pinto等人发现双歧杆菌可以降低IBS患者的抑郁水平,对焦虑的治疗效果不大[44],但该研究的样本量较少,可能存在一定偏倚。此外,也有研究报道进行粪便微生物群移植(FMT) 12周后,与健康对照组相比,IBS伴焦虑抑郁状态患者的肠道微生物α多样性及拟杆菌门和厚壁菌门的相对丰度有所增加(分别为50.6%对47.6%和45.5%对38.9%),实验组的焦虑抑郁评分也有所降低[45]

5.4. 基因

目前已有许多关于IBS相关遗传学的研究,迄今为止样本量最大的一项IBS全基因组关联研究(GWAS)包括53,400例病例和433,201例对照[46],该研究确定了6个全基因组显著性的独立IBS易感基因位点(SNP),其中CADM2、PHF2、NCAM1这三个基因位点已被证实与焦虑抑郁状态的发生发展息息相关[47]-[49]。同样的,Silvia Alemany通过对广泛的GWAS研究发现了38个新的IBS相关SNP,其中27个与焦虑抑郁相关,CADM2、NCAM1和DRD2等包括其中[50]。值得注意的是,DRD2编码多巴胺受体D2R,是影响精神疾病症状的最强基因之一[51];而在一些动物实验中,D2R激动剂被证实可缓解小鼠溃疡性结肠炎的相关症状[52];NCAM肽类似物也被发现具有抗炎和抗抑郁作用[53] [54]。综上,IBS与焦虑抑郁状态有共同的基因位点,且可能在这些基因位点的治疗中获益。

5.5. 脑–肠轴

脑–肠轴是近20年公认的IBS最可能的发病机制之一。一些研究指出,脑–肠轴的作用可能是双向的[20]-[22],即在大脑与肠道之间建立了一个双向通道,促进二者之间的信息传递与功能协同,其途径可能包括内分泌、免疫信号传导、神经信号传导等[55]。HPA轴是人体面对应激时的重要通路,可被视为脑–肠轴的一种,在应激时,CNS通过激活HPA轴释放肾上腺皮质激素,促进人体对应激的反应,如肠道蠕动加快、血糖升高等[56]。Chang L等人发现,IBS患者血浆中的皮质醇水平轻度升高,但ACTH水平显著降低,提示HPA轴失调[57]。在一项关于雌性恒河猴的实验中也观察到,压力所导致的皮质醇升高,即HPA轴失调与焦虑抑郁状态的发展之间存在显著关联,但在人体层面的研究较少,需进一步讨论[58]

6. 结论

焦虑抑郁状态在IBS患者中的发病率已不容忽视,二者往往以共病的形式存在,且很有可能互为因果关系,在IBS的诊治中,不应忽视焦虑抑郁状态的重要性,可使用标准问卷、量表等尽早发现和评估IBS和焦虑抑郁状态的严重程度,并利用客观数据提高临床医生对IBS和焦虑抑郁状态的认识,减轻患者的心理压力,做到早发现、早治疗。免疫激活、血清素失调、肠道微生物、基因等因素的改变都可能导致IBS和焦虑抑郁状态的发生,但具体的作用机制仍不明确。脑肠轴的作用可能是双向的,未来可进一步对肠道进行研究,毕竟肠道比大脑更容易接近,早日发现IBS和焦虑抑郁状态的治疗靶点,为二者共病的诊治提供新思路。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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