儿童超重/肥胖与喘息的相关性研究
A Study of the Association between Overweight/Obesity and Wheezing in Children
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2024.14112972, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 刘 璇, 张兆华:山东大学第二医院儿科,山东 济南
关键词: 喘息超重/肥胖儿童Wheeze Overweight/Obesity Children
摘要: 喘息是一种儿童常见的易反复发作的呼吸系统疾病,发生率高,病情急重,住院频繁。目前越来越多的证据表明喘息发作的儿童大部分存在着超重/肥胖的情况,这可能与喘息的发作有关。然而据证实肥胖是导致成年人和儿童哮喘的危险因素之一,对于喘息的发作尚无统一的定论。近些年来,随着社会的快速发展,儿童的超重/肥胖的发生率明显增加,本综述的目的是总结目前喘息的危险因素,并总结儿童超重/肥胖与喘息的相关性,这可能为喘息的预防提供新的见解。
Abstract: Wheezing is a common respiratory disease in children that tends to recur, with a high incidence of acute illness and frequent hospitalization. There is increasing evidence that the majority of children with wheezing episodes are overweight/obese, which may be related to wheezing episodes. However, obesity has been shown to be a risk factor for asthma in adults and children, and there is no consensus on the onset of wheezing. In recent years, with the rapid development of society, the incidence of overweight/obesity in children has increased significantly, and the aim of this review is to summarize the current risk factors for wheezing, and to summarize the association between overweight/obesity and wheezing in children, which may provide new insights for the prevention of wheezing.
文章引用:刘璇, 张兆华. 儿童超重/肥胖与喘息的相关性研究[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(11): 979-984. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2024.14112972

1. 引言

喘息是指在吸气相或呼气相,当气体通过狭窄的气道会产生湍流,其冲击、碰撞气道壁产生的持续且粗糙的异常声音[1]。儿童的呼吸系统、免疫系统及防御机制发育尚不完善,相比于成年人更容易受到病原体的侵袭,进而导致呼吸系统疾病的发生。呼吸系统疾病症状中喘息的发作尤为常见,据统计,3岁以下儿童大约有三分之一会出现喘息,6岁以下儿童大约一半有过喘息病史[2]。学龄前喘息发作的儿童急诊率是学龄前哮喘儿童的两倍,住院率更是学龄前哮喘儿童的五倍[2]。学龄前发生的喘息常常是儿童支气管哮喘的早期阶段,反复喘息导致的气道炎症会持续存在,可能会显著增加日后发展为永久性喘息或支气管哮喘的风险,并会对肺功能造成不可挽回的损伤,将严重影响患儿日后生活质量。因此预防喘息发作刻不容缓。

随着我国经济社会的快速发展及人民生活水平的日益升高,方便的快餐、繁重的课业、以及更广范围地应用电子产品等[3]环境、遗传、精神心理、药物多重因素[4],儿童的营养不均衡、身体活动不足的现象广泛存在,儿童青少年的超重/肥胖日益严重,成为全球关注的公共卫生问题,而且儿童肥胖可能会导致性早熟[5]、睡眠障碍[6]、增加心血管以及呼吸系统疾病患病风险[7],且易延续至成年,造成更大的疾病与经济负担[8]。关于儿童超重/肥胖的评定,通常采用年龄的体质指数(body mass index, BMI)来表示,BMI = 体重(kg)/身高2 (m2),而不同国家选定的BMI筛查超重/肥胖的界限点不同。我国则是参照“九市7岁以下儿童体格发育调查”以及“中国学生体质与健康调研”等数据衔接,制定了适合我国的0~18岁儿童BMI生长参照值及生长曲线[9]。当儿童的BMI在同性别、同年龄段参考数值的P85~P95为超重,超过P95为肥胖。对于年龄 < 2月的儿童,更建议使用身高/体重来评估超重与肥胖,基于WHO的身长(高)别体重标准曲线,>2 SD为超重、>3 SD为肥胖[4]。体质指数是用体重及身高来划分肥胖的严重程度,当然也有它的缺点即特异性有限,因为BMI计算公式只涉及个体的体重,脂肪和肌肉各自的量无法进行评价,因此也没有办法解释区域脂肪分布的模式[10]。随着儿童超重/肥胖的发生,带来的各系统潜在的并发症的发生风险也随之增加,肥胖增加了对呼吸道感染的易感性[10],同时还有其他系统包括糖尿病、血脂异常、高血压及非酒精性脂肪肝病、多囊卵巢综合征和阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停等各系统的疾病以及心理、精神健康等[4],并且给患者造成沉重的经济负担。所以及时尽早地进行生活方式、行为干预甚至药物治疗是非常必要的。

2. 喘息的病因、保护因素及治疗

目前儿童喘息的发作被认为是受环境与遗传因素共同影响的多因素疾病。而对于喘息发作的具体因素了解有限,大多认为是多因素随机结合的结果[11]。据证实喘息发作的病因多种多样,如:感染[12]、支气管哮喘、特应性[13]、支气管异物[14]、支气管发育不良[15]、过敏(吸入性过敏原、食入过敏原、药物等)、血管压迫气道、胃食管反流、闭塞性细支气管炎[2] [16]、过敏性鼻炎[17]、过敏性家族史[18]、先天性气道狭窄/软化、纤毛运动障碍[19]、囊性纤维化、室内外污染情况[20]、接触烟草情况(主动吸烟、被动吸烟) [21]、原发性免疫缺陷[22]、早产、巨大儿[12]、母亲孕期超重或体重增加过快[23]、母亲妊娠期糖尿病[24]等是喘息的危险因素,服用益生菌、规律补充维生素D、母乳喂养、接种流感疫苗等可有效的预防喘息的发生[2] [25]-[27]

目前针对喘息的预防和治疗方案多为采用糖皮质激素、β2受体激动剂、抗过敏药等药物,但由于患儿依从性差等原因,甚至近期的一项国际研究表明,现有的诊断及治疗方案的疗效差强人意[28]。且目前对于呼吸系统的研究大多集中在哮喘、过敏性鼻炎等相关领域,对于喘息的研究相对匮乏。因此继续寻找安全、有效的辅助治疗方案是必要的,同时尽早地进行儿童喘息的预防也是重要的。

儿童超重/肥胖的发生率日益增高[29],已有研究表明肥胖是导致哮喘的危险因素之一[30],喘息是哮喘的症状之一,关于超重/肥胖与喘息之间相关性的研究报道目前仍较少,本文第二部分就儿童超重/肥胖与喘息的相关机制进行阐述。

3. 超重/肥胖与喘息的机制研究

目前肥胖已经被证实是影响成人以及儿童哮喘的危险因素之一,而且肥胖影响哮喘的机制已经被证实。但对于儿童超重/肥胖影响喘息的机制目前可能包括肥胖的机械效应、细胞因子和激素水平以及遗传等几个方面[31]

3.1. 肥胖的机械效应

超重/肥胖影响呼吸系统的方面,主要可能涉及肺部,如肺容量、肺的通气功能及肺部与血管的弥散功能等[32]。已有研究发现,胸壁及腹部的脂肪堆积使得胸腔负荷增加,肺的弹性回缩力进而增加,顺应性降低,功能残气量、肺总量均减少,造成了限制性通气功能障碍[33]。因此肺功能会受到超重/肥胖产生的相应的影响。

3.2. 激素或因子的影响

已有研究表明,对于有体重增长过度的患儿其血胰岛素样生长因子I (insulin-like growth factor I, IGF-I)水平较正常体重增加的患儿数值更高[34]。有报道曾指出,在出生后的早期,婴儿的生长发育、脂肪形成均与IGF-I有着密切的关系[35]。Acat等[36]小组人员研究发现,喘息发作的人群中IGF-I水平较不发生喘息人群血清IGF-I升高。有报道称,IGF-I被证实是众多哮喘发病机制之一[37]。瘦素是由脂肪细胞分泌的一种蛋白质激素,其作用是能够调节能量代谢。瘦素可以增强气道反应,不管是否为过敏性。有调查曾指出肥胖的人随着瘦素含量的增高,那么其气道的反应性也随之增高。但也有人持相反的意见,指出喘息与肥胖相关,但喘息发作与瘦素无关[38]。Sutherlad等[39]小组人员通过实验研究指出,虽然肥胖与瘦素增加有关,但是迄今为止暂没有发现可靠的证据表明喘息与瘦素相关。Scott等通过研究发现,肥胖可能通过影响性激素水平进行与喘息的发生有关[40]

3.3. 其他

据研究证实,超重/肥胖引起喘息发作与遗传有关,即与某些遗传基因的多态性可能有关[2] [41]。国内外的实验指出,肥胖与喘息发作存在着部分表达相同的基因,如肿瘤坏死因子α基因、β2肾上腺素能受体基因,均在肥胖和喘息的发作中发挥作用[25] [27]。Thun等人[41]研究表明,通过细胞周期蛋白D1基因活性相关的过程进行修改可能会使得肥胖引起喘息的发作。

4. 讨论

Mebrahtu等[42]人通过Meta分析指出肥胖/超重会增加患儿喘息的风险。在1项前瞻性的队列研究中,Taveras等小组人员排除过混杂因素后指出,如果说患儿在6月龄时BMI较高,那么其3岁时发生反复喘息的风险就会更高,并且指出BMI每增加1个单位,那么其反复喘息发作的风险将增大1.46倍[43]。超重/肥胖会导致气道狭窄,进而气道关闭、气道高反应性最终导致通气不均;而体重减轻后气道高反应性减低[10]。1项73252例儿童的Meta分析中指出,超重/肥胖与喘息(OR; 95% CI: 1.38~2.63) [44]之间存在显著关联。与此同时,南京1项包括12092名儿童的研究表明,正常体重、肥胖率与消瘦率分别为73.73%、12.23%、14.04%,BMI增加与哮喘样疾病的风险增加有关,目前的喘息与肥胖呈正相关,与消瘦呈负相关[45]。1项包括3154名3个月至5岁随访儿童的儿童队列研究中,在调整其他因素后,1岁时较高的BMI仍然是所有喘息轨迹(一过性喘息、中发型喘息和阵发性持续性喘息)的独立风险因素[46]。但也有另一部分人存在相反的见解。P Bustos等人指出,虽然BMI与哮喘样症状喘息之间存在关联,但证据仍然不足,例如比BMI更直接的肥胖衡量的指标——腰围,在研究中被证实女性腰围与喘息发作风险呈负相关[47]

虽然已有研究指出超重/肥胖与喘息相关,但也有研究指出两者之间的关系证据不足。有人认为曾患有喘息症状及病史的儿童,其家属可能为了喘息的再次发作进而减少参加体育锻炼的频次及强度,故与参加体育锻炼的儿童相比,体重增加的幅度更大。但指出上述假说的证据目前尚不足,有待进一步的研究验证。

总之,探究儿童超重/肥胖与喘息之间的相关性,可以更加使得医生在临床上注重宣传合理膳食,指导饮食习惯,使其在合理范围内控制体重,改变部分人认为吃得越多越好的想法,从而减少喘息的发生。目前对于超重/肥胖是否会增加喘息仍然各持己见,仍需要更多的研究去探究两者之间的关系。

参考文献

[1] 中国医师协会儿科医师分会儿童呼吸学组, 中华儿科杂志编辑委员会, 福棠儿童医学发展研究中心呼吸专业委员会. 6岁以下儿童喘息病因鉴别诊断和初始处理临床实践专家共识[J]. 中华儿科杂志, 2023, 61(4): 301-309.
[2] Grandinetti, R., Fainardi, V., Caffarelli, C., Capoferri, G., Lazzara, A., Tornesello, M., et al. (2022) Risk Factors Affecting Development and Persistence of Preschool Wheezing: Consensus Document of the Emilia-Romagna Asthma (ERA) Study Group. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11, Article 6558.
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11216558
[3] Salman, H., İssi Irlayici, F. and Akçam, M. (2022) The COVID‐19 Pandemic and the Prevalence of Childhood Obesity in Turkiye. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 76, e15-e19.
https://doi.org/10.1097/mpg.0000000000003641
[4] 中华医学会儿科学分会内分泌遗传代谢学组, 中华医学会儿科学分会儿童保健学组, 中华医学会儿科学分会临床营养学组, 等. 中国儿童肥胖诊断评估与管理专家共识[J]. 中华儿科杂志, 2022, 60(6): 507-515.
[5] 钟琼, 翟磊, 杨军, 等. 探索儿童肥胖、性早熟与人体成体分析仪之间的关系: 农村/城市视角[J]. 生命科学仪器, 2024, 22(1): 96-98.
[6] 叶新华, 陈虹, 康曦光, 等. 兰州市儿童肥胖与睡眠障碍的相关性分析[J]. 中国当代儿科杂志, 2019, 21(10): 987-991.
[7] Grawe, V.H., Mastroeni, S.S.D.B.S., Corrêa, Z.G.D. and Mastroeni, M.F. (2023) Waist Circumference and Blood Pressure in Brazilian Children. Blood Pressure Monitoring, 28, 244-252.
https://doi.org/10.1097/mbp.0000000000000657
[8] 张瑜, 于硕, 王冰清, 等. 2018-2023年上海市普陀区7-18岁儿童青少年中心性肥胖变化趋势分析[J]. 中国全科医学, 2024, 27(33): 4168-4175.
[9] 张亚钦, 李辉, 季成叶, 等. 中国0~18岁儿童、青少年身高、体重的标准化生长曲线[Z]. 2009.
[10] Dixon, A.E. and Peters, U. (2018) The Effect of Obesity on Lung Function. Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 12, 755-767.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17476348.2018.1506331
[11] 单文婕, 卢燕鸣, 李亚琴, 等. 上海浦江地区婴幼儿反复喘息危险因素的病例对照研究及Logistic分析[J]. 中华实用儿科临床杂志, 2017, 32(4): 292-295.
[12] 惠秦, 孙琦, 刘静, 等. 2022-2023年中国11个城市3~18岁儿童青少年喘息的现况调查及相关因素分析[J]. 中华预防医学杂志, 2024, 58(6): 869-874.
[13] 中国医药教育协会儿科专业委员会, 中华医学会儿科学分会呼吸学组哮喘协作组, 中国医师协会呼吸医师分会儿科呼吸工作委员会, 等. 中国儿童支气管哮喘诊治现状及发展策略(2022) [J]. 中华实用儿科临床杂志, 2023, 38(9): 647-680.
[14] 中国儿童气管支气管异物诊断与治疗专家共识[J]. 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志, 2018, 53(5): 325-338.
[15] Wang, X., Guo, J., Wu, Y.Y., et al. (2024) [Comparing the Prognostic Value of 3 Diagnostic Criteria of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Preterm Infants]. Chinese Journal of Pediatrics, 62, 36-42.
[16] Guiddir, T., Saint-Pierre, P., Purenne-Denis, E., Lambert, N., Laoudi, Y., Couderc, R., et al. (2017) Neutrophilic Steroid-Refractory Recurrent Wheeze and Eosinophilic Steroid-Refractory Asthma in Children. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice, 5, 1351-1361.E2.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2017.02.003
[17] Qadri, Q., Rasool, R., Gulzar, G.M., Naqash, S. and Shah, Z.A. (2014) H. Pylori Infection, Inflammation and Gastric Cancer. Journal of Gastrointestinal Cancer, 45, 126-132.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12029-014-9583-1
[18] Rusconi, F. and Popovic, M. (2017) Maternal Obesity and Childhood Wheezing and Asthma. Paediatric Respiratory Reviews, 22, 66-71.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prrv.2016.08.009
[19] (2018) The Classification of Congenital Respiratory Diseases in Children. Chinese Journal of Pediatrics, 56, 247-260.
[20] Norbäck, D., Zhang, X., Tian, L., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Z., Yang, L., et al. (2021) Prenatal and Perinatal Home Environment and Reported Onset of Wheeze, Rhinitis and Eczema Symptoms in Preschool Children in Northern China. Science of The Total Environment, 774, Article ID: 145700.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145700
[21] Fahy, J.V. (2014) Type 2 Inflammation in Asthma—Present in Most, Absent in Many. Nature Reviews Immunology, 15, 57-65.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nri3786
[22] El-Sayed, Z.A., El-Ghoneimy, D.H., Ortega-Martell, J.A., Radwan, N., Aldave, J.C., Al-Herz, W., et al. (2022) Allergic Manifestations of Inborn Errors of Immunity and Their Impact on the Diagnosis: A Worldwide Study. World Allergy Organization Journal, 15, Article ID: 100657.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.waojou.2022.100657
[23] Polinski, K.J., Bell, G.A., Trinh, M., Sundaram, R., Mendola, P., Robinson, S.L., et al. (2022) Maternal Obesity, Gestational Weight Gain, and Offspring Asthma and Atopy. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology, 129, 199-204.E3.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2022.04.032
[24] Bärenson, A., Tagoma, A., Varendi, H. and Uibo, R. (2024) Atopy and Asthma in Children Born to Mothers at Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Follow-Up Study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 24, Article No. 610.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-024-06819-y
[25] Yu, H., Chen, L. and Zhang, Y. (2023) Maternal Prepregnancy Body Mass Index, Gestational Weight Gain, and Allergic Diseases in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis. Obesity Reviews, 25, e13653.
https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.13653
[26] Jeong, Y., Jung-Choi, K., Lee, J.H., Lee, H.Y., Park, E.A., Kim, Y.J., et al. (2010) Body Weight at Birth and at Age Three and Respiratory Illness in Preschool Children. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, 43, 369-376.
https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2010.43.5.369
[27] de Vries, A., Reynolds, R.M., Seckl, J.R., van der Wal, M., Bonsel, G.J. and Vrijkotte, T.G.M. (2014) Increased Maternal BMI Is Associated with Infant Wheezing in Early Life: A Prospective Cohort Study. Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease, 5, 351-360.
https://doi.org/10.1017/s2040174414000312
[28] Adamiec, A., Ambrożej, D., Ryczaj, K., Ruszczynski, M., Elenius, V., Cavkaytar, O., et al. (2019) Preschool Wheezing Diagnosis and Management—Survey of Physicians’ and Caregivers’ Perspective. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, 31, 206-209.
https://doi.org/10.1111/pai.13142
[29] 王岳鹏, 臧丽, 母义明. 中国肥胖的现状及管理[J]. 中华内科杂志, 2023, 62(12): 1373-1379.
[30] Gans, M.D. and Gavrilova, T. (2020) Understanding the Immunology of Asthma: Pathophysiology, Biomarkers, and Treatments for Asthma Endotypes. Paediatric Respiratory Reviews, 36, 118-127.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prrv.2019.08.002
[31] 纪凤娟. 婴幼儿体重与喘息关系的研究进展[J]. 国际儿科学杂志, 2019, 46(1): 32-35.
[32] 张涛, 刘志明, 张凤敏. 儿童肥胖与哮喘的关系及其可能机制[J]. 河北医药, 2007, 29(10): 1134-1136.
[33] Eberlein, M., Schmidt, G.A. and Brower, R.G. (2014) Chest Wall Strapping. An Old Physiology Experiment with New Relevance to Small Airways Diseases. Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 11, 1258-1266.
https://doi.org/10.1513/annalsats.201312-465oi
[34] 阮婉芬, 陆海明, 李彩环. 毛细支气管炎后再发喘息与体重的关系[J]. 医学信息, 2015(25): 21.
[35] Grote, V., Gruszfeld, D., Janas, R., Demmelmair, H., Closa-Monasterolo, R., Subías, J.E., et al. (2011) Milk Protein Intake, the Metabolic-Endocrine Response, and Growth in Infancy: Data from a Randomized Clinical Trial. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 94, S1776-S1784.
https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.110.000596
[36] Acat, M., Toru Erbay, U., Sahin, S., Arik, O. and Ayada, C. (2017) High Serum Levels of IGF-I and IGFBP3 May Increase Comorbidity Risk for Asthmatic Patients. Bratislava Medical Journal, 118, 691-694.
https://doi.org/10.4149/bll_2017_130
[37] Lee, H., Kim, S.R., Oh, Y., Cho, S.H., Schleimer, R.P. and Lee, Y.C. (2014) Targeting Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-Binding Protein-3 Signaling Pathways. A Novel Therapeutic Approach for Asthma. American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, 50, 667-677.
https://doi.org/10.1165/rcmb.2013-0397tr
[38] Jartti, T., Saarikoski, L., Jartti, L., Lisinen, I., Jula, A., Huupponen, R., et al. (2009) Obesity, Adipokines and Asthma. Allergy, 64, 770-777.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01872.x
[39] Sutherland, T.J.T., Cowan, J.O., Young, S., Goulding, A., Grant, A.M., Williamson, A., et al. (2008) The Association between Obesity and Asthma. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 178, 469-475.
https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200802-301oc
[40] Scott, H.A., Gibson, P.G., Garg, M.L., Upham, J.W. and Wood, L.G. (2016) Sex Hormones and Systemic Inflammation Are Modulators of the Obese‐Asthma Phenotype. Allergy, 71, 1037-1047.
https://doi.org/10.1111/all.12891
[41] Rastogi, D., Nico, J., Johnston, A.D., Tobias, T.A.M., Jorge, Y., Macian, F., et al. (2018) CDC42-Related Genes Are Upregulated in Helper T Cells from Obese Asthmatic Children. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 141, 539-548.E7.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2017.04.016
[42] Mebrahtu, T.F., Feltbower, R.G., Greenwood, D.C., et al. (2015) This Is a Repository Copy of Childhood Body Mass Index and Wheezing Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, 26, 62-72.
http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/82325/
[43] Taveras, E.M., Rifas-Shiman, S.L., Camargo, C.A., Gold, D.R., Litonjua, A.A., Oken, E., et al. (2008) Higher Adiposity in Infancy Associated with Recurrent Wheeze in a Prospective Cohort of Children. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 121, 1161-1166.E3.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2008.03.021
[44] Deng, X., Ma, J., Yuan, Y., Zhang, Z. and Niu, W. (2019) Association between Overweight or Obesity and the Risk for Childhood Asthma and Wheeze: An Updated Meta‐Analysis on 18 Articles and 73252 Children. Pediatric Obesity, 14, e12532.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ijpo.12532
[45] Yao, J., Zhou, Y., Wang, J., Wu, H., Liu, H., Shi, Y., et al. (2014) Relationship between Obesity and Sex, and Prevalence of Asthma-Like Disease and Current Wheeze in Han Children in Nanjing, China. Journal of International Medical Research, 43, 139-146.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0300060514548289
[46] Dai, R., Miliku, K., Gaddipati, S., Choi, J., Ambalavanan, A., Tran, M.M., et al. (2022) Wheeze Trajectories: Determinants and Outcomes in the CHILD Cohort Study. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 149, 2153-2165.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2021.10.039
[47] Bustos, P., Amigo, H., Oyarzún, M. and Rona, R.J. (2005) Is There a Causal Relation between Obesity and Asthma? Evidence from Chile. International Journal of Obesity, 29, 804-809.
https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0802958