低温水系锌离子电池电解质的研究进展
Research Progress on the Aqueous Electrolytes in Zinc-Ion Batteries under Low Temperature
DOI: 10.12677/japc.2024.134065, PDF,    国家自然科学基金支持
作者: 朱昌浩, 钱 涛, 周金秋*：南通大学化学化工学院，江苏 南通
关键词: 锌离子电池；水系电解液；低温；氢键；Zinc-Ion Batteries； Aqueous Electrolyte； Low Temperature； Hydrogen Bond
摘要: 一直以来，储能技术着重在能量密度、功率密度、寿命、安全性和成本方面不断改进。近年来不断扩大的电子设备市场，包括电动汽车和便携式电子产品，促使电池逐渐向低温应用和高能量密度方向发展。然而，电池在0℃以下会发生严重的容量衰减，商用电池在−20℃下的容量仅为室温容量的20%。因此，研究和开发高容量低温电池对实际应用至关重要。虽然二零二三年开始磷酸铁锂、镍、钴酸锂等核心资源价格略有下降，但地球上锂元素整体丰度的偏低让人们将目光转向锌元素。锌离子电池具有超高的金属锌理论容量(820 mA·h·g−1)、较低的过电位(−0.76 V vs.标准氢电极)以及极高的体积能量密度(5855 mA·h·cm−3，锂金属的三倍)，因此逐渐被认为是最有前途的储能器件候选之一。然而，水系锌离子电池的大规模应用也遇到了许多瓶颈，特别在低温(低于0℃)下，由于本身的高凝固点，使得低温下粘度增加导致离子电导率降低，电极与电解质的接触性变差，带来性能下降，阻碍了其实际应用。为了提高水系锌离子电池的低温性能，研究人员发现在水系电解质中加入高浓度的盐、混入凝固点较低的有机溶剂或制备凝胶电解质能够有效提高锌离子电池的低温循环性能。本文从各个方面对低温水系锌离子电池的改进策略进行论述，并从氢键调控的角度对低温水系电解质的设计作出指导。
Abstract: The advancement of energy storage technology has consistently focused on enhancing energy density, power density, cycle life, safety, and cost. In recent years, the burgeoning market for electronic devices encompassing electric vehicles and portable electronics, has stimulated the gradual evolution of batteries towards low-temperature applications and high energy density. However, batteries encounter significant capacity degradation below 0˚C with commercial batteries exhibiting only 20% of their room temperature capacity at −20˚C. Henceforth, the research and development of high-capacity low-temperature batteries are imperative for practical implementations. Although the prices of core resources such as lithium iron phosphate, nickel, and lithium cobalt have slightly declined since 2023, the overall scarcity of lithium on Earth has prompted researchers to shift their focus towards zinc. Zn batteries possess an exceptionally high theoretical capacity for metallic zinc (820 mA·h·g−1), low overpotential (−0.76 V vs standard hydrogen electrode), and extremely high volumetric energy density (5855 mA·h·cm−3, three times that of lithium metal). However, large-scale implementation of water-based zinc-ion batteries faces several challenges. Because of the high freezing point at low temperature (below 0˚C), the increased viscosity leads to the decline of ionic conductivity which negatively impacts electrode-electrolyte contact and the growth of dendrite, which may even puncture the separator and cause battery short-circuits thereby hindering practical applications. In order to improve the low-temperature performance of aqueous zinc-ion batteries, scientists found that high concentration salt, organic and water mixed solvent and gel electrolyte can effectively improve the low-temperature performance of zinc-ion batteries. The improvement strategy of low-temperature aqueous zinc-ion battery is discussed in this work, and the design of low-temperature aqueous electrolyte is guided from the aspect of hydrogen bond.
文章引用：朱昌浩, 钱涛, 周金秋. 低温水系锌离子电池电解质的研究进展[J]. 物理化学进展, 2024, 13(4): 616-631. https://doi.org/10.12677/japc.2024.134065

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