唯物史观视域中的自由：从异化到共同体的实现

Freedom in the Perspective of Materialist Conception of History: From Alienation to the Realization of Community

摘要: 马克思与恩格斯对自由概念有深入地阐释，认为自由不仅是个体权利的展现，更是社会进步的终极追求。他们对哲学领域内自由的双重视角进行了剖析，明确了将自由的承担者界定为“具体存在的个体”，并视自由为人的本性和社会发展的终极目标。在《德意志意识形态》这部作品中，两位思想家将自由定义为个体对自然界与社会中异己力量的驾驭，这种驾驭能力受到生产能力、劳动分工、私有财产制度和阶级斗争等多重因素的限制。无产阶级应通过革命行动和构建真正的共同体来达成个体的全面成长与自由。只有在无产阶级革命取得胜利并确立新的社会制度后，个体才能在社会中获得真正的自由和全面发展。

Abstract: Marx and Engels have profoundly explained the concept of freedom, considering it not only as the manifestation of individual rights but also as the ultimate pursuit of social progress. They analyzed the dual perspective of freedom within the field of philosophy, clarifying that the bearer of freedom should be defined as the “concrete individual,” and view freedom as the nature of humans and the ultimate goal of social development. In their work “The German Ideology,” the two thinkers defined freedom as the individual’s mastery over alien forces in nature and society, a mastery limited by various factors such as productive capacity, division of labor, the system of private property, and class struggle. The proletariat should achieve the comprehensive growth and freedom of the individual through revolutionary action and the construction of a true community. Only after the victory of the proletarian revolution and the establishment of a new social system can the individual truly achieve freedom and comprehensive development within society.