语篇连贯视域下逻辑关系的显隐化翻译分析——以《道德经》第十六章四个英译本为例
Translation Analysis of the Explicitation and Implicitation of Logical Relations from the Perspective of Discourse Coherence—Taking Four English Translations of Chapter 16 in “Tao Te Ching” as Examples
摘要: 《道德经》为春秋时期老子所著,蕴含着道家哲学思想精华。《道德经》文学意义深奥、哲学意义深远,以“道德”为纲,深入浅出地论述修身、治国、用兵、养生之道,是无数英雄豪杰的“治国宝典”和“修身指南”。作为中国历史上最伟大的名著之一,《道德经》不仅对中国传统哲学、科学、政治、宗教等产生了深刻影响,在国外也有着举足轻重的地位。因此《道德经》的对外翻译意义重大。本文将选取亚瑟·韦利(Arthur Waley)、刘殿爵(D. C. Lau)、梅维恒(Victor Mair)以及林语堂四位译者关于《道德经》第16章的英译本,以四个译本中表示逻辑关系的词语翻译为研究对象,分析四个译本中表示逻辑关系的词语翻译显化情况。
Abstract: Tao Te Ching”, written by Laozi in the Spring and Autumn Period, carries the essence of Taoist philosophy. It is of great literary and philosophical significance. With “Tao” and “Te” as the main themes, it elaborates on the ways of self-cultivation, national governance, military strategies, and self-care interventions for Health in a simple yet profound way, making it an “essential guiding book of national governance” and “guide for self-cultivation” for countless statesmen and philosophers. As one of the greatest masterpieces in Chinese history, “Tao Te Ching” has not only had a profound impact on traditional Chinese philosophy, science, politics, religion and so on, but also plays a significant role in cross-cultural exchanges. Therefore, the foreign translation of this Taoist classic is of great significance. This article will select the English translations of Chapter 16 in “Tao Te Ching” by Arthur Waley, D.C. Lau, Victor Mair, and Lin Yutang, and take the translations of words expressing logical relations in the four translations as the research objects to analyze the explicitation of translations of words expressing logical relations in the four translations.
文章引用:文广艳. 语篇连贯视域下逻辑关系的显隐化翻译分析——以《道德经》第十六章四个英译本为例[J]. 现代语言学, 2024, 12(11): 856-864. https://doi.org/10.12677/ml.2024.12111086

1. 引言

1.1. 语篇连贯

研究翻译,语篇是绕不开的话题。语篇是指不完全受语法约束并在一定语境下拥有完整语义的自然语言[1],句法上具有组织性,交际上又具有独立性,各个成分是互相连贯的[2]。当语篇服务于社会交际需要时,语篇作为一个整体是具有连贯性的[3]。Crystal也指出语篇是一个具有完整意义的语言单位,是一个交际事件,具有衔接性、连贯性、意图性等特征[4]。语篇连贯主要靠语篇中语句间的衔接和语篇结构的连贯实现,目前学界主要从语义学和语用学视角出发研究语篇连贯。在语义层面上,Halliday和Hasan认为衔接是文本得以保持语义关系、成为具有结构和意义的整体的重要手段,提出了一系列重要的衔接手段,包括指称、替代、省略、连接词等[5]。其衔接理论从词汇和语法衔接手段出发,为分析语篇连贯提供了重要理论支撑。Beaugrande和Dressler提出了语篇性(textuality)的七项原则:即衔接、连贯、意向性、可接受性、信息性、情境性和互文性[6],主要从词汇和语法衔接手段讨论如何实现语篇连贯的问题。这种通过词汇或者语法手段达成的语篇连贯是一种有形网络,而在双方共同了解的基础上,通过推理达成的连贯则是一种无形网络[7]。在语用层面上,Grice提出了对话合作原则,包括数量准则、质量准则、关联准则和方式准则[8]。这些原则在帮助理解沟通意义、确定语篇完整连贯意义上至关重要。Brown和Yule也强调了连贯在语篇中的重要性,认为语篇连贯是在交际过程中,说话者和听话者根据共享的知识、信念和意图来构建和理解语篇的一种现象[9]。他们将连贯定义为语篇整体的逻辑或意义流动,将各部分语篇组合在一起,使听众或读者能将其作为整体理解,在交际过程中,即使没有明显的语义连接词,读者或听者也能根据语境和共同知识理解语篇的连贯性。

1.2. 显化与隐化

Blum-Kulka最早对显化和隐化作了系统性研究,指出译者在处理源文本时会倾向于对一些信息加以阐释,使译文衔接更为顺畅,最终造成译文比原文更为冗长[10]。Vinay和Darbelnet则明确地将显化和隐化作为翻译技巧[11],两位学者认为“显化就是将源语暗含但可通过语境推导出来的信息在目标语中明确表示出来,而隐化则是根据目标语语境来确定源语中所明示的细节。[12]”Baker通过统计对比发现,英译文本中报告动词(如tell)、后选择性关系词(如that)的使用频率比英语文本中高得多[13]。Olohan就此得出结论:英译文本中句式显化程度较高[14]。贺显斌通过对短篇小说The Last Leaf的定量及定性分析,证明了英译汉过程中也存在较高的显化倾向,并进一步指出汉译明晰化的手段,主要包括增词、改词、转换人称、重组句段、规划化用语以及转换修辞[15]。王克非通过对英汉双语平行语料库不同类型译本的字数对比发现,英汉和汉英翻译中,译本的字数都较原文有所增加[16]。黄立波借助双语平行语料库,考察英汉翻译中人称代词主语在不同文本类型中的数量、频次和转换类型[17]。研究发现,译文形式上的显化趋势比原文更高。王克非与胡显耀两位学者通过语料库对比发现,汉译文本中存在虚词显化、指代方式显化等特征[18]。刘泽权和侯羽从显化的定义以及类别出发,系统性地梳理了国内外关于“翻译普遍性”的研究现状,指出了显化研究在语言对、文本类别上的不足之处,希望学界能够引起足够重视,将显化研究运用到更多语言对和更丰富的文本类型上去[19]。胡开宝和朱一凡则将研究中心聚焦于显化的分类上,在Halliday的语言功能基础上,进一步将显化细分为概念功能显化、人际功能显化以及语篇功能显化,其中语篇功能显化主要通过以下手段达成:1) 使用人称代词、指示代词等照应手段;2) 补充出原文省略的成分;3) 添加逻辑连接词[20]

由此可见,显化和隐化是翻译过程中常见的翻译手段,其中显化的关注度和讨论度又比较高。语篇连贯可以细分为四个板块——文体连贯、语法连贯、语义连贯及语用连贯。其中语法连贯多使用各类语法和词汇手段,包含代词和连词在内的连接成分即为手段之一。因为本文选取译本中使用各类代词和连词的译例较多,所以本文将从语篇连贯视角出发,在选取的四个译本(以下简称梅译、韦译、林译、刘译)中分析经典译例,探讨逻辑连接词——主要是代词和连词的显化处理情况。

2. 代词显化译例分析

2.1. 人称代词显化翻译

Table 1. Explicitation of personal pronouns in the fourth version of Chapter 16 in Tao Te Ching

1. 《道德经》第十六章四译本的人称代词显化情况

译本

显化

梅译

韦译

林译

刘译

总计

物主代词显化处理次数

1

5

7

4

17

具体显化代词

he

you/them/they/he/he

them/he/he/he/he/he/he

I/I/him/one

分析:

例1:致虚极,守静笃

梅译:Attain utmost emptiness, Maintain utter stillness.

韦译:Push far enough towards the Void, Hold fast enough to Quietness.

林译:Attain the utmost in Passivity, Hold firm to the basis of Quietude.

刘译:I do my utmost to attain emptiness; I hold firmly to stillness.

分析:在这个例子中,仅有最后一个版本中将人称代词显化出来,其余三个译本都采取了隐化的处理方式,见表1。《道德经》原文中并没有具体指出这句话的主语是谁,所以其他三个译者都选择遵循原文,采用隐化翻译。相比之下,刘译增加了主语“I”,虽然能更方便外国读者理解,但是这里可能一定程度上压缩了原文的意思,因为原文并没有明确指出这个动作的主语是谁。通过对比其他23个英译本[21],发现只有6个译本采用了显化处理,加入了主语“you”以及“he”,这一方面说明大多数译者还是倾向于遵循原文,不额外增加主语,以保证形式完整;另一方面也说明这里的理解其实是多种多样的,不同的译者会根据自身理解加入主语,从第一人称到第三人称都有,所以只翻出成任何一种都将与原文所表示的宏大语境产生巨大偏差,最好的翻译方法应该是遵循原文,不添加主语,从而保证形式完整和意义完整。

例2:万物并作,吾以观复。夫物芸芸,各复归其根。

梅译:The myriad creatures arise side by side, thus I observe their renewal. Heaven’s creatures abound, but each returns to its roots, which is called “stillness.”

韦译:And of the ten thousand things none but can be worked on by you. I have beheld them, whither they go back. See, all things howsoever they flourish, Return to the root from which they grew.

林译:The myriad things take shape and rise to activity, But I watch them fall back to their repose. Like vegetation that luxuriantly grows, But returns to the root (soil) from which it springs.

刘译:The myriad creatures all rise together. And I watch their return. The teaming creatures, All return to their separate roots.

分析:这两句的翻译中,只有韦译和林译将人称代词显化处理,用“them”和“they”来指代“万物”、“物”。其他两个版本,都通过显化物主代词避开了重复主语。在其他23个英译本中[21],有高达16个译本采取了人称代词显化翻译策略,分别用“they”、“them”、“each”来替代“万物”、“物”以及“各”,这说明,绝大多数译者在处理这两句翻译时,还是倾向于将这里的人称代词显化出来,让前后意义更连贯。但是值得注意的是,这两句话暗含一般到具体的句意逻辑,即“夫物芸芸”是属于“万物”的一种,“复归其根”是“复”的具体表现,所以林译的高明之处在于用like一词将句子间的逻辑关系显化出来,同时选词上也颇有讲究,其他三个译者在处理“夫物芸芸”和“万物”时,要么是用原词复现,要么是用代词,并没有体现出两“物”的内在关系,且后文“归其根”也很明显地指明这里的“夫物芸芸”讲的是树、草一类的根茎植被,所以vegetation在这里最为合适。

例2:不知常,妄作凶。知常容,容乃公,公乃王,王乃天,天乃道,道乃久,没身不殆。

梅译:

Not to know the perpetual is to be reckless—recklessness breeds evil.

To know the perpetual is to be tolerant -

tolerance leads to ducal impartiality,

ducal impartiality to kingliness,

kingliness to heaven,

heaven to the Way,

the Way to permanence.

To the end of his days,

he will not be imperiled.

韦译:

Not to know it, means to go blindly to disaster.

He who knows the always-so has room in him for everything;

He who has room in him for everything is without prejudice.

To be without prejudice is to be kingly;

To be kingly is to be of heaven;

To be of heaven is to be in Tao.

Tao is forever and he that possess it,

Though his body ceases, is not destroyed.

林译:

And not to know the Eternal Law

Is to court disaster.

He who knows the Eternal Law is tolerant;

Being tolerant, he is impartial;

Being impartial, he is kingly;

Being kingly, he is in accord with Nature;

Being in accord with Nature, he is in accord with Tao;

Being in accord with Tao, he is eternal,

And his whole life is preserved from harm.

刘译:

Woe to him who wilfully innovates

While ignorant of the constant,

But should one act from knowledge of the constant

One’s action will lead to impartiality,

Impartiality to kingliness,

Kingliness to heaven,

Heaven to the way,

The way to perpetuity,

And to the end of one’s days one will meet with no danger.

分析:这几句话原文都是三字成句,读起来朗朗上口且富有哲思。四个英译本中,韦译和林译带有明显的人称代词显化处理趋势,给句子增加了主语“he”。其他两个译本没有明显的显化处理,所以中间一段的翻译虽然在形式上跟原文形成照应,但是读起来有一点不知所云,理解门槛太高,可读性不强。对比其他23个译本[21],有16个采取了同样的处理方式,通过增加主语“We”、“He”、“Whoever”以及“One”来增进读者的理解,因为这里原文是一个无主语句,或者说主语不明显,还涉及对“道”这个核心概念的阐释和翻译,“道”贯穿老子哲学思想,是整个思想体系的基石所在[22],这种情况下,采取显化处理能够降低译本的理解难度,从而增加可读性,更大程度上向外国读者传递出老子思想的深远内涵。

2.2. 物主代词显化翻译

Table 2. Explicitation of possessive pronouns in the fourth version of Chapter 16 in “Tao Te Ching”

2. 《道德经》第十六章四译本的物主代词显化情况

译本

显化

梅译

韦译

林译

刘译

总计

物主代词显化处理次数

3

1

4

4

12

具体显化代词

their/its/his

his

their/one’s/one’s/his

one’s/one’s/one’s/one’s

例1:万物并作,吾以观复。夫物芸芸,各复归其根。归根曰静,静曰复命。复命曰常,知常曰明。

梅译:

The myriad creatures arise side by side, thus I observe their renewal.

Heaven’s creatures abound,

but each returns to its roots, which is called “stillness.”

This is termed “renewal of fate.”

Renewal of fate is perpetual -

To know the perpetual is to be enlightened;

韦译:

And of the ten thousand things none but can be worked on by you.

I have beheld them, whither they go back.

See, all things howsoever they flourish

Return to the root from which they grew.

This return to the root is called Quietness;

Quietness is called submission to Fate;

What has submitted to Fate has become part of the always so.

To know the always-so is to be Illumined;

林译:

The myriad things take shape and rise to activity,

But I watch them fall back to their repose.

Like vegetation that luxuriantly grows

But returns to the root (soil) from which it springs.

To return to the root is Repose;

It is called going back to one’s Destiny.

Going back to one’s Destiny is to find the Eternal Law.

To know the Eternal Law is Enlightenment.

刘译:

The myriad creatures all rise together

And I watch their return.

The teaming creatures

All return to their separate roots.

Returning to one’s roots is known as stillness.

This is what is meant by returning to one’s destiny.

Returning to one’s destiny is known as the constant.

Knowledge of the constant is known as discernment.

分析:这几句话的翻译中,四位译者采取了不用程度的物主代词显化处理,其中林译和刘译显化处理更多,见表2。这个例子中,也有原文就带有明显的物主代词表示,如“各复归其根”一句中的“其”,就相当于“的”,所以这里梅译、林译和刘译都将其处理成了“its”或者“their”,而韦译使用了一个定语从句来翻译“归其根”。对比其他23个英译本[21]发现,有高达19个译本都采用了物主代词显化处理,且使用频率上看“their”和“its”占比平分秋色,由此看出这里绝大部分译者还是倾向于按照原文的底层逻辑,将句子间的逻辑关系用物主代词显化出来。

例2:道乃久,没身不殆。

梅译:To the end of his days, he will not be imperiled.

韦译:Tao is forever and he that possess it, Though his body ceases, is not destroyed.

林译:Being in accord with Tao, he is eternal, And his whole life is preserved from harm.

刘译:And to the end of one’s days one will meet with no danger.

分析:这句话的翻译,四位译者均对物主代词显化处理做了显化处理,见表2,梅、韦、林三位译者选用了“his”,而刘则选用了“one’s”,语法上是行得通的。但是在前后语义衔接上,梅译要稍微逊色一点,因为其他三位译者在前文的翻译中均出现了人称代词“he”和“one”,因此最后一句使用“his”和“one’s”也是符合语义逻辑的。但是梅译前文并没有出现人称代词,仅在最后一句使用了“he”,这会使得译文前后缺乏连贯性和一致性,从而产生一种割裂感。对比其他23个译本[21],有16个译本都在这句采用了物主代词显化处理,并且前文都出现了相应的人称代词,所以显化人称代词和物主代词,保持前后一致是更为通行的译法。

3. 连词显化译例分析

转折连词显化翻译

Table 3. Explicitation of adversative conjunction in the fourth version of Chapter 16 in Tao Te Ching

3. 《道德经》第十六章四译本的转折连词显化情况

译本

显化

梅译

韦译

林译

刘译

总计

物主代词显化处理次数

1

2

1

2

6

具体显化代词

but

but/though

but

while/but

例1:夫物芸芸,各复归其根。

梅译:

Heaven’s creatures abound,

but each returns to its roots, which is called “stillness.”

韦译:

See, all things howsoever they flourish

Return to the root from which they grew.

林译:

Like vegetation that luxuriantly grows

But returns to the root (soil) from which it springs.

刘译:

The teaming creatures

All return to their separate roots.

分析:这两句的翻译中,梅译和林译显化了转折连词“but”,韦译则是通过新增让步连词“howsoever”来显化这两句的逻辑关系,而刘译并没有将这层关系体现出来,见表3。对比其他23个译本[21],有14个译本通过加入一系列的逻辑连接词将这两句的内在逻辑体现出来,比如“then”“in the end”,但大多数译者还是选择加入转折连接词,其中加入“but”的译法最多,也有译者将其处理为“For flourishing as they do, Each of them will return to its root.”虽然添加的词不一样,但是还是体现的是转折关系,所以这里梅译和林译加入转折连词“but”,使得原文的意义在译文中得到了充分的体现。

4. 结论

本文以为亚瑟•韦利(Arthur Waley)、刘殿爵(D. C. Lau)、梅维恒(Victor Mair)以及林语堂四位译者的《道德经》第16章的英译本为例,分析四个译本中表示逻辑关系的词语翻译显化情况。研究发现,在英译本中,人称代词多采用显化翻译,尽管有的句子原文并没有明确指出主语是谁,但是翻译成英文,译者则需要考虑将主语显化。同时,物主代词也呈现显化趋势,中文表达偏向于偏向省略所有格,但是翻译成英语则需要尽可能将其显化出来,便于读者理解。在连词层面,由于中文是意合的高语境语言,表示各种关系的连词也经常在句中被省略,《道德经》第16章原文中也没有明确的连词表达,但句与句之间也暗含一些逻辑关系,翻译成英文也需要将其具体显化出来。

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