衰弱与术后谵妄相关性的研究进展
Research Progress on the Correlation between Frailty and Postoperative Delirium
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2024.14113011, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 何双羽, 金菊英*:重庆医科大学附属第一医院麻醉科,重庆
关键词: 衰弱术后谵妄疾病管理Frailty Postoperative Delirium Disease Management
摘要: 术后谵妄是老年患者常见的术后并发症,可导致住院时间延长、再入院率以及病死率增加,严重影响患者生活质量。衰弱增加术后谵妄发生风险,本文就术前衰弱评估,衰弱与术后谵妄的相关性和可能机制,以及衰弱患者术后谵妄防治的研究进展进行综述,以为降低衰弱患者术后谵妄发生率提供参考。
Abstract: Postoperative delirium is a common postoperative complication in elderly patients, which can lead to prolonged hospitalization, increased readmission rate, and mortality rate, seriously affecting the quality of life of patients. Frailty increases the risk of postoperative delirium. This article reviews the evaluation of preoperative frailty, the correlation and possible mechanisms between frailty and postoperative delirium, and the research advances in the prevention and treatment of postoperative delirium in frail patients, in order to provide reference for reducing the incidence of postoperative delirium in frail patients.
文章引用:何双羽, 金菊英. 衰弱与术后谵妄相关性的研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(11): 1272-1280. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2024.14113011

1. 引言

衰弱(Frailty)是一种与年龄增长相关的老年综合征,常见于高龄和患有疾病的老年人,表现为对抗应激的能力降低,跌倒、失能和死亡风险增加[1],术后谵妄(Postoperative Delirium, POD)是指患者手术后急性发作的注意力及全脑认知功能紊乱,表现为意识、定向力、注意力、思维及行为变化,常发生于术后1~3 d,多见于老年衰弱患者。由于许多衰弱的老年人需要手术治疗,POD已成为一个日益严重的公共卫生问题[2]。本文就手术患者术前衰弱评估,衰弱与POD的关系及其可能机制,以及衰弱患者POD的防治方法等问题的研究进展进行综述,旨在为降低衰弱患者POD发生风险提供参考。

2. 衰弱及术后谵妄评估

2.1. 衰弱评估

衰弱是一种重要的老年综合征,是随时间波动的多系统功能障碍[3]。衰弱评估尚无统一标准,在临床工作中常使用Fried衰弱表型(Fried Frailty Phenotype, FFP),衰弱指数(Frailty Index, FI)和FRAIL量表(FRAIL Scale)来评估衰弱情况[1]。另外还有Edmonton衰弱量表(Edmonton Frail Scale, EFS)、格罗宁根衰弱指标(Groningen Frailty Indicator, GFI)等评估方法。

2.2. 术后谵妄的评估

2.2.1. 意识模糊评估法(Confusion Assessment Method, CAM)

CAM是目前使用最广泛的谵妄评估工具,其灵敏度及特异度均较高。CAM以谵妄的四项基本特征为基础:(1) 急性发作和波动的病程,(2) 注意力不集中,(3) 思维混乱,(4) 意识水平改变。同时具备①和②加③或④其中一项,即可诊断为谵妄[4]。3分钟谵妄诊断量表(3-minute Diagnostic Interview for CAM,3D-CAM)是对CAM量表的进一步优化,该量表包含22个问题条目,平均评估时间约为3分钟,细化了评估方法和评估标准,具有较高的实用性、敏感性和特异性。目前中文版3D-CAM量表经过验证具有较高的信效度[5]

2.2.2. 护理谵妄筛查量表(Nursing Delirium-Screening Scale, Nu-DESC)

Nu-DESC通过5项特征评估谵妄:(1) 定向障碍,(2) 不当行为,(3) 不当沟通,(4) 幻觉,(5) 精神运动迟缓。每个项目从0 (不存在)到2 (严重)进行评分。Nu-DESC多在快节奏、临床多样化环境中应用,但敏感性相对较低[6]

2.2.3. 《精神障碍手册》第五版(DSM-5)

DSM-5是诊断谵妄的金标准,标准如下:(1) 注意力障碍和意识障碍。(2) 该障碍的发展时间较短(通常为数小时至数天),表现为基线注意力和意识的变化,其严重程度在一天中有波动趋势。(3) 额外的认知障碍。(4) 标准1和标准2中的障碍不能更好地用另一种既存的、已建立的或正在发展的神经认知障碍来解释,也不能在觉醒水平严重降低(如昏迷)的情况下发生。(5) 病史、体格检查或实验室的证据表明,该障碍是另一种医疗状况、物质中毒或戒断,或多种病因造成的直接生理后果[7]

3. 衰弱与术后谵妄的相关性

研究发现,在接受不同类型手术的患者中,术前衰弱均与POD的发生有关。在≥65岁接受择期胃肠道新发癌症患者中,非衰弱组和衰弱组POD发生率分别为2.5%和8.1%,术前衰弱状况与POD发病率升高呈正线性相关(p = 0.003),多变量分析证实衰弱(调整后OR:2.87;95% CI:1.05~8.91;p = 0.028)是POD发生的独立危险因素[8]。研究老年骨科创伤患者术前衰弱与POD之间的关系,发现在≥65岁因严重肢体骨折而行手术的患者中,较高的衰弱得分与术后谵妄的高风险相关:FRAIL评分每增加一分,POD风险即增加33% (OR: 1.33; 95% CI: 1.02~1.72; p = 0.03) [9]。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,在年龄65~80岁于全身麻醉下择期行肝脏切除术的肝癌患者中,年龄(每增大1岁,OR:1.404;95% CI:1.067~1.847)和术前衰弱(OR: 6.497, 95% CI: 1.646~25.640)是术后并发症的独立危险因素[10]。在需要体外循环的冠状动脉搭桥术和/或瓣膜手术患者中,根据年龄、性别调整的单变量模型和多变量模型发现,衰弱前期患者(调整后的OR:6.43;95% CI:1.31~31.64;p = 0.02)和体弱患者(校正OR:6.31;95% CI:1.18~33.74;p = 0.03)与非衰弱患者相比,POD的几率显著更高[11]

4. 衰弱促进术后谵妄发生的机制

4.1. 炎症学说

衰弱促进POD发生的机制可能与炎症状态有关[12]。血液中较高的炎症因子水平与肌肉力量和质量的减少以及活动能力、体力活动的减退、老年人的抑郁状态有关,而这些都是最常用的衰弱评估指标[13]。胰岛素样生长因子-1 (Insulin-like growth factor-1, IGF-1)是一种对肌肉再生和维持肌肉完整性至关重要的生长因子。外科手术创伤及麻醉后外周释放的炎症因子,如白介素-1β (Interleukin-1β, IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子-α (Tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α)和白介素-6 (Interleukin-6, IL-6)可以通过血脑屏障,激活大脑星形胶质细胞和小胶质细胞,导致神经毒性炎症介质进一步释放,诱导谵妄产生[14],并会抑制IGF-1介导的合成代谢。此外,IL-6还能直接减少IGF-1的产生[14]。在观察性研究中,高水平的IL-6和低水平的IGF-1均与较低的肌肉力量和力量相关[15]。小胶质细胞激活还可降低炎症反应阈值,增强中枢神经系统炎症反应的严重程度,并延长其持续时间。且在老化的大脑中激活的小胶质细胞会在更长一段时间内产生高水平的促炎细胞因子,进一步加重炎症反应的程度[16]

4.2. 胆碱能系统改变

谵妄可能与胆碱能系统的改变有关。既往有研究表明,使用强效抗胆碱能药物与老年退伍军人的衰弱有关。抗胆碱能药物的全身作用可能导致老年人身体、功能和精神损伤,从而引起衰弱[17]。有研究发现脑脊液中乙酰胆碱酯酶(Acetyl cholinesterase, AChE)、丁酰胆碱酯酶(Butyryl cholinesterase, BuChE)和胆碱乙酰转移酶(Choline acetyltransferase, ChAT)活性的变化与POD发生有关,其中BuChE活性的诊断价值最大,与无POD患者相比,POD患者术前脑脊液AChE、BuChE浓度及术前、术后血浆中AChE、BuChE浓度均显著降低,其中术前脑脊液中BuChE浓度差异最显著[18]。这或许表明,老年衰弱患者由于抗胆碱药物的使用或自身原因而导致的胆碱类物质降低,增加了POD发生可能性。

4.3. 下丘脑–垂体–肾上腺轴(The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis, HPA轴)失衡

既往研究表明,衰弱可能与HPA轴失衡所致的皮质醇分泌增加有关[19],皮质醇通过对肌细胞内的合成代谢途径的作用对衰弱产生直接影响[20]。Ravi等人发现晚间皮质醇和24小时唾液皮质醇与衰弱负担呈正相关[21]。在一项纵向研究中,皮质醇水平较高的患者在平衡或走路方面表现较差[22]。手术等急性应激会引起HPA轴功能障碍,使皮质醇水平持续升高,进而诱发和/或维持谵妄和其它神经精神障碍。在发生POD的老年患者中,皮质醇水平的持续升高尤为明显[23]。这表明,衰弱很可能以HPA轴为桥梁诱发POD。

4.4. 中脑星形胶质细胞源性神经营养因子(Mesencephalic Astrocyte-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, MANF)水平降低

有研究表明,相对较低的MANF水平可能是老年人发生POD的原因之一。血清中MANF水平随着年龄增长而降低,且发生POD的患者血清MANF水平明显低于未发生POD的患者。与非POD患者相比,POD患者术后血清MANF升高较少[24],根据Fried衰弱表型评估,接受手术的老年患者多符合衰弱或衰弱前期定义,故MANF减少也可能是衰弱促进POD发生的机制之一。

5. 易引起老年衰弱患者术后谵妄的危险因素

5.1. 患者因素

5.1.1. 年龄、性别

高龄是POD发生的独立危险因素。POD患者的平均年龄明显高于无谵妄患者,且谵妄发生率随年龄增加而增加。75岁以上患者谵妄发生率为40%,而85岁以上患者谵妄发生率则高达63.16% [25]。POD更易发生于男性[26],在心脏手术患者中,男性是POD发生的重要危险因素(校正OR:2.213),男性患者POD发生率为18.4%,女性患者POD发生率为9.6% [27]。但在非心脏手术患者中,谵妄的发生在女性和男性之间没有差别[28]

5.1.2. 术前认知障碍、共病、营养状况

术前认知障碍(Preoperative Cognitive Impairment, PCI)是衰弱的一个常见表现,也是POD发生的独立危险因素之一[29]。有研究观察到,在平均年龄72岁的患者中,合并PCI时POD发病率明显升高,且随着年龄的增加,认知功能受损的发生率持续增加[30]。老年衰弱患者在术前往往合并多种疾病。研究表明,术前肾功能不全、阻塞性肺疾病(Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, COPD)、充血性心脏病与POD的发生有显著相关性[31]。但关于共病指数与老年衰弱患者POD的联系还有待进一步研究。老年衰弱患者易出现营养不良,而营养不良(包括低血清白蛋白浓度和/或体内平衡改变和脱水)已被发现与POD有关。有研究发现,在接受髋关节骨折手术修复的老年人中,营养不良与POD独立相关,且营养不良程度和POD发生率呈正相关[32]。其他手术类型中,患者的营养状况也与POD的发生相关[33]

5.2. 手术及麻醉

5.2.1. 手术

免疫反应激活可引起包括认知衰退和记忆受损在内的POD症状。外科手术激活了免疫反应,并触发炎症级联反应,促进小胶质细胞和单核细胞产生和释放神经毒性炎症介质,诱导POD发生。而海马促炎性细胞因子IL-1β水平增加将损害突触可塑性,导致海马功能障碍和认知功能下降[34]

5.2.2. 全身麻醉

全身麻醉是POD发生的另一个独立危险因素[35]。麻醉深度可能对POD的发生率具有影响。脑电双频指数(Bispectral Index, BIS) 40到60被认为是手术状态下适合的麻醉深度。有研究表明,BIS维持在50的患者POD发生率低于BIS维持在35的患者,提示麻醉过深可能增加POD风险[36]。同时有研究表明,65岁以上的手术患者在避免麻醉过深的情况下,POD的发生率显著降低[25]

5.2.3. 围术期疼痛

多项研究表明,围术期疼痛为POD的独立因素。术前或术后疼痛,尤其是术后急性疼痛,以及术后疼痛的严重程度均与POD有关。围术期疼痛增加POD发生的机制可能与疼痛引起的抑郁状态有关[37]

6. 老年衰弱患者POD的预防

6.1. 术前措施

6.1.1. 术前筛查与评估

根据美国老年医学会(American Geriatrics Society, AGS) [38],美国加速康复协会与围术期质量推进联盟(American Society for Enhanced Recovery and Perioperative Quality Initiative Joint) [39],欧洲麻醉学会(European Society of Anaesthesiology, ESA) [40]发布的关于预防和管理POD的最佳实践指南,以及第六次围手术期质量倡议共识会议(Perioperative Quality Initiative-6, POQI-6)指南的建议,医院和卫生系统应通过多学科协作以进行POD风险筛查和分层[41]。对患者进行术前衰弱评估以及认知功能评估有助于对POD高危患者进行筛选并采取相关预防措施。

6.1.2. 定期体育活动(Regular Physical Activity, RPA)

有学者研究了术前活动对老年骨科手术患者POD发生的影响。结果发现,术前参加如阅读报纸、阅读书籍、编织、打牌等12项RPA的老年患者,POD发生概率将明显低于未参加RPA的患者。术前每周进行6~7天RPA的老年患者,POD的发生率下降73%。但此研究观察到RPA对POD的保护效应存在明显的性别差异。RPA可使老年女性骨科手术患者的POD风险降低93%,对老年男性骨科手术患者POD的发生率却没有明显影响[42]。尽管RPA对于其他手术类型的老年患者POD的影响仍需要进一步研究,但现有研究提示其可作为降低老年衰弱患者POD风险的术前优化措施之一。

6.2. 术中管理

6.2.1. 血压管理

脑血流自动调节范围为平均动脉压(Mean Arterial Pressure, MAP) 50~150 mmHg。术中优化血压管理,避免MAP低于50 mmHg有助于降低谵妄的发生率[43]。在接受非胸外科手术的老年患者中,MAP (90~100 mmHg)的患者相较于MAP (60~70 mmHg)的患者,POD发生率降低[44]。在接受胃肠道腹腔镜手术的老年患者中,将术中MAP维持在86~100 mmHg与65~85 mmHg相比,虽然不能降低POD的发生率,但可以降低POD的严重程度[45]。这都表明,术中较高血压水平可能降低POD的发生率。

6.2.2. 术中药物的选择

美国老年医学会(American Geriatrics Society, AGS)在2019年发布的比尔斯(Beers)标准强烈建议避免在65岁以上的老年患者中使用苯二氮卓类药物,因其可能增加POD、认知障碍和跌倒发生率[46]。有研究表明,对于接受心脏或非心脏手术的老年患者,围术期使用右美托咪定可降低POD发生率[47]。作为全麻辅助用药,右美托咪定可减少老年开胸食管切除术患者POD和苏醒期躁动的发生风险,且这一效应与促炎细胞因子IL-6水平降低和血流动力学参数稳定性有关[48]。右美托咪定可能通过降低血脑屏障通透性以减少神经炎症,从而减少POD发生[49]。右美托咪定还可以减少苯二氮卓类药物用量,降低苯二氮卓类药物引起POD的风险[50]

帕瑞昔布,在接受选择性全髋关节或膝关节置换手术的老年患者中,使用帕瑞昔布(手术结束时40 mg静脉注射或肌肉注射,然后每12小时给予40 mg,持续3天)的患者与接受安慰剂(生理盐水)的患者相比,POD的发生率显著降低[51],但其临床效果仍需其他研究证实。氟比洛芬酯,有学者研究70岁以上接受重大非心脏手术患者病人自控镇痛(Patient Controlled Analgesia, PCA)方案,比较了舒芬太尼150 μg联合氟比洛芬酯300 mg连续镇痛3天(SF组)与150 μg舒芬太尼连续镇痛3天(S组)术后第1、2、3、7天POD的发生率,发现SF组POD的发生率(5.1%)显著低于S组(20.7%)。这提示氟比洛芬酯用于PCA可降低70岁以上接受重大非心脏手术的患者的POD发生率[52]

褪黑素具有调节昼夜节律的作用。有研究表明,褪黑素能降低经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(percutaneous coronary intervention, PCI)患者POD发生率[53]。但接受心脏手术的患者服用褪黑素却不能预防POD [54]。因此,褪黑素用于防治POD仍需更多试验证实。尼莫地平可以降低老年全麻手术患者POD发生率,并使S100b蛋白和胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)水平下降,减轻脑损伤程度[55]。盐酸戊乙奎醚作为常用的抗胆碱药物,盐酸戊乙奎醚会增加老年胸腔镜肺癌根治术患者POD和术后认知功能障碍的发生率,因此需谨慎使用[56]

7. 小结

老年衰弱患者较易出现POD,人口学特征、手术、麻醉、药物、心理等因素对于该人群POD发生均有影响。多学科参与的术前焦虑及衰弱评估与干预、麻醉优化管理、药物合理使用等措施对预防老年衰弱患者POD发生均具有积极作用,但确切的防治方案,仍需更进一步研究。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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