SGLT-2抑制剂对非酒精性脂肪性肝病疗效的Meta分析
Efficacy of Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors in the Treatment of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Meta-Analysis
摘要: 目的:系统评价钠–葡萄糖共转运蛋白2抑制剂用于非酒精性脂肪性肝病治疗的有效性。方法:通过计算机检索Cohrane Library、PubMed、Embase、Web of Science等数据库符合标准的研究,检索时限是建库至2024年5月,使用Stata 17 Meta分析。结果:纳入14项随机对照试验,包含896名患者。1) 与对照组相比,SGLT-2抑制剂可以降低丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT) (MD = −3.64 [−6.68, −0.59], P = 0.019)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST) (MD = −2.71 [−4.78, −0.63], P = 0.011)、受控制衰减参数(CAP) (MD = −10.6 [−18.16, −3.04], P = 0.006)、质子密度脂肪分数(MRI-PDFF) (MD = −4.49 [−7.24, −1.74], P = 0.01)和肝脏硬度(LSM) (MD = −0.39 [−0.71, −0.08], P = 0.014);2) 亚组分析结果:基于试验组不同的亚组分析结果表明,恩格列净能显著降低MRI-PDFF和LSM,差异具有统计学意义(P < 0.05);基于对照组不同的亚组分析结果表明SGLT-2抑制剂与吡格列酮比较对ALT、AST、CAP和LSM降低的差异没有统计学意义(P > 0.05)。结论:本研究结果表明SGLT-2抑制剂可以降低2型糖尿病合并非酒精性脂肪性肝病患者转氨酶、肝脏脂肪含量,改善肝脏纤维化和脂肪变性,在不合并糖尿病的非酒精性脂肪性肝病患者中也观察到类似结果,并且SGLT-2抑制剂与吡格列酮比较对非酒精性脂肪性肝病的治疗效果相近。
Abstract: Objective: To systematically review the efficacy of sodium-glucose transporter 2 inhibitors in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Methods: By searching Cohrane Library, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and other databases to build the database to May 2024 conforming studies. Stata 17 was applied for meta-analysis. Results: Include 14 randomized controlled trials comprising 896 patients. 1) SGLT-2 inhibitors reduce alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (MD = −3.64 [−6.68, −0.59], P = 0.019), aspartate transaminase (AST) (MD = −2.71 [−4.78, −0.63], P = 0.011), controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) (MD = −10.6 [−18.16, −3.04], P = 0.006), magnetic resonance imaging-proton density fat fraction (MRI-PDFF) (MD = −4.49 [−7.24, −1.74], P = 0.01) and liver stiffness measurement (LSM) (MD = −0.39 [−0.71, −0.08], P = 0.014); 2) Subgroup analysis results: Based on the analysis results of different subgroups in the experimental group, the results showed that empagliflozin could significantly reduce MRI-PDFF and LSM, with statistical significance (P < 0.05); based on different subgroup analysis results of the control group, there was no statistical significance in the reduction of ALT, AST, CAP and LSM between SGLT-2 inhibitor and pioglitazone (P > 0.05). Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that SGLT-2 inhibitors can reduce transaminase, liver fat content, improve liver fibrosis and steatosis in patients with type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Similar results were observed in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease without diabetes. SGLT-2 inhibitor and pioglitazone were similar in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
文章引用:李嘉豫, 王海秀, 寸玉芳, 杨叶子, 苏艳梅, 邱成省. SGLT-2抑制剂对非酒精性脂肪性肝病疗效的Meta分析[J]. 分析化学进展, 2024, 14(4): 251-262. https://doi.org/10.12677/aac.2024.144030

1. 引言

非酒精性脂肪性肝病(Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, NAFLD)是一种与胰岛素抵抗和遗传代谢相关的肝脏脂肪变性疾病(排除过量饮酒或其他可导致肝脏脂肪堆积的疾病) [1] [2]。NAFLD可能会发展成非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis, NASH)、肝硬化甚至是肝癌[3]。研究表明,大约55%的2型糖尿病(Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, T2DM)患者同时患有NAFLD [4],而T2DM也是NAFLD进展为NASH、肝硬化和肝细胞癌的主要风险因素之一[5] [6]。T2DM合并NAFLD患者心血管事件发生风险高,并且心血管死亡NAFLD患者死亡的主要原因[5] [7]

NAFLD的治疗以减轻体重、保肝降酶、降低糖尿病患者血糖、逆转肝脏纤维化和降低肝脏脂肪含量为主,目前吡格列酮是已经在临床试验中被证实有益的治疗方法[8],吡格列酮常会增加体重,而且心衰患者不宜服用[9]。新型口服降糖药钠–葡萄糖共转运蛋白2抑制剂(Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors,SGLT-2抑制剂)能够有效降低血糖[10]、降低心衰住院风险和减少主要不良心血管事件[11]-[14],其在啮齿动物模型试验中也显示出对NAFLD积极的作用[15]-[17]。因此,对于NAFLD患者,特别是合并2型糖尿病或心血管疾病患者,使用这类药物可能存在好处。

目前SGLT-2用于NAFLD治疗的研究较少、样本量不足且研究结果存在差异,即其疗效不明确,因此本研究筛选SGLT-2抑制剂用于治疗NAFLD的随机对照试验,采用meta分析的方法评估SGLT-2抑制剂对NAFLD患者所带来的益处,为NAFLD药物治疗提供循证依据。

2. 方法

2.1. 纳入标准

① 研究对象:年龄 > 18岁的NAFLD患者,确诊NAFLD患者要排除可能继发引起脂肪肝的某些疾病,例如病毒性肝炎、肝豆状核变性和药物性肝病等,并且患者无饮酒史或限制每周摄入乙醇量(女性 < 70 g、男性 < 140 g);② 研究类型:随机对照试验;③ 干预措施:SGLT-2抑制剂;④ 结局指标包含本研究主要结局指标。

2.2. 排除标准

① 研究类型为观察性或非随机对照研究;② 关键数据缺失;③ 样本量 < 15个。

2.3. 结局指标

主要结局指标:丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、控制衰减参数(CAP)、质子密度脂肪分数(MRI-PDFF)、肝脏硬度(LSM)。

次要结局指标:肝脾衰减比(L/S)、体质量(BIM)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)。

2.4. 检索策略及数据库

本研究检索Cohrane Library、PubMed、Embase、Web of Science等数据库自建库至2024年5月1日发表的有关SGLT-2抑制剂用于治疗NAFLD随机对照试验。检索词:“SGLT-2i”、“NAFLD”、“nonalcoholic fatty liver disease”、“dapagliflozin”、“licogliflozin”、“empagliflozin”、“ipragliflozin”、“tofogliflozin”、“canagliflozin”、“ertugliflozin”、“sotagliflozin”、“luseogliflozin”等。

2.5. 文献筛选

首先由研究者进行检索文献,并将其导入EndNote进行查找重复并剔除,然后通过阅读标题和摘要初步筛选符合纳排标准的文章,最后通过阅读全文文章选择符合纳排标准的文章。

2.6. 数据提取与研究质量评价

本研究提取了以下数据:第一作者及其发表年份、随访持续时间、参与者类型和人数、干预措施和结局指标。

研究者使用Cochrane风险偏倚工具RoB 2.0评估纳入研究的偏倚风险。

2.7. 数据分析与统计学方法

连续型变量用加权均数差(Weighted Mean Difference, WMD)及其95%CI表示,运用Stata 17进行Meta分析。组间的异质性评估采用I2检验,若I2 ≤ 50%,P ≥ 0.1认为各组间异质性可接受,采用固定效应模型进行分析;反之则认为各组间有显著异质性,采用随机效应模型进行分析。对异质性显著的研究进行亚组分析或敏感性分析探索异质性来源[18]。如果P < 0.05认为差异有统计学意义。

3. 结果

3.1. 文献检索结果

本研究共检索519项试验,剔除重复和不符合纳排标准的试验,最后14项研究被纳入荟萃分析,详细文献筛选过程见图1

Figure 1. Literature screening flowchart

1. 文献筛选流程

3.2. 文献偏倚风险评价

共纳入14篇文献,偏倚风险评价见图2,12项研究存在一些的偏倚风险,2项研究被评估为低偏倚风险。

Figure 2. Risk of bias results

2. 偏倚风险评估

3.3. 纳入文献特征

共纳入14篇文献,SGLT-2抑制剂组442例,对照组340例(表1),试验组包括:恩格列净[19]-[23]、达格列净[24]-[26]、伊格列净[27] [28]、托格列净[29] [30]和Licogliflozin [31],Elhini等[20]试验的干预措施为恩格列净25 mg/d,其他使用恩格列净作为试验组的研究剂量都是10 mg/d;将对照组干预措施分为吡格列酮和其他药物(包括安慰剂、格列美脲和糖尿病标准治疗)。

Table 1. Basic characteristics of the included studies

1. 文献基本特征

第一作者

发表年份

疗程(周)

样本量

干预措施

结局指标

T

C

T

C

Attaran, F. 2023

24

36

37

恩格列净

吡格列酮

CAP、LSM、FIB-4等

Ito, D. 2017

24

32

34

伊格列净

吡格列酮

L/S、ALT、AST、体重、血糖等

Kinoshita, T. 2020

28

33

32

达格列净

格列美脲

L/S、ALT、AST、 HbA1c等

Yoneda, M. 2021

24

21

19

托格列净

吡格列酮

MRI-PDFF、LSM、ALT、AST、BIM等

Kuchay, S. 2018

20

22

20

恩格列净

糖尿病标准治疗

MRI-PDFF、ALT、AST、HbA1c、BIM等

Taheri, H. 2020

24

43

47

恩格列净

安慰剂

CAP、LSM、ALT、 AST、BIM等

Chehrehgosh H. 2021

24

35

34

恩格列净

吡格列酮

CAP、LSM、AST、 ALT等

Han, E. 2020

24

29

15

伊格列净 + 吡格列酮

吡格列酮

DXA、CAP、ALT、 AST等

Bando, Y. 2017

12

37

20

伊格列净

安慰剂

ALT、L/S (CT)、VFA、SFA等

Elhini, Sahar H. 2022

24

80

80

恩格列净

安慰剂

MRI-PDFF、ALT、AST、BIM等

Takeshita, Y. 2022

48

20

20

托格列净

格列美脲

FIB-4、ALT、AST、BIM、CAP、LSM等

Shimizu, M. 2018

24

33

24

达格列净

糖尿病标准治疗

CAP、LSM、BIM、ALT、AST等

Eriksson, J. W. 2018

12

19

19

达格列净

安慰剂

MRI-PDFF、体重等

Harrison, S. A. 2022

12

36

19

Licogliflozin

安慰剂

ALT、AST、MRI-PDFF、HbA1c等

备注:T:试验组,C:对照组。控制衰减参数(CAP)是通过肝脏瞬态弹性成像(FibroScan)无创评估肝脏弹性。肝脏硬度测量(LSM),指的是使用FibroScan®的瞬态弹性成像对肝脏硬度进行无创量化。L/S是通过计算机断层扫描(CT)量化的肝脾衰减比。质子密度脂肪分数(MRI-PDFF)是使用磁共振定量估计肝脏脂肪量。

3.4. Meta分析结果

3.4.1. ALT结果

11项RCT研究[19]-[25] [27]-[29] [32]共纳入762例患者,组间存在显著异质性(I2 = 63.3%, P = 0.002),敏感性分析时逐一剔除文献后发现,Elhini等[20]的试验是异质性较大的主要原因,分析可能是其试验组干预措施为较大剂量恩格列净所致(25 mg/d),将此试验剔除后结果显示SGLT-2抑制剂可降低ALT (MD = −3.64 [−6.68, −0.59], P = 0.019),差异有统计学意义。

基于对照组不同进行亚组分析(图3),对照组为其他药物时,SGLT-2抑制剂可显著降低ALT (MD = −7.76 [−12.11, −3.4], P = 0.000),差异有统计学意义;对照组为吡格列酮时,试验组与对照组差异无统计学意义(P = 0.89)。

Figure 3. ALT results were analyzed based on different subgroups in the control group

3. ALT基于对照组不同的亚组分析结果

3.4.2. AST结果

10项RCT研究[19]-[25] [27]-[29]共纳入707例患者,组间异质性显著(I2 = 80.3%, P < 0.000)。敏感性分析时逐一剔除文献后发现,Yoneda等[29]和Elhini等[20]的试验是异质性较大的主要原因,分析可能是前者试验组为托格列净、后者试验组干预措施为较大剂量恩格列净所致(25 mg/d),将这两项试验剔除后结果表明SGLT-2抑制剂可以降低AST (MD = −2.71 [−4.78, −0.63], P = 0.011),差异有统计学意义。

基于对照组不同进行亚组分析(图4),对照组为其他药物时,SGLT-2抑制剂显著降低AST (MD = −3.04 [−5.75, −0.34], P = 0.027),差异有统计学意义;对照组为吡格列酮时,试验组与对照组差异无统计学意义(P = 0.177)。

Figure 4. AST results were analyzed based on different subgroups in the control group

4. AST基于对照组不同的亚组分析结果

3.4.3. CAP结果

6项随机对照试验[21]-[23] [25] [27] [30]共纳入373例患者,组间未见异质性(I2 = 17.7%, P = 0.299),SGLT-2抑制剂可显著降低CAP (MD = −10.6 [−18.16, −3.04], P = 0.006),差异有统计学意义。

基于对照组不同进行亚组分析(图5),对照组为其他药物时,SGLT-2抑制剂可降低CAP (MD = −10.81 [−20.96, −0.67], P = 0.037),差异有统计学意义;对照组为吡格列酮时,试验组和对照组差异无统计学意义(P = 0.266)。

Figure 5. CAP results were analyzed based on different subgroups in the control group

5. CAP基于对照组不同的亚组分析结果

3.4.4. MRI-PDFF结果

5项RCT研究[19] [20] [25] [29] [31]共纳入330例患者,组间异质性显著(I2 = 84.6%, P < 0.000),敏感性分析时逐一剔除文献后发现,Elhini等[20]的试验是异质性较大的主要原因,分析可能是其试验组干预措施为较大剂量恩格列净所致(25 mg/d),将此试验剔除后结果显示SGLT-2抑制剂可降低MRI-PDFF (MD = −3.64 [−6.68, −0.59], P = 0.019),差异有统计学意义(图6)。

基于试验组不同进行亚组分析(图7),结果表明恩格列净可显著降低MRI-PDFF (MD = −5.94 [−8.47, −3.42], P < 0.000),差异有统计学意义;其他试验药可降低MRI-PDFF (MD = −2.65 [−4.36, −0.94], P = 0.002),差异有统计学意义。

Figure 6. Effect of SGLT2-inhibitor on MRI-PDFF compared with control group

6. SGLT2-抑制剂与对照组相比较对MRI-PDFF的影响

Figure 7. MRI-PDFF results were analyzed based on different subgroups of the experimental group

7. MRI-PDFF基于试验组不同的亚组分析结果

3.4.5. LSM结果

6项RCT研究[21]-[23] [25] [29] [30]共纳入370例患者,组间未见显著异质性(I2 = 8.8%, P = 0.360),结果表明SGLT-2抑制剂可以降低LSM (MD = −0.39 [−0.71, −0.08], P = 0.014),差异有统计学意义。

基于对照组不同进行亚组分析(图8),对照组为其他时,SGLT-2抑制剂可显著降低LSM (MD = −0.57 [−1.03, −0.11], P = 0.014),差异有统计学意义;对照组为吡格列酮时,试验组与对照组差异无统计学意义 (P = 0.296)。

基于试验组不同进行亚组分析(图9),结果表明恩格列净可显著降低 LSM (MD = −0.5 [−0.86, −0.13],P = 0.007),差异具有统计学意义;对照组为其他时,组间存在异质性(I2 = 47.2%, P = 0.15),并且差异不具有统计学意义(P = 0.829)。

Figure 8. LSM results were analyzed based on different subgroups of the control group

8. LSM基于对照组不同的亚组分析结果

3.4.6. L/S结果

3项RCT研究[24] [28] [32]共纳入188例患者,组间没有显著异质性(I2 = 46.9%, P = 0.152),SGLT-2抑制剂可以升高L/S (MD = 0.09 [0.00, 0.18], P = 0.04),差异有统计学意义。

Figure 9. LSM results were analyzed based on different subgroups of the experimental group

9. LSM基于试验组不同的亚组分析结果

3.4.7. BIM结果

8项RCT研究[19]-[23] [25] [30]共纳入707例患者,组间没有显著异质性(I2 = 41.6%, P = 0.101),SGLT-2抑制剂显著降低BIM (MD = −1.33 [−1.92, −0.73], P < 0.0001),差异有统计学意义。

3.4.8. HbA1c结果

10项RCT研究[19]-[21] [23] [24] [27]-[29]共纳入657例患者,组间异质性显著(I2 = 80.9%, P < 0.000)。敏感性分析时逐一剔除文献后发现,Yoneda等[29]的试验是异质性较大的主要原因,分析可能是由于其试验组为托格列净所致,将这项试验剔除后,组间没有显著异质性(I2 = 43%, P = 0.08),SGLT-2抑制剂降低HbA1c (MD = −0.26 [−0.48, −0.05], P = 0.02),差异有统计学意义。

4. 讨论

NAFLD是一种代谢相关疾病,患者大多合并T2DM、肥胖或心血管疾病[33] [34],吡格列酮是已经在临床试验中被证实有益的治疗方法[8],吡格列酮常会增加体重,而且心衰患者不宜服用的[9]。SGLT-2抑制剂够有效降低血糖[10]、降低心衰住院风险和减少主要不良心血管事件,其在啮齿动物模型试验中也显示出对NAFLD积极的作用[15]-[17],可能是由于其可以导致内脏脂肪面积和体重降低,从而对NAFLD患者脂肪变性和纤维化的消退起到积极作用[35],所以SGLT-2抑制剂与吡格列酮相不良反应和禁忌症比较更有有潜力被考虑用于长期治疗。

本研究共纳入14篇文献,系统评价SGLT-2抑制剂对转氨酶、肝脏脂肪变性、肝脏脂肪含量、肝纤维化、体重和糖化血红蛋白的影响,并进行亚组分析比较SGLT-2与吡格列酮疗效的差异,研究表明SGLT-2抑制剂可降低ALT、AST、CAP、MRI-PDFF、LSM、L/S、BIM和HbA1c (AST结果差异没有有统计学意义),其中ALT、AST、MRI-PDFF和HbA1c的结果观察到显著异质性,敏感性分析时逐一剔除文献后将对结果异质性较大的的试验剔除后,异质性降低,结果表明SGLT2-抑制剂可显著降低ALT、AST、MRI-PDFF和HbA1c。基于试验组不同的亚组分析结果表明,恩格列净能显著降低MRI-PDFF和LSM,差异具有统计学意义(P < 0.05);基于对照组不同的亚组分析结果表明SGLT-2抑制剂与吡格列酮比较均能降低ALT、AST、CAP和LSM,且差异没有统计学意义(P > 0.05)。

本研究还有一些局限性,如:① SGLT-2抑制剂用于治疗NAFLD的随机对照试验还较少,样本量较小;② 本研究纳入的试验有一些没有采用双盲和分配隐藏方法,可能存在偏倚;③ 部分研究结果存在显著异质性,其可能影响结果稳定性,但进行亚组分析和敏感性分析后发现异质性来源;④ Licogliflozin结果表明其对NAFLD患者有益处,但是只有一篇文献符合标准被纳入,后面需要多个大样本随机对照试验证明。

综上所述,SGLT-2抑制剂用于T2DM合并NAFLD患者的治疗可以降低转氨酶、肝脏脂肪含量,改善肝脏纤维化和脂肪变性,在不合并糖尿病的非酒精性脂肪性肝病患者中也观察到类似结果,并且SGLT-2抑制剂与吡格列酮比较对NAFLD的治疗效果相近。

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