中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值在类风湿关节炎中的研究进展
Research Progress of Neutrophil/Lymphocyte Ratio in Rheumatoid Arthritis
DOI: 10.12677/md.2024.144055, PDF, HTML, XML,    科研立项经费支持
作者: 李一鸣, 徐小虎, 代义龙:济宁医学院临床医学院,山东 济宁;济宁医学院附属医院检验科,山东 济宁;金呈强*:济宁医学院附属医院检验科,山东 济宁
关键词: 中性粒细胞淋巴细胞比值类风湿关节炎预后Neutrophil Lymphocyte Ratio Rheumatoid Arthritis Prognosis
摘要: 中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值(NLR)是一种新型非特异性炎症指标,其通过测定外周血中的中性粒细胞和淋巴细胞的计数比值来评估机体的免疫状态。目前被用于各种良恶性肿瘤、心血管疾病、感染性疾病和免疫系统疾病的早期诊断和预后监测。而类风湿关节炎(RA)是第二常见的慢性关节炎性疾病,以对称性侵袭性关节、滑膜炎症为主。作为高致残性的疾病,类风湿性关节炎的早期诊断、病情监测对于患者的预后结局有着重要作用。临床中对于疾病的监测涉及多种生物标记物,其中本文就NLR在RA中的作用进行综述,以期为炎症指标在RA中的价值提供新的见解。
Abstract: The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is an emerging non-specific inflammatory biomarker that assesses the immune status of an individual by calculating the ratio of neutrophils to lymphocytes in peripheral blood. It is currently utilized for the early diagnosis and prognostic monitoring of a spectrum of benign and malignant tumors, cardiovascular diseases, infectious diseases, and immune system disorders. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the second most common chronic articular disease, is characterized primarily by symmetrical invasive joints and synovial inflammation. As a highly disabling condition, early diagnosis and disease monitoring of RA play a crucial role in determining the patient’s prognostic outcome. In clinical practice, disease monitoring encompasses a variety of biological markers. This review focuses on the role of NLR in RA, aiming to provide new insights into the value of inflammatory markers in the context of RA.
文章引用:李一鸣, 徐小虎, 代义龙, 金呈强. 中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值在类风湿关节炎中的研究进展[J]. 医学诊断, 2024, 14(4): 381-387. https://doi.org/10.12677/md.2024.144055

1. 引言

类风湿关节炎(Rheumatoid Arthritis, RA)是一种常见的慢性自身免疫性疾病,该病症表现为关节的疼痛、肿胀、僵硬,并可能随时间推移导致关节结构的破坏和功能障碍[1]。由于炎症影响着RA患者的生活质量,因此对于机体炎症状态的评估在RA的疾病管理中尤为重要。近年来,中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值(Neutrophil/Lymphocyte ratio, NLR)作为一种复合生物标志物,其特点为易于获得、成本效益高、检测速度快。它反映了机体的免疫反应状态,比单个生物标志物更能反映全身炎症[2]。在RA的诊断、病情监测和预后评估中的作用逐渐受到关注。本文综述了NLR在RA中的研究进展,探讨了其作为生物标志物的潜力和局限性。

2. NLR的生物学基础

2.1. 中性粒细胞在RA中的机制

中性粒细胞是早期炎症反应的关键细胞,当接收到危险信号(如微生物,病原体代谢物,组织损伤产物等),它将主要通过多种模式识别受体(包括Toll样受体)分类为病原体相关分子模式(PAMP)或病原体相关分子模式(DAMP)的分子做出反应,同时白介素等相关趋化因子促使白细胞进行迁移,并通过释放酶类、活性氧和其他炎症介质来对抗病原体[3]

RA是一种以滑膜炎为主要特征的慢性进行性疾病,由于自身抗体和免疫细胞在滑膜腔中的浸润并积累,这些免疫细胞可以是先天的或适应性的[4]。滑膜腔内产生称为血管翳的侵入性组织,其由已被激活的滑膜成纤维细胞、淋巴细胞、巨噬细胞和中性粒细胞组成,导致关节痛、骨破坏,最后导致关节畸形[5]。在RA的发病机制中免疫失衡被认为是关键部分,并与环境因素相互作用[6]。而中性粒细胞的过度募集被认为对RA的启动至关重要,其主要机制包括嗜中性粒细胞趋化性和浸润升高、活性氧(ROS)增加和促进中性粒细胞的胞外陷阱形成[7]。中性粒细胞颗粒中存在的各种丝氨酸蛋白酶在关节损伤和炎症中发挥重要作用。中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶、组织蛋白酶G和蛋白酶-3能够激活促炎细胞因子、裂解粘附分子和调节趋化因子[3] [8]。此外,基质金属蛋白酶-8 (MMP-8)和基质金属蛋白酶-9 (MMP-9)可促进关节软骨中2型胶原蛋白的降解,并在RA滑膜中大量存在[9]。RA患者的循环中性粒细胞以活化表型为特征,其特征是ROS、细胞因子、蛋白酶和NET产生增加以及细胞凋亡延迟[10]。此外,RA关节内缺氧和糖酵解的增加也将导致中性粒细胞活化并产生ROS的产生密切相关[11]。总体而言,中性粒细胞颗粒中存在的分子在很大程度上导致RA滑膜关节的炎症和组织损伤。

2.2. 淋巴细胞与RA

众所周知,淋巴细胞作为人类适应性免疫系统中不可或缺的关键组分,其在RA的病理进程中发挥着至关重要的调节作用[12]。在RA疾病过程的第一阶段,T细胞失去了基本功能,即自我耐受能力,并为产生自身抗体的B细胞提供帮助。其中自身反应性B细胞可激活T细胞、产生自身抗体和促炎细胞因子。在多年后开始进行至第二阶段,此时错误分化的T细胞获得组织侵袭效应器功能,进入关节,促进炎症,并引起临床相关症状。最后RA疾病过程的第三阶段,异常的先天免疫功能被激活,将滑膜炎症转化为侵蚀软骨和骨骼的组织破坏过程[13]

自身反应性B细胞是RA的主要病因,也是产生自身抗体、激活T细胞和产生促炎细胞因子的原因。关于自身反应性B细胞靶向宿主细胞的潜在过程仍在探索中,但与RA相关的自身抗体已广泛建立,并且这些自身抗体的数量一直在增长,其中类风湿因子(RF)和抗瓜氨酸蛋白抗体(ACPA)自身抗体组是研究最多的抗体组[14]。这两种自身抗体是诊断类风湿关节炎的重要指标,在临床治疗中具有重要意义。自身反应性T细胞成熟和分化为记忆性CD4+ T细胞可以通过在该过程中充当抗原呈递细胞(APC)的自身反应性B细胞来刺激产生[15]。RA患者的CD4+ T淋巴细胞(包括循环细胞和发炎关节的CD4+ T淋巴细胞)均表现出数量和功能异常[16]。与健康个体相比,从RA患者外周血、滑液和组织中采集的记忆B细胞产生的核因子κB配体受体激活剂(RANKL)水平更高[17]。许多T细胞及其单独的效应途径主要负责介导慢性炎症过程,这是RA发展的促成因素。目前的研究表明,CD4+ T辅助(Th)细胞主要通过释放细胞因子和趋化因子参与RA的发病机制,其在侵入滑膜组织的炎性细胞中占很大比例。在抗原刺激和细胞因子信号转导后,初始CD4+ T细胞激活并分化为各种辅助性T细胞亚群[18]。在RA中,1型辅助性T细胞高度活跃,这些细胞释放促炎细胞因子,如干扰素-γ (IFN-γ)、白细胞介素(IL)-2和肿瘤坏死因子-α (TNF-α) [19]。因此,T细胞在RA中的价值不仅在于它们是疾病免疫反应的中心,而且它们产生的细胞因子和细胞因子网络在疾病的发展中起着决定性作用。

3. NLR与RA的关系

NLR首次被Bass等[20]提出为炎症指标的概念,能够反映机体的炎症状态和免疫系统的平衡。较高的NLR值通常指示机体存在较为强烈的炎症反应,被广泛应用于感染[21]、恶性肿瘤[22]、自身免疫性疾病[23]等评估患者的炎症状态和预后。接下来将从以下几方面论述NLR在RA中的价值。

3.1. 诊断价值

RA的早期诊断和及时识别对于预防或减少关节损伤和残疾以及改善长期结局至关重要。NLR作为一项经济、便捷的血液检测指标,其较高水平值通常与炎症水平的升高相关,反映了机体的免疫系统激活状态,将为RA的诊断提供一定参考价值。

既往研究中认为NLR是诊断RA患者的重要炎症标志物,国内学者张旺研究得出NLR的诊断ROC曲线下面积(AUC)为0.968,提示NLR在RA的诊断观察中具有一定的临床价值[24]。同样,张秋琴等[25]纳入了170例RA患者的临床研究中分析了NLR诊断的最佳临界值为2.25,其中AUC为0.83,灵敏度为77.10%,特异度为78.60%。此外,Xu Y等[26]通过来自5家医院的1499名RA患者和366名健康志愿者作为对照的研究,提出NLR在RA患者中水平明显高于健康人群,可区分两者。Jin Z等[27]进行的一项多中心回顾性研究表明NLR作为RA的独立诊断标志物的价值虽然有限,但可以作为RA诊断的补充诊断指标。最新的一项荟萃研究中总结了关于类风湿性关节炎的五项研究,共评估了3888名受试者(2830名RA患者和1058名健康对照者,78%为女性,平均年龄60岁)报告了NLR对RA的敏感性和特异性,分别为0.68 (95% CI: 0.61~0.75)和0.72 (95% CI: 0.65~0.79),结论为NLR对RA的诊断准确性适中[28]

以上研究均证实了NLR在RA中的诊断价值,其作为新型的炎症反应评估指标,优于中性粒细胞,且受机体运动及脱水等条件影响相对较小。在临床关于RA的诊断中,除了关注于自身特异性抗体外,其可作为辅助诊断指标。

3.2. 疾病活动度

类风湿关节炎作为慢性关节炎疾病,机体炎症影响着患者的病情进展及生活质量,因此,评估机体炎症及病情进展尤为重要。炎症指标NLR除了对于疾病的诊断价值备受关注,其在反映疾病活动度方面的作用也值得一提。目前多项横断面临床研究证实,RA患者的NLR高于对照组,并且发现血液学指标与疾病活动参数高度相关,包括ESR、CRP和DAS28 [29]-[31]。一项多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,NLR是疾病活动相关的独立因素,是RA高活动度的危险因素[32]。Dechanuwong P等[33]表示,与疾病活动度低或疾病缓解的患者相比,高疾病活动度患者的Hb水平显着降低,NLR 水平升高。

关于RA患者,评估其疾病活动期和缓解期缺乏特异性血液指标。在一项meta分析中纳入了18项研究,包括2122例RA活动期患者和1071例非活动期RA患者,活动性疾病与显著较高的NLR水平相关,其可显著区分RA患者的活动期[34]。此外Mangoni AA等[28]总结了七项临床研究,共评估了1361例RA患者(933例活动性疾病,428例非活动性疾病,86%为女性,平均年龄55岁)。计算得出NLR对活动性疾病的合并敏感性和特异性分别为0.66 (95% CI:0.47至0.80)和0.66 (95% CI:0.52至0.77),提示NLR对于区分疾病活动性有价值。另一项观察性研究探究了老年型类风湿性关节炎和年轻型类风湿性关节炎患者的全身炎症参数,结果显示NLR和疾病活动标志物呈正相关,但两组的NLR值相当,无显著差异[35]

除此之外,Song BW等[36]发现较高的NLR水平与女性RA患者发生椎体骨折的发生显著相关,此提示了NLR监测RA患者并发症的有效性。González-Sierra M等[37]进行的横断面研究中评估了多种血液炎症复合标志物在RA患者发生的心血管疾病(CV)风险的作用,结果提示NLR与患者的心血管风险评分呈正相关,证实其可用于评估RA患者并发CV的风险。

3.3. 预后评估

NLR水平增加在包括慢性炎症在内的各种临床环境中可作为预后因素。因为这一指标反映了机体内中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞之间的平衡状态,对于评估RA患者的炎症程度和疾病进展有重要参考价值。

一项来源于美国的具有代表性的大型队列的研究结果表明,NLR较高的参与者的全因风险(HR = 2.02, 95% CI: 1.53~2.66)和心血管死亡率(HR = 2.48, 95% CI: 1.34~4.57)与较低的NLR相比增加了2倍。RCS曲线显示NLR与全因死亡率和心血管死亡率呈正线性关联,提示较高的NLR可独立预测RA成人患者全因死亡和心血管死亡风险的增加[38],在另一项研究中,Chandrashekara等[39]指出,NLR可能是RA患者持续缓解的预测标志物,他们发现,基线NLR ≤ 2的RA患者获得和维持缓解的可能性增加。与NLR > 4的RA诊断患者相比,基线NLR ≤ 2和>2至≤4的RA诊断患者获得持续缓解的几率分别增加10.5倍和2.63倍。这些数据强调了NLR在临床实践中作为RA风险分层和预后标志物的潜在效用。

在RA患者的疗效预后评估中,最近的研究指出NLR是对DMARD治疗的反应的有用的预后指标。Boulos D等[40]对新诊断的RA患者使用甲氨蝶呤、柳氮磺吡啶和羟氯喹的标准化方案进行“三联疗法”,他们发现三联治疗失败的RA患者NLR水平显著升高,且基线NLR > 2.7是治疗失败的独立预测因子,优于ESR、CRP等传统的疾病活动指标。Maden M等[41]发现,与治疗前相比,78例RA患者治疗后ESR、CRP、血小板计数和NLR水平显着降低。另一项关于RA患者利妥昔单抗疗效的研究提出,NLR可能是评估利妥昔单抗治疗RA疾病活动的有用指标,其随着利妥昔单抗的增加而降低,并与6个月时的疾病活动度相关[42]。在一项纳入123例RA患者的临床研究中评估接受JAK抑制剂治疗的RA患者的疾病活动时,血液学指标中NLR与DAS28显著相关[43]

此外,NLR还可以与其他指标相结合,共同评估RA患者的病情和预后。例如,NLR与ESR、CRP等炎症指标的联合应用可以更加全面地反映患者的炎症状态和疾病进展。除了与炎症指标联合外,Wang Z等[44]将TNF-α-308G/A多态性与NLR相结合,研究提出其预测RA患者抗TNF治疗的反应性和安全性。

4. 结语

综上所述,NLR作为复合型炎症指标,其简单易获取,近年来在各系统疾病中备受关注,本文关注于RA患者中NLR的应用进展,重点通过阐述NLR的诊断价值、病情监测及预后评估三方面,总结了其作为炎症指标的价值。同时,本文还提及中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞在RA发病机制,从多角度关注疾病的发生发展过程。最后,NLR对RA疾病的综合评估具有一定的价值,能辅助临床医师进行有效病情监测及管理治疗策略的制定。

基金项目

山东省高等学校科技计划项目(J15LL11);山东省中医药科技发展计划项目(2015-244);济宁医学院教师科研扶持基金(JYFC2018FKJ096);

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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