胸椎区域硬脊膜动静脉瘘1例并文献回顾
One Case of Spinal Dural Arteriovenous Fistula in the Thoracolumbar Region and Literature Review
摘要: 目的:探讨胸腰椎区域硬脊膜动静脉瘘(Spinal dural arteriovenous fistula, SDAVF)的发病机制、临床表现和治疗。方法:回顾1例胸椎区域SDAVF患者的诊治过程并进行文献回顾。结果:患者为55岁男性,以腰痛伴左下肢麻木为首发症状,随后出现行走困难,脊柱MRI的T2加权序列中显示脊髓高信号和髓周空流血管影,脊髓血管造影术确诊胸椎区域硬脊膜动静脉瘘。结论:SDAVF较为罕见,误诊率较高,晚期诊断容易使患者预后恶化,因此,及早的诊断与干预变得尤为关键。
Abstract: Objective: To investigate the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and treatment of spinal dural arteriovenous fistula (SDAVF) in the thoracolumbar region. Method: A retrospective review of the diagnosis and treatment process of a patient with thoracic spinal dural arteriovenous fistula (SDAVF) and a literature review. Results: The patient, a 55-year-old male, presented with initial symptoms of lower back pain accompanied by numbness in the left lower limb, followed by walking difficulties. In the T2-weighted sequence of the spinal MRI, high signal intensity in the spinal cord and a vascular flow void around the spinal cord were observed. The diagnosis of spinal dural arteriovenous fistula in the thoracic region was confirmed by spinal cord vascular angiography. Conclusion: SDAVF is relatively rare, with a high misdiagnosis rate. Late diagnosis can easily lead to worsening prognosis for patients. Therefore, early diagnosis and intervention are particularly critical.
文章引用:左旗旗, 闫亚军, 秦旭秋. 胸椎区域硬脊膜动静脉瘘1例并文献回顾[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(12): 203-207. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2024.14123066

1. 引言

脊髓血管畸形(Spinal vascular malformation, SVM)是相对罕见的疾病,约占中枢神经系统血管畸形的10% [1]。硬脊膜动静脉瘘(Spinal dural arteriovenous fistula, SDAVF)是最常见的SVM,其年度发病率约在5~10/100万人之间,大约占所有脊柱血管疾病的70%~80% [1]。SDAVF被定义为发生在硬脑膜内脊髓动脉和静脉之间的异常分流,导致脊髓血液回流受阻,使得静脉压升高,并出现步态障碍、下肢无力和感觉障碍等神经系统症状[2]。SDAVF男性患者居多,男女比例约为4:1,年龄多在50~60岁,其可以发生在脊髓的各个部位,最常累及于胸腰椎区域[3]。进展期的SDAVF持续数月至数年便可导致不可逆的脊髓损伤[4]。一项回顾性研究表明,有50%未接受治疗的患者,在症状出现后的3年内可以导致重度残疾[5]。如果早期诊断并闭合瘘管,可终止疾病进展,并且有可能完全康复[4]。因此,早期诊断和治疗至关重要。

2. 病例资料

2.1. 病史

患者,男,55岁,因腰痛伴左下肢麻木1月余入院。1月余前无明显诱因出现腰痛,呈持续性锐痛,活动及劳累后疼痛加重,休息后可稍减轻,伴左下肢麻木不适,行走受限,自行给予理疗、止痛等对症治疗。近来症状加重,2天前外院行腰椎CT示:1) 腰椎退行性变,腰4/5椎间盘轻度膨出;腰5/1椎间盘突出(中央偏右型);2) 右肾肿。现患者为求进一步诊治,遂来我院就诊,门诊查体后,以“腰椎间盘突出”之诊断收治入院。患者自发病以来,神志清、精神可,食纳、夜休尚可,大小便如常,近期体重未见明显变化。

2.2. 既往史

患者“乙肝”病史30余年,无其他特殊病史。

2.3. 神经系统查体

意识清醒,言语流利,问答切题,计算力,记忆力,定向力正常,脑膜刺激征阴性,颅神经未见异常,双下肢肌张力正常,左下肢肌力IV级,右下肢肌力V级,左小腿外侧针刺觉、触觉、音又振动觉和关节位置觉减退,右下肢正常,左下肢直腿抬高试验及加强试验均为阳性,指鼻试验稳准、跟膝胫试验不合作,快复动作灵活,闭目难立征不合作。

2.4. 诊疗过程

完善辅助检查:血化验(血常规、生化、凝血、输血前八项等)未见明显异常。胸椎MRI影像学检查结果见图(图1(A)~(D))。常规脊柱MRI的T2加权序列中显示脊髓高信号和髓周空流血管影(图1(A)图1(B))。通过DSA最终确诊为胸3~4段SDAVF (图1(E)图1(F)),通过外科手术治疗关闭瘘管,实现了动脉化静脉的识别和闭合,并在术中采用荧光造影技术再次确认瘘管位置(图2)。术后患者复查MRI (图1(G)~(J))显示迂曲血管影消失,出院1个月后随访,患者腰痛、下肢麻木症状明显改善。

图A,B是该患者脊髓MRI的T2加权显示血管流空影(箭头标记处,SDAVF的特征性表现)并观察到相应脊髓节段轻度受压,脊髓未见明显水肿征象。图C,D是脊髓增强MRI的T1加权,显示T2-11椎体节段椎管内多发串珠样迂曲血管影(箭头标记处),冠状位较为明显。图E、F为该患者DSA的检查结果,图E可以观察到(箭头标记处)瘘管口,图F可以明显看到迂曲向上的引流静脉,并确诊该患者为SDAVF。图G是术后脊髓MRI的T2加权,其显示迂曲血管影未显影。图H、J是术后脊髓增强MRI的T1加权,其显示术前T2-11椎体节段椎管内多发串珠样迂曲血管影已消失。

Figure 1. Shows the images of the patient’s thoracic spine MR and DSA examinations (preoperative images A-F, DSA images E-F, intraoperative images K, L, and postoperative images G, H, J)

1. 患者胸椎MR和DSA检查(手术治疗前图A-F、DSA检查图E-F、手术中图K、L和手术治疗后图G、H、J)的图像

图K、L是该患者在手术过程中采用荧光造影再次确认瘘口位置。

Figure 2. Shows the intraoperative DSA examination of the patient

2. 患者术中DSA检查

3. 讨论

关于SDAVF的具体病因,目前还没有明确的了解,但普遍的观点是它可能是一种获得性的疾病[6]。有研究表明,其危险因素包括男性、高龄、高血压以及有脊柱外伤或手术史等[7]。目前,大多数人认为SDAVF的成因主要涉及动静脉的短路、脊髓静脉的高压状态以及脊髓静脉回血功能的障碍[8]。这些病因机制可能会引起脊髓淤血和水肿,从而对脊髓功能产生不良的影响。

SDAVF的临床症状通常是隐匿性和非特异性的。它主要表现为腰痛、神经根痛、下肢无力和感觉异常等症状[9]。在疾病晚期,SDAVF会导致进行性脊髓病,即下肢麻木、步态障碍等症状的持续恶化。在严重情况下,还可能影响生殖器勃起和膀胱或肠道功能[10]。在一项大型回顾性研究表明,下肢无力是最常见的症状(91%),其次是感觉障碍(87%),50%~60%的患者存在神经根痛[11]。无论是在实际的临床工作还是文献报道的数据中,SDAVF的诊断通常具有一定的困难,特别是在早期阶段,往往容易被误诊为急性脑脊髓炎或脊髓内肿瘤[12]。如果误诊为脊髓炎,患者可能会因接受类固醇治疗而导致病情恶化[13]。数字减影血管造影(Digital subtraction angiography, DSA)被认为是SDAVF诊断过程中的“金标准”[14]。DSA诊断SDAVF的典型表现是神经根髓静脉的早期充盈、静脉回流延迟和广泛的髓周静脉丛扩张[15]

SDAVF的治疗方式主要有两种:血管内治疗和外科手术治疗[16]。血管内治疗通过导管和栓塞剂来封闭动脉与静脉之间的异常连接[6]。与外科手术相比,这种方法创伤性较小,患者的住院时间和恢复时间也相对更短[6]。有一项回顾性研究表明,患者术后并发症的发生率约为24% [16]。此外,血管内治疗有助于减少出血、感染和神经损伤等并发症的风险[6]。而外科手术治疗则主要包括完全切除脊髓保护层内动脉与静脉异常连接的操作[6]。由于手术创伤较大,患者的住院时间和恢复时间往往较长[6]。最近的一项Meta分析指出,手术仍然被认为是治疗这些病变最佳的方法[17]。血管内和外科手术治疗各有其优缺点。血管内治疗的侵入性较小,发生并发症的风险相对较低[6]。而手术治疗在完全治愈SDAVF方面更为有效,因此被视为复杂性SDAVF的首选治疗方法[6]。治疗的目标在于阻止血液从近端硬膜内静脉和瘘管中流出[18]。如果治疗被延迟,那么下肢无力、感觉异常以及膀胱和直肠功能障碍等症状可能会持续存在[19]。因此,早期的诊断和治疗非常重要。

SDAVF被认为是一种严重的脊柱血管问题,对于表现出进行性脊髓病症状的患者,鉴别诊断的重要性不容忽视。由于该疾病的症状具有非特定性,进而导致了较高的误诊率,而在疾病晚期进行治疗的患者预后情况一般较差。DSA检测为SDAVF的最佳诊断标准。对SDAVF进行延迟性的诊断可能会导致神经系统出现不可恢复的并发症。因此,尽早进行诊断和治疗变得尤其重要。

声 明

该病例报道已获得病人的知情同意。

NOTES

*第一作者。

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