帕金森病伴有神经精神症状对认知功能影响的研究进展
Research Progress on the Impact of Parkinson’s Disease with Neuropsychiatric Symptoms on Cognitive Function
摘要: 轻度认知功能障碍(Mild cognitive impairment, MCI)是帕金森病(Parkinson’s disease, PD)最常见和重要的非运动症状之一,它可以在诊断PD之前或诊断时出现,并随着疾病的进展向PDD逐渐恶化,对患者自身生存质量、家庭经济情况造成显著影响。除了认知功能障碍,PD患者还会出现非认知的神经精神症状(Neuropsychiatric symptoms, NPS),包括抑郁、焦虑、冲动控制障碍、冷漠和精神病。目前有学者发现抑郁、焦虑等症状是认知功能进展的重要危险因素,对MCI的病程及预后均有重要影响。因此本文将阐述帕金森病中神经精神症状与认知功能关系的国内外研究进展及可能存在的潜在机制。
Abstract: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is one of the most common and significant non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD). It can manifest before or at the time of PD diagnosis and progressively deteriorates into Parkinson’s disease dementia (PDD) as the disease progresses, significantly impacting the quality of life of patients and their family’s economic situation. In addition to cognitive dysfunction, PD patients also exhibit non-cognitive neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS), including depression, anxiety, impulse control disorders, apathy, and psychosis. Some studies have found that symptoms such as depression and anxiety are important risk factors for cognitive progression and significantly impact the course and prognosis of MCI. Therefore, this paper will outline the current research progress at home and abroad regarding the relationship between neuropsychiatric symptoms and cognitive function in Parkinson’s disease, as well as potential underlying mechanisms.
文章引用:徐若鸿, 张维. 帕金森病伴有神经精神症状对认知功能影响的研究进展[J]. 临床个性化医学, 2024, 3(4): 1457-1463. https://doi.org/10.12677/jcpm.2024.34207

1. 轻度认知障碍

轻度认知障碍(Mild cognitive impairment, MCI) [1] [2]是指PD患者主观感觉到认知功能下降,存在照顾者或临床医师观察到的主观认知功能下降,且经神经心理测试证实存在客观认知功能损害,但其认知功能障碍严重程度未达到PDD的标准,尚不影响患者独立的日常生活能力[3]。PD-MCI为PD认知功能正常和PDD之间的中间状态,随时间发展可向PD认知功能正常或PDD双向转化[4]。有数据显示5年内PD-MCI向PDD进展的转化率约39%~50%,而11%~27.8%的PD-MCI患者认知功能转归正常[5]。目前PD-MCI诊断主要基于2012年MDS发表的诊断标准进行认知评估[6]

2. 神经精神症状

神经精神症状(Neuropsychiatric symptoms, NPS) [7]包括抑郁、焦虑、冷漠、精神病和冲动控制障碍,目前诊断多是依靠临床评估。抑郁通过老年抑郁量表(GDS-15)评估,评分 ≥ 5即可确诊[8]。焦虑采用状态-特质焦虑量表(STAI)评估,每个分量表得分 ≥ 40分可明确该疾病的诊断[9]。冲动控制障碍则通过简短版ICDs和相关行为的冲动–强迫障碍问卷评估[10]。精神病和冷漠分别通过MDS-Psychosis RS 17第I部分的幻觉/精神病项目和冷漠项目进行评估。任何1级或以上的精神病或冷漠症状被认为是存在精神病或冷漠症状[11]

3. 神经精神症状对MCI的影响

3.1. 抑郁对MCI的影响

不同研究报道的PD抑郁患病率差异较大,发病率从3%~90%不等,其中30%~40%的PD患者有明显的抑郁症状,抑郁的发生往往早于运动症状的出现,伴有认知功能的减退更为明显,因此早期干预尤为重要[12] [13]

既往多项国内外横断面研究显示PD患者伴有抑郁症状MCI发病率会更高,而且MCI患者较正常认知功能人群更容易出现抑郁症状[14]-[19]。有研究进一步揭示[19] [20]基于帕金森病合并抑郁的患者的认知功能存在一定程度的损害基础上,患者的认知功能受损程度与抑郁症状的严重程度呈正相关。然而关于抑郁对早期PD病人认知障碍方面的研究较少,吴爱勤等学者[21]在已知的额叶–纹状体环路受损的病理基础上发现合并抑郁情绪的早期PD病人的前额叶执行功能损害更明显。近年来,研究热点多集中抑郁对认知功能的纵向影响方面,Aloysius等研究者发现在18个月内PD患者早期抑郁与运动恶化和认知能力下降存在一定联系,Detao等研究者通过随访5年内神经精神症状(包括抑郁等症状)对于认知功能下降速率以及不同认知域的影响,伴有抑郁症状的PD患者会随着时间的推移,表现出认知能力下降率更高,视觉空间、记忆和执行功能等认知领域也会受损[22]。但前述研究仅通过评估抑郁症状与一系列神经心理学的关系,缺乏相关的生物学标志物,因此后续研究中,Jeong Hoon等学者在纵向研究抑郁对认知功能影响的基础上,进一步通过脑结构学分析揭示抑郁对皮质萎缩的改变,他们发现右侧岛叶和右侧颞上回的明显萎缩为抑郁对认知功能的作用机制一定程度上提供客观依据[23]

3.2. 焦虑对MCI的影响

PD患者焦虑的患病率约6%~55%,焦虑对病人的治疗依从性、心理负担及认知都有显著影响,还会增加跌倒风险。因此,早筛查、早干预、早治疗具有重要意义[24]

顾平等研究者[25]发现帕金森病中焦虑情绪对认知功能的发生密切相关,即伴有焦虑的PD患者发生认知障碍的风险比不伴有焦虑的患者高。后续学者王大力等[26]在此基础上发现焦虑可作为认知功能发生的危险因素,并揭示焦虑与认知功能障碍的发生都依赖于去甲肾上腺素能神经元的变性退化,为焦虑作用于认知障碍的机制提供了一定的理论基础。而且目前国内外研究均显示[27]-[29]焦虑不同程度地影响PD患者的认知功能,尤其是视觉空间能力、执行与记忆功能,并且可以严重影响患者的生活质量。纵向研究中,Ketevan等[30]发现基线时焦虑可预测3年随访时的MCI状态,用于区分PD-non-MCI和PD-MCI的ROC曲线下面积(AUC)为0.79%,最佳分类阈值的灵敏度为75.0%,特异性为76.2%。亦有研究[22]显示相较于不伴有焦虑的PD患者,伴有焦虑的PD患者MCI发生率更高,认知能力也随着一定时间逐渐下降。

3.3. 冷漠对MCI的影响

冷漠作为比较常见的神经精神症状,发病率通常为17%~70% [31],以情绪反应降低为主要表现,尽管目前认为帕金森患者发生冷漠与脑内铁沉积发生氧化应激反应导致α-synuclein寡聚体负荷增加有关[32],然而临床工作中,在帕金森病中,冷漠对于认知功能影响的作用机制目前还不明确。

既往观点认为伴有冷漠的帕金森病患者认知功能下降更为明显[18] [33]。后续国内研究在此基础上发现冷漠是发生认知功能障碍的独立危险因素,而受教育程度可作为保护因素[34]。纵向研究也肯定了基线时冷漠作为MCI发生的预测因子的价值[30] [35]。近年来,学者们发现非运动神经精神症状之间存在高度共病性,冷漠可作为中介因素介导抑郁对认知功能的效应,揭示5-羟色胺在早期PD冷漠中的作用。胆碱能去神经支配可能是抑郁和冷漠与认知能力下降之间关系的一个可能机制[36] [37]。然而,很少有研究调查了PD患者冷漠的认知和神经解剖学相关性,并且这些研究没有控制其他神经精神共病的存在,因此Hamad等研究者在此基础上通过VBM方法测量不同组间的脑区体积发现PD伴有冷漠的患者中,认知能力下降和局部脑萎缩之间存在特定的相关性。表现在额、顶叶等脑区的体积损失,从而为冷漠对于认知障碍的影响提供了影像学证据。然而该研究样本量较小,且并未控制症状的严重程度对于认知的影响,后续研究可从此方向进一步探究。

3.4. 精神病对MCI的影响

精神病在帕金森病中的发病率为20%~30%,包括幻觉、幻觉和妄想[38]。精神病与帕金森病人生活质量差和痴呆发展风险增加有关,因此早期干预和探寻其机制具有重要意义[39]

既往研究多经过分析帕金森精神病与认知量表的相关性得出其影响机制,Jared等[40]通过研究非痴呆PD参与者的精神病与简易精神状态检查(MMSE)上的关系发现基线时伴有精神病的帕金森患者存在执行功能障碍、定向障碍和语言理解障碍。Sara等[41]通过控制年龄、性别、种族、教育程度和PD特异性症状作为感兴趣的协变量,并进一步扩大样本量,纵向分析了精神病与认知能力下降的轨迹之间的关系,即PD精神病患者在语言的语义方面、处理速度、整体认知、视觉空间能力和记忆方面表现出明显下降。Luca等研究者[42]通过比较伴或不伴精神病的帕金森病人的认知域受损数量和程度,为精神病对认知的影响提供了新的视角,即帕金森伴有精神病患者在所有主要领域的表现更差,其中整体认知、处理速度和执行功能最有可能受损。后续研究中,研究者更加关注精神病对于认知功能的神经解剖相关的机制,Javier等[43]发现基线时中脑和小脑等后质区域局部灰质体积减少对PD认知功能的影响具有重要意义。H Bejr等研究者[44]进一步比较基线和1年内随访期间伴或不伴轻微幻觉的患者轻微幻觉对认知障碍和皮质萎缩进展的影响,发现视觉感知区域表现出GMV降低。除了前述灰质区域的发现,Abhishek等[45]通过弥散张量成像(DTI)分析伴精神病和不伴精神病患者白质纤维束的差异,发现PD-P组的FA存在广泛的异常模式,并与一些认知评分相关,包括下纵束、额枕下束、右顶枕WM、胼胝体和皮质脊髓束。但本研究的研究样本量偏小,需要额外的纵向研究来证实进一步的差异解剖区域变化。

3.5. 冲动控制障碍对MCI的影响

冲动控制障碍(Impulse control disorders, ICDs) [46]包括病理性赌博、性欲亢进、强迫性购物、强迫性饮食、强迫性服药等,发病率通常约20%~30%。伴有ICDs的PD患者可能会出现情绪障碍以及记忆损害,同时伴有严重的自我意识缺陷和认知损害,通常影响患者的空间–视觉能力、工作记忆等,此外ICDs还可能与认知损害相互影响,形成恶性循环,患者在冲动行为的驱使下,可能无法做出合理的决策和判断,导致认知功能进一步下降[47] [48]。目前主流观点认为帕金森病ICDs的发生与黑质纹状体、中皮质和中脑边缘多巴胺能通路相关[49]

尽管目前关于ICDs对于认知的影响尚不明确,大多数研究表明ICDs与认知功能下降相关,并可作为认知功能损伤进展的预测因子[22] [50] [51]。Aleksander等[52]的研究结果显示有和没有ICDs的患者之间的认知变化没有差异。同样,Chiara等[53]发现伴有ICDs的PD患者随着时间的推移表现出相对较低的认知衰退。然而目前关于ICDs对认知功能影响的脑形态计量学分析很少,仅Biundo等[54]发现PD-ICDs患者的认知功能相对保留,但基于体素的形态学回归分析(VBM)显示PD-ICDs患者与PD-ICDs的患者之间没有显著差异,因此后续研究需进一步是否存在相关影像学证据来解释该种机制。

4. 小结与展望

我国老龄化趋势逐渐加剧。因此,老年人群健康状况评估对于国家的意义不言而喻。而随着帕金森病患者轻度认知障碍患病率的上升,预防和治疗MCI对降低痴呆发生率具有重要意义。目前的研究强调,抑郁、焦虑等神经精神症状是MCI发生、发展的危险因素。因此,早期识别和干预这些神经精神症状,有助于预防MCI的发生并延缓其向痴呆的转化。在早期阶段,积极采取干预措施,纠正不良生活习惯,并提供心理支持,对提高患者生活质量至关重要[55]。社区医护人员应将MCI患者作为重点人群,除了进行认知训练,还应注重神经精神症状的评估和管理,制定有效的策略来应对负性情绪,从而对日常生活能力产生积极影响[56]

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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