谈撤销监护制度之诉主体相关问题

On Issues Related to the Subject of Lawsuits for Revocation of Guardianship System

摘要: 《民法总则》首次在法律的层面对监护撤销制度进行了全面的规定，将原来《民法通则》中过于原则性的规定具体化，使之更具操作性。但对于撤销监护的申请主体、申请事由及其产生的法律效果的规定，理论与实务中仍然不乏争议。就撤销监护主体而言，撤销监护的申请主体之间不存在先后顺位的要求；“两委”(村委会、居委会)作为申请撤销监护的主体，是否有其合理性与可操作性。再者基于法律间协调性，《民法典》规定撤销监护权的申请主体范围相对狭窄，操作性较弱，实践中部分申请撤销监护权的人主动性弱或因客观条件制约难以启动诉讼程序。尤其是排除被监护人自身的撤销之诉的主体资格缺乏足够的法理依据。本文通过对相关制度的合理解释，明确相关概念的内涵与外延，尽可能在现有的框架下，准确理解和适用撤销监护的主体。

Abstract: For the first time, the “General Provisions of the Civil Law” have made comprehensive provisions on the guardianship revocation system at the legal level, specifying the excessively principled provisions in the original “General Principles of the Civil Law” and making them more operational. However, there is still no lack of disputes in theory and practice on the provisions on the subject of the application, the cause of application and the legal effect. As far as the subject of revocation of guardianship is concerned, there is no requirement of succession between the applicants for revocation of guardianship; whether the “two committees” (village committee, neighborhood committee), as the subject of the application for revocation of guardianship, have its rationality and operability. Moreover, based on the coordination between laws, the “Civil Code” stipulates that the scope of applicants for guardianship cancellation is relatively narrow, and the operability is weak. In practice, some people applying for guardianship cancellation have weak initiative or it is difficult to start litigation proceedings due to objective conditions. In particular, the subject qualification of excluding the cancellation of the lawsuit lacks sufficient legal basis. Through the reasonable interpretation of the relevant system, this paper makes clear the connotation and extension of the relevant concepts, and can accurately understand and apply the subject of guardianship revocation under the existing framework as far as possible.