一例Masaok IVa期巨大胸腺瘤的治疗回顾及文献复习
Treatment of Masaok Stage IVa Giant Thymoma: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2024.14123089, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 周镇锋, 龙浩健, 黎 山, 赵建夫*:暨南大学第一附属医院肿瘤科肿瘤诊疗研究中心,广东 广州;暨南大学第一临床医学院,广东 广州
关键词: 巨大胸腺瘤Masaoka IVa期复发免疫治疗放射治疗Giant Thymoma Masaoka Stage IVa Recurrence Immunotherapy Radiotherapy
摘要: 临床上巨大胸腺瘤案例罕见,对于IVa期巨大胸腺瘤治疗方法尚无共识,且可供选择的治疗方法又尤为缺乏。本文介绍一例35岁Masaoka IVa期巨大胸腺瘤的患者,行手术切除后联合化疗及免疫治疗,获得无复发生存时间(Recurrence Free Survival, RFS)为13个月,复发后又通过局部放疗联合化疗、免疫治疗后基本达到完全缓解(Complete Response, CR)。临床上对于Masaoka IVa期巨大胸腺瘤患者应采取多学科诊疗模式,即以手术为主,全身及局部治疗为辅的治疗模式下进行。随着免疫治疗在胸腺瘤中的机制及疗效正不断被披露,本例患者加用免疫治疗后取得不错的疗效,且未见明显副作用,这也提示我们免疫治疗的加入或可使难治性胸腺瘤从治疗中获益,或为临床决策提供了更多的选择。
Abstract: Giant thymoma cases are rare in clinical practice, and there remains a lack of consensus regarding treatment approaches for stage IVa giant thymomas. Furthermore, the available treatment options are limited. The present study reports on a case of a 35-year-old patient diagnosed with Masaoka stage IVa thymoma, who underwent surgical resection followed by combined chemotherapy and immunotherapy, achieving a recurrence-free survival time (RFS) of 13 months. Furthermore, upon relapse, the patient attained near-complete response (CR) through local radiotherapy in combination with chemotherapy and immunotherapy. In clinical practice, a multidisciplinary approach is recommended for patients with Masaoka stage IVa thymoma, wherein surgery serves as the primary treatment of giant thymoma treatment and systemic and local therapies are employed as adjunctive treatments. With an increasing comprehension of the mechanisms and efficacy of immunotherapy in thymomas, this case demonstrates favorable therapeutic effects without significant adverse reactions upon the addition of immunotherapy. This implies that incorporating immunotherapy may confer benefits to patients with refractory thymoma while offering additional options for clinical decision-making.
文章引用:周镇锋, 龙浩健, 黎山, 赵建夫. 一例Masaok IVa期巨大胸腺瘤的治疗回顾及文献复习[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(12): 361-369. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2024.14123089

1. 前言

胸腺瘤是起源于胸腺上皮细胞的肿瘤,根据美国癌症登记数据显示,胸腺瘤总体发病率为0.13/100万,占所有恶性肿瘤的0.2%~1.5% [1],Masaoka IVa期胸腺瘤约占所有胸腺肿瘤的6.8% [2] [3],在这6.8%当中,Masaoka IVa期巨大胸腺瘤更是少之又少。在大多数情况下,胸腺瘤表现出惰性行为,但有5%的病例,胸腺瘤可沿浆膜扩散,如胸膜(70%)和心包,表现出肿瘤的局部侵袭性[3]。对于Masaok IVa期胸腺瘤的治疗目前争议较大,尚无共识,且其复发率高[4]-[6]。我们报道一例巨大胸腺瘤术后区域转移后复发的经诊过程,同时进行相应的文献回顾和总结,以期为临床诊疗策略的选择和实践提供一定参考。

2. 病例报告

2021年8月,一名35岁女性因胸闷气促伴双上肢水肿就诊我院,患者颜面部及双上肢中度水肿,完善胸部计算机断层扫描(CT),结果见(图1)并完善肿物经皮空芯针活检怀疑胸腺瘤,体格检查和血清学检查暂排除重症肌无力或其他副肿瘤综合征的证据。经过多学科讨论,根据欧洲肿瘤内科学会(European Society for Medical Oncology, ESMO)指南,提出了先行肿瘤血管栓塞术,后行单侧胸腔镜胸腺切除术,经第五肋间隙进入胸腔,探查见肿瘤长满左侧胸腔,肿瘤包膜基本完整,未侵犯主动脉弓、胸主动脉及左锁骨下动脉等大血管,包绕并侵犯心包组织及左肺组织,左肺组织长期受压实变,予一并切除左肺组织,术后肿瘤病理结果诊断为胸腺瘤B2型(Masaoka-Koga分期IVA期) (图2)。

术后考虑患者肿物巨大,向周围组织侵犯明显,不排除显微镜下肿瘤残留,肿瘤复发风险大,随接受4程化疗联合免疫治疗:具体为紫杉醇 + 信迪利单抗200 mg,治疗期间定期复查胸部CT未见明显复发征象(图1)。且综合治疗期间定期进行血液检查评估有无免疫相关不良反应(irAEs),未观察到>3级irAE (图3)。

Figure 1. CT: (a) The left pleura exhibits thickening accompanied by the development of a substantial tumor, measuring approximately 26.1 cm × 15.6 cm × 13.4 cm in dimensions. The tumor has locally breached the pleural membrane, leading to significant accumulation of fluid within the pericardium and mediastinum. (b) The postoperative CT scan revealed no evidence of tumor recurrence

1. CT:(a) 左侧胸膜增厚,伴实质肿瘤形成,尺寸约26.1 cm × 15.6 cm × 13.4 cm。肿瘤局部突破胸膜,导致心包和纵隔内大量积液。(b) 术后CT扫描未见肿瘤复发

Figure 2. Under microscopic examination, the tumor exhibits a heterogeneous composition of epithelial-like neoplastic cells and lymphocytes. The epithelial cells are dispersed or organized in clusters, accompanied by an abundant presence of lymphocytes within the stromal compartment. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrates positive immunoreactivity for CK, CK5/6, CK19, CD5, CD20, P63, TdT markers and approximately 70% positivity for Ki-67 staining. Based on the aforementioned morphological and immunohistochemical findings, the diagnosis of B2 thymoma is established

2. 显微镜下,肿瘤呈现上皮样肿瘤细胞和淋巴细胞的异质性组成。上皮细胞呈分散或成簇状排列,基质室内有大量淋巴细胞。免疫组化分析显示CK、CK5/6、CK19、CD5、CD20、P63、TdT标记物免疫反应阳性,Ki-67染色约70%阳性。根据上述形态学和免疫组化检查结果,确定B2胸腺瘤的诊断

Figure 3. Variations in hematological test outcomes during immunotherapy treatment

3. 免疫治疗期间血液学检查结果变化

随访过程中患者出现左侧胸部疼痛,疼痛评分(numerical rating scale, NRS) 4分,不排除胸膜复发可能,遂完善正电子发射断层扫描(PET-CT)检查(2022-09-21),结果显示左侧胸膜不均匀增厚,糖代谢增高,最大SUV约6.1,累及左侧第2~8后肋、T2椎体、T2/3、T8/9、T9/10左侧椎间孔及椎管;考虑肿瘤转移及复发可能(图5(a)~(c))。遂于2022-09-26起采用Varian Vitalbeam直线加速器X线下行IMRT放射治疗。照射范围:左后侧胸壁,处方剂量:50 Gy/25F,放疗计划见图4。放疗结束后复查胸部磁共振检查(2022-11-13)见病灶范围较前缩小,疗效评估为PR,续予上段照射部位缩野放疗,局部推量20 Gy/10F,放疗期间联合予信迪利单抗200 mg免疫治疗。

Figure 4. Map of radiation therapy dose distribution

4. 放射治疗剂量分布图

放疗结束后复查PET-CT (2023-02-16),结果显示与前次PET/CT比较,左侧胸膜后上份(脊柱旁为著)病灶缩小,糖代谢减低(图5(d)~(f));疗效评估为PR,继续予紫杉醇 + 信迪利单抗200 mg综合治疗4程后复查PET-CT (2023-08-30),结果显示与前次PET/CT比较,左侧胸膜病灶糖代谢减低,糖代谢降至本底水平(图5(g)~(i));与患者沟通后,考虑目前肿瘤整体代谢低,病灶基本退缩,基本达到CR。当前患者定期复查。

Figure 5. (a)~(c) PET-CT results obtained on September 21, 2022; (d)~(f) PET-CT results acquired on February 16, 2023; (g)~(i) PET-CT results obtained on August 30, 2023

5. (a)~(c) 2022年9月21日PET-CT结果;(d)~(f) 2023年2月16日PET-CT结果;(g)~(i) 2023年8月30日PET-CT结果

3. 讨论

胸腺瘤是前纵膈最常见的原发肿瘤,起病较为隐匿,其在年轻人中的发病率极低,只有11%的胸腺瘤在35岁之前被诊断出来[7] [8]。胸腺瘤的病因目前尚未明确,有证据表明,胸腺瘤和其他疾病之间的许多联系,如自身免疫性疾病、血管疾病、血液疾病、肿瘤等相关。其早期常无明显症状,仅影像学上表现为纵隔肿块,随着肿瘤的生长和浸润,可逐渐出现胸痛、颈部肿块或上腔静脉综合征等症状,约1/3病例同时伴有重症肌无力[9]。胸腺瘤根据WHO 2015分型系统可分为A、AB、B1、B2、B3、C型[10] [11],不同分型预后各有差异,其中A、AB、B1型预后较好;临床上对胸腺瘤常使用Masaoka-Koga分期,胸腺瘤的预后主要与病理分型,手术切缘情况、有无包膜形成及周围组织侵犯及远处转移相关。尽管总体预后较好,仍有部分患者在初诊时已出现远处转移[12] [13]

本例患者为青年女性,以上腔静脉综合征为首发症状入院,胸部CT见胸腔巨大肿块且累及胸膜,未见远处转移,术后诊断为胸腺瘤(Masaoka IVa期)。Masaoka IVa期胸腺瘤的治疗方案尚无定论,缺乏1级证据来指导治疗。目前已经证实胸腺瘤对化疗敏感[14],但诱导化疗是否可以提高手术转化或生存获益仍存在争议,部分研究认为术前化疗可提高IVa期患者的手术切除率及总生存率[15] [16],但一些研究对此则持相反结论[17]-[19]。部分研究中心另外报道了其他的治疗模式,即直接手术治疗[20],亦有部分专家认为IVa期胸腺瘤已有广泛胸膜转移,手术难以完全切除肿瘤[21]。诱导化疗是不可切除胸腺瘤的优先选择,这是因为胸腺瘤对化疗敏感,且诱导化疗可使肿瘤缩小,从而提高R0切除的可能性[22] [23]。有文献报道外科手术最大程度地切除肿瘤后择期行辅助治疗也可获得相对较长的总生存期[24] [25]。本例患者肿瘤对周围组织压迫明显,心包大量积液,影响呼吸及循环功能,难以耐受诱导化疗等手段,且随时有生命危险,故手术成为首选治疗方案,但考虑肿瘤血供丰富,较大的滋养血管起自膈肌血管,位置低难以暴露结扎血管,大大增加了手术的难度及风险,综合考虑下先行肿瘤血管栓塞术后行手术。

有研究表明,胸腺瘤术后复发与Masaoka的初始分期、肿瘤病理类型和肿瘤大小相关[26] [27],同时有文献报道指出胸腺瘤是一种放射敏感性和化学敏感性的肿瘤。 因此,高分期的胸腺瘤通常通过手术联合全身化疗和放疗的多模式治疗方案,但由于其罕见性,这种辅助化疗方案目前尚未标准化[28] [29]。考虑到本例患者初始分期晚且肿瘤巨大,术后复发风险高,且目前Masaoka-Koga或TNM分期均未纳入肿瘤最大径作为预后指标,若按照NCCN指南行术后的放射治疗[30],按常规勾画临床靶区对正常组织损伤大,且靠近心脏及肺等重要器官,高辐射剂量与心血管疾病风险增加之间存在明显关联[31] [32],因而限制了肿瘤的治疗剂量,难以达到预期疗效。此外胸腺瘤术后复发多见于胸膜,有文献报道行胸膜局部区域放射治疗并不能减少其复发的风险[33]。多学科评估后考虑患者术前肿物累及范围大,占据左侧胸腔,并侵犯心包组织,目前行辅助放疗风险高,总生存期无法获益。考虑胸腺瘤PD-L1表达频率高,免疫检查点抑制剂(ICIs)是治疗晚期胸腺瘤的潜在选择,但胸腺是免疫系统发育的淋巴器官,接受免疫治疗发生irAEs的风险高,因此较少被选择。当前随着免疫治疗在胸腺瘤中的机制及疗效正不断被披露,彻底改变了肿瘤的治疗格局,特别是两个最主要的免疫检查点,即程序性死亡受体1 (PD-1)和其配体1 (PD-L1)抑制剂。有文献指出胸腺瘤患者中PD-L1呈高水平表达,特别是在B2/3胸腺瘤尤为显著[34],且与Masaoka-Koga分期正相关[35]。化疗可提高胸腺瘤中的PD-L1表达[36],PD-L1的表达为ICIs在胸腺瘤中的应用提供了理论依据,故我们采取化疗联合免疫治疗的术后辅助治疗方案。在韩国一项PD-1治疗胸腺瘤的前瞻性研究中共纳入7例胸腺瘤患者,其中2例疗效为PR (28.6%),5例疗效为SD (71.6%),ORR为28.6%,疾病控制率为100% [37]。Song等[38]的研究结果显示PD-1、PD-L1抑制剂等免疫治疗药物对胸腺瘤同样有效,Hao等[39]的研究进一步验证了免疫治疗在胸腺瘤中的疗效。以上研究虽然证实免疫治疗在胸腺瘤患者中的疗效,但其IrAEs也不容忽视。接受免疫治疗的胸腺瘤患者可能会出现严重的毒性反应,特别是心肌炎、肌炎/肌痛、肝炎和重症肌无力[40]。Hao等[39]的研究显示11例胸腺瘤患者中IrAEs的发生率为45.5%,其中一例胸腺瘤患者因急性心重症肌无力肌损伤导致心肌炎,危及生命,报道的免疫相关性心肌炎的发生率为36.4% [41],但本例患者在治疗期间定期进行血液检查未见相关副作用的发生,这可能与该患者在治疗过程中未出现自身免疫疾病相关。

13个月后,患者因左侧胸部疼痛返院复诊,完善PET-CT后显示区域复发。但因胸腺瘤通常是局部或区域复发,较少发生远处转移,即使复发仍可采用放化疗或二次手术等治疗手段进行干预。有文献指出,对于局部复发的胸腺瘤,推荐再次行手术切除治疗[42] [43],Hamaji等[44]研究中共纳入278例复发性胸腺瘤的治疗结果进行比较,比较发现手术治疗较非手术治疗相比有着更高的5年总生存率(Overall Survival, OS)和10年OS。而对于不可切除的区域复发患者,放疗或化疗也有着不错的5年OS和10年OS [45]。本例患者复发广泛累及胸膜、肋骨及椎体,无法行复发灶的手术切除治疗,故采取了复发灶的区域精准放疗。放疗结束后复查PET-CT显示复发病灶较前显著缩小,且肿瘤代谢明显降低。结合患者年龄因素及个人意愿等综合考虑后继续化疗联合免疫治疗:具体为紫杉醇 + 信迪利单抗200 mg,4程综合治疗后患者在2023年8月实现接近CR的疗效。

4. 结论

由于胸腺瘤整体发病率低,临床上Masaok IVa期巨大型胸腺瘤的患者更是少之又少,国内外对其研究有限,目前尚无标准治疗方案,且可能存在病例数不足、方案不同、数据偏移等问题影响。本文通过对一例Masaok IVa期巨大型胸腺瘤应用手术及放化疗联合免疫治疗的病例报道及相关文献的学习,为其综合治疗策略提供了一定的参考和经验。但因综合治疗在个体的耐受及敏感性中仍存在差异,且可供参考的文献较少,期待后续开展控制混杂因素的大规模前瞻性研究进一步验证,为相关疾病的诊治提供一种新的诊疗思路。同时,建立多学科团队,筛选胸腺肿瘤免疫治疗获益人群及免疫不良反应高风险人群也具有重要价值。

声 明

该病例报道已获得病人的知情同意。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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