不同麻醉方式对老年患者术后认知功能障碍影响的研究进展
Research Progress on the Effects of Different Anesthesia Methods on Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction in Elderly Patients
DOI: 10.12677/jcpm.2024.34225, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 杜雨亭:暨南大学第二临床医学院,广东 深圳;戴中亮*:深圳市人民医院麻醉科,广东 深圳
关键词: 区域麻醉全身麻醉多模式麻醉老年人手术术后认知功能障碍Regional Anesthesia General Anesthesia Multimodal Anesthesia Surgery for the Elderly Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction
摘要: 术后认知功能障碍(postoperative cognitive dysfunction, POCD)通常是指发生在麻醉、手术后,尤其是老年人出现认知能力的明显下降,其中包括记忆力、注意力、协调性、定向力、语言流畅性和执行功能。老龄化趋势正在逐年加剧,需要麻醉及手术的老年患者人数也与日俱增。近年来为减少POCD的发生发展,不同麻醉方式已成为讨论热点。本文将现阶段不同麻醉方式对老年患者POCD的影响进行总结,旨在为今后临床麻醉工作提供一定参考。
Abstract: Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) usually refers to a significant decline in cognitive ability after anesthesia and surgery, especially in the elderly, including memory, attention, coordination, orientation, language fluency and executive function. The aging trend is increasing year by year, and the number of elderly patients requiring anesthesia and surgery is also increasing. In recent years, in order to reduce the occurrence and development of POCD, different anesthesia methods have become a hot topic of discussion. This article summarizes the effects of different anesthesia methods on POCD in elderly patients at this stage, aiming to provide some reference for future clinical anesthesia work.
文章引用:杜雨亭, 戴中亮. 不同麻醉方式对老年患者术后认知功能障碍影响的研究进展[J]. 临床个性化医学, 2024, 3(4): 1568-1572. https://doi.org/10.12677/jcpm.2024.34225

1. 引言

术后认知功能障碍(POCD)是手术后常见的疾病,严重威胁着患者尤其是老年人的生活质量。随着麻醉和外科手术的普及,POCD在世界范围内受到越来越多关注。医学人文和康复医学的发展对POCD的准确诊断和安全治疗系统提出了更高的要求。虽然对POCD的研究如火如荼地进行,但由于一些相互矛盾的结果和有争议的证据,其潜在发病机制仍然没有定论。目前潜在的病理生理学仍不完全清楚,但可能涉及多种生物机制,包括神经递质释放受损、炎症、生理应激源,以及代谢和电解质紊乱等[1]。一般认为,POCD与痴呆、抑郁症、阿尔兹海默病等神经精神疾病在分子途径上密切相关。老年AD加重了POCD的风险,与AD相关的神经通路参与了POCD的病因学。AD的分子标志物Aβ沉积和TAU蛋白磷酸化在POCD中也呈增加趋势。

人口老龄化被公认为21世纪重大世界性社会问题之一。随着老龄化的加剧,目前临床上老年病患的手术量占比全部手术量高达60%。

人口老龄化和医学的新发展都意味着接受广泛手术的老年患者数量将继续上升。术后认知障碍是大手术后常见的一种疾病。随着医学和治疗的进步,接受大型外科手术的人口日益老龄化。由于年龄是导致术后认知功能下降的最重要的风险因素,因此近三分之一的老年患者在术后出现认知功能障碍也就不足为奇了。数据调查显示超过12%认知功能正常的人在经历手术和麻醉后会发生术后认知功能障碍或术后谵妄[2] [3],与此同时它也与其他并发症也有一定的相关性,不仅延长了患者的住院时间,增加了医疗支出与负担,降低老年患者晚期的生活质量,还给家庭及社会带来巨大压力。那么对于老年人的打击也不言而喻了[4]-[8]

2. 术后认知功能障碍与麻醉关系

目前关于POCD的发病机制尚不清楚,可能是多种因素交错的结果。与POCD密切相关的因素包括术前年龄、身体状况等因素;围术期因素有手术时间、麻醉方式、术中低血压、术后感染等因素。年龄是目前公认的影响POCD发生的重要因素之一。麻醉和手术可在一定程度上损害老年患者的认知功能,造成其罹患POCD [9]

通常来说,随着侵入性程度大小、手术时间长短以及失血量多少等因素的改变,发生POCD风险也会随之改变[10]。尤其是心脏大血管手术和骨科手术,可能与心脏大血管手术往往需要进行体外循环以及骨科手术需要长时间固定产生微血栓引起的局灶性脑梗死相关联[11] [12]。而论及麻醉,麻醉相关的诱发因素包括麻醉药物及麻醉方式2个方面,其中麻醉方式就包括区域麻醉(regional anaesthesia, RA)和全身麻醉(general anaesthesia, GA)两种。但是,目前究竟对于哪种麻醉方式对罹患POCD的风险较大仍存在较大争议。

3. 区域麻醉对POCD的影响

区域麻醉可以分为椎管内麻醉(spinal canal anesthesia, SA)和神经阻滞麻醉(nerve blocking anesthesia)。身体上不同部位,由不同神经去支配,神经阻滞麻醉就是在手术区域相对应的神经上利用局麻药进行阻滞。而椎管内麻醉又细分出几种不同麻醉方法,包括硬膜外麻醉、蛛网膜下腔麻醉、骶管麻醉等。区域麻醉的麻醉药物作用大多只作用于局部神经区域,对中枢神经系统的影响相对较少。因而与全身麻醉相比易于使用和较少的阿片类药物消耗而受到部分麻醉医生的青睐。

目前对POCD病理生理的理解被认为是神经炎症和突触损伤引起的胆碱能功能障碍。因此,许多人认为局部麻醉可能会限制其发展。既往研究表明,与全身麻醉相比,区域麻醉可通过限制麻醉药物使用,可以减少术后认知功能障碍的发生率,降低死亡率和降低围术期并发症[13]-[17]。根据Edipoglu等[18]通过比较全身麻醉与区域麻醉对老年患者全膝关节置换手术后认知功能影响的随机对照实验,研究发现区域麻醉比全身麻醉能产生更好的效果(体现在神经认识评估量表上),接受区域麻醉的患者会出现皮质醇升高、胰岛素降低和葡萄糖水平升高,说明POCD发生可能与区域麻醉下全膝关节手术应激反应增加有关,因此接受关节置换手术的患者接受区域麻醉可降低POCD发生风险。与此同时另一项研究[19]表明,与全麻相比,椎管内麻醉能有效缩短老年患者骨科术后睁眼时间和语言表达时间,对这类患者的短期认知功能和精神状态影响较小,POCD的发生率较低。然而,在Li等[20]的研究中发现在65岁及以上患者髋部骨折手术后与全身麻醉相比,不使用镇静剂的区域麻醉并不能显著降低术后谵妄的发生率。

4. 全身麻醉对POCD的影响

一般认为,全身麻醉可以安全地诱导一种可逆的大脑状态,使手术在最佳条件下进行。实际临床中所涉及到的全身麻醉药物包括静脉麻醉药物及吸入麻醉药物。其中可能增加POCD罹患率的药物包括:术前用药东莨菪,麻醉诱导用药丙泊酚、依托咪酯、苯二氮类药物,吸入麻醉药及镇痛阿片类药物等。

Song等[21]通过对是否长期吸入异氟醚的小鼠的研究发现,吸入异氟醚的老年小鼠发生记忆缺失及昼夜节律紊乱的更严重、更持久。以及Satomoto等[22]发现长期给小鼠吸入七氟烷可以减少胶质细胞释放炎性因子从而可以减少POCD和谵妄的发生及发展。Zuo等[23]通过对小鼠体内腺苷I和腺苷I受体的变化从而监测POCD的发生是否与异氟醚的吸入相关,从而最终证明了长期吸入异氟醚会导致腺苷I受体的表达增加。De等[24]通过对60例老年患者研究发现芬太尼可以促进IL-1、IL-6及IL-10的释放,增加POCD的发生率,而与此同时瑞芬太尼替代芬太尼的使用并不会减少POCD的发生率。因此也值得提醒麻醉医师在今后的工作中在为老年患者选择麻醉时尽量避免或减少使用以上可能诱发POCD麻醉药物,也可应用相应的拮抗药物(氟马西尼拮抗苯二氮类镇静药,降低POCD罹患率),从而从一定程度上减低老年人术后罹患认知功能障碍的可能性。更应该引起我们注意的是现已有相关研究[25] [26]证实接受全身麻醉的手术患者的痴呆发病率高于接受区域麻醉的手术患者。

5. 多模式联合麻醉对POCD的影响

多模式联合麻醉(multi-mode combined anesthesia)指同时使用两种及两种以上的麻醉方式来实施麻醉以期达到舒适化手术的基本要求。其中静吸复合麻醉、椎管内联合术中麻醉辅助用药以及神经阻滞联合全麻的使用最为广泛。

通常认为选择多模式联合麻醉的益处往往要大于选择单一麻醉方式,不仅仅局限于认知功能方面的改善,而且对术中血流动力学的稳定、术后镇痛、住院时长及经济费用等方面也有着一定积极影响。根据杨凯[27]等人最新的研究显示右美托咪定复合腰–硬联合麻醉对髋关节置换术患者的镇静镇痛效果确切,能够有效抑制氧化应激反应,提高血流动力学稳定性,减轻对患者术后认知功能的不良影响,安全性较高。

与此同时自从ERAS理念问世以来,联合麻醉也渐渐更加引起大家关注,例如全麻联合椎管内麻醉兼具两者优点,同时能减少全麻药物的使用,其在POCD的研究中也得到了认可。张洋等[28]认为全身麻醉复合硬膜外麻醉有助于老年患者术后血流动力学稳定且对认知功能影响甚微,同时术后其他并发症发生率也低。结肠癌根治术后患者早期POCD研究中发现,全麻联合硬膜外麻醉优于单纯应用全身麻醉。

6. 小结

麻醉/手术后短期或长期认知功能即为POCD,它会影响学习、记忆、信息处理和认知功能。POCD在老年人中的发病率尤为突出。衰老加上外界刺激可能会显著导致老年人的认知能力下降和POCD的发生率。麻醉和手术对大脑的影响正受到越来越多的关注。随着当今社会预期寿命的普遍延长,许多人会选择手术来对抗疾病。然后不同麻醉方式的选择及配伍药物的使用现阶段没有明确定论,这就需要临床和基础医学的工作者们致力于探索POCD的发病机制,开发有效的药物,提高麻醉及手术水平。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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