妊娠期急性脂肪肝的诊断及预后相关指标的探究
Exploration of Diagnostic and Prognostic Indicators for Acute Fatty Liver of Pregnancy
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2024.14123232, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 孙晓青, 沙 怡, 高 娜:西安医学院研工部,陕西 西安;董 晋*:西北妇女儿童医院产科,陕西 西安
关键词: 妊娠期急性脂肪肝诊断鉴别诊断病情评估Acute Fatty Liver of Pregnancy Diagnosis Pathogenesis Disease Severity Assessment
摘要: 妊娠期急性脂肪肝(AFLP)是一种妊娠期乃至产褥期罕见但危及生命的并发症,多发生在妊娠晚期,在80多年前首次被报道为一种独特的妊娠综合征。它对于母亲和胎儿而言通常都是致命的。AFLP早期仅表现为恶心、呕吐、腹部不适等,辅助检查时常不能提供有价值的线索,因此很难识别,而其又要依靠实验室检查结果和临床症状来做出诊断,这就导致了目前大多医生对其认识不足,使得AFLP的准确诊断和有效治疗成为医生临床工作中的挑战。充分了解AFLP的危险因素、临床特征和检查结果对于及时诊断和治疗至关重要。本文将对妊娠期急性脂肪肝的发病机制、诊断方式及预后相关指标进行综述,以期为临床提供参考。
Abstract: Acute fatty liver disease in pregnancy (AFLP) is a rare but life-threatening complication of pregnancy and puerperium that occurs more often during the third trimester and was first reported as a distinct pregnancy syndrome more than 80 years ago. It is usually fatal to both mother and fetus. Early manifestations of AFLP are only nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort, etc. Auxiliary examination often fails to provide valuable clues, so it is difficult to identify AFLP, and its diagnosis depends on laboratory examination results and clinical symptoms, which leads to the lack of understanding of AFLP by most doctors, making accurate diagnosis and effective treatment of AFLP a challenge for doctors in clinical work. A full understanding of the risk factors, clinical features and test results of AFLP is essential for its timely diagnosis and treatment. This article will review the pathogenesis, diagnostic methods and prognostic indicators of acute fatty liver in pregnancy, in order to provide clinical reference.
文章引用:孙晓青, 沙怡, 高娜, 董晋. 妊娠期急性脂肪肝的诊断及预后相关指标的探究[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(12): 1402-1410. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2024.14123232

1. 引言

妊娠期急性脂肪肝(acute fatty liver of pregnancy, AFLP)是一种罕见但病情危急的产科特有疾病,1940年由Sheehan首次报道,多发于妊娠晚期或产褥早期,也可见于妊娠中晚期,发病孕周多为妊娠35周,其发病率为1/7000~1/20,000 [1]-[3],双胎妊娠的患病风险甚至高达单胎妊娠的14倍[4]。所致孕产妇的死亡率为16.5%到26.7%,新生儿死亡率为7%~66% [5]。其病情危重,发展迅速,常通过引起肝衰竭导致孕产妇死亡。有数据显示[6],发病一周内终止妊娠,存活率可达100%;发病2周以上终止妊娠,死亡率达30%。因而,早期诊断、早期终止妊娠可明显改善患者预后,降低母婴死亡率。由于AFLP表现出的恶心、呕吐和腹部不适等早期症状缺乏特异性,因此很难识别[7],且其与HELLP综合征、子痫前期(PE)的相关诊断指标重合[8],想要早期诊断AFLP常有一定的困难,所以很多患者确诊时已为重症。

2. AFLP的发病机制及背景

目前,AFLP的发病机制还不明确,但越来越多的研究表明,AFLP与线粒体脂肪酸氧化功能障碍有关。Sathish Kumar Natarajan和Emily E Naoum等[9] [10]在研究中发现,母体AFLP与胎儿线粒体长链羟基酰基-CoA脱氢酶(LCHAD)编码基因的同源突变高度相关。LCHAD作为线粒体脂肪酸氧化的重要酶之一,其基因突变可导致3-羟基脂肪酸在胎盘中积聚,然后分流到母体的循环中,脂肪酸氧化功能障碍诱导了过氧化应激反应和炎症细胞因子大量释放,损害了血管内皮功能,从而诱导线粒体功能障碍和肝脂肪细胞凋亡,最终导致AFLP的发生。同时,过多的游离脂肪酸沉积于胎盘中,导致胎盘血液灌注不足,对胎儿造成缺氧性损害[11]

3. AFLP的诊断

3.1. Swansea标准

目前临床诊断AFLP的最常用方法为Swansea标准[12] [13]:呕吐;腹痛;多饮/多尿;脑病;胆红素升高(>14 μmol/L);葡萄糖降低(<4 mmol/L);尿酸升高(>340 μmol/L);白细胞升高(>11 × 109/L);腹水或超声中肝脏密度增高;转氨酶升高(ALT或AST > 42 U/L);血氨升高(>47 μmol/L);肾功能受损(肌酐 > 150 μmol/L);凝血功能异常(PT > 14 s或APTT > 34 s);肝活检病理示微血管性脂肪变性。以上指标≥6项符合即可诊断AFLP。在英国的一篇队列研究中[4],在确诊的57例AFLP患者中,有55例都是通过Swansea标准和临床评估确诊,临床评估与使用Swansea诊断标准的符合率约为97%。尽管现阶段Swansea标准用于诊断AFLP的价值得到了普遍认可,但很多学者认为,Swansea标准虽然具有良好的灵敏度,但可能缺乏一定的特异度[14] [15]。在GoelA等人2009年的研究中[16],通过小样本的比对得出Swansea标准对肝活检检测的肝微泡脂肪变性的阳性预测值为85%,阴性预测值为100%。Harshad Devarbhavi等人[8]的一项研究显示,在AFLP、HELLP综合征(hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low platelets, HELLP)、子痫前期(Pre-eclampsia, PE)和病毒性急性肝功能衰竭(viral acute liver failure, ALF)的鉴别中,Swansea标准诊断AFLP的敏感性为89%,特异性为13%,阳性预测值为24.4%,阴性预测值为80%,而准确性仅为31.6%。他们认为造成这个结果的原因是Swansea标准中没有对非特异性症状(如呕吐、腹痛)与临床特异性结果(如低血糖、凝血功能障碍、腹水或肝活检)加以不同权重。我国湘雅医院的一则数据分析显示[17],在确诊的AFLP患者中,没有一例符合Swansea标准的6个条件,19.5%符合5个条件,75.6%符合4个条件,4.9%仅符合3个条件。这些学者的研究都表明了Swansea标准在AFLP的诊断中存在一定的问题,因此,我们有必要对Swansea标准进行改善,从而提升诊断的及时性和准确性。

3.2. AFLP三联征

10余年前,Vigil-de Gracia和Montufar-Rueda发现AFLP患者多具有以下特征:第一(症状):恶心呕吐、黄疸、上腹痛;第二(实验室结果):肾功能不全、凝血功能障碍、肝功能异常、低血糖,第三(并发症):肾功能衰竭、凝血功能障碍、腹水和脑病。并将其命名为AFLP三联症(AFLP-TRIAD) [18]。尽管有学者的研究提到了三联征的价值,但由于在Vigil-de Gracia和Montufar-Rueda的研究中,样本量过少,出现三联征的患者仍需进一步的评估来确诊,故目前临床上很少采用。

3.3. 肝组织活检

肝组织活检是诊断AFLP的金标准,AFLP的准确诊断需要肝微泡性脂肪变性的组织学证据[6] [9]。1934年,Stander和Cadden首次报道了该疾病的肝脏病理学[19]。1940年,Sheehan [20]发现其组织病理学图片通常显示肝细胞微泡脂肪浸润,但无炎症或坏死,将其首次描述为“急性黄色肝萎缩”。Carla W. Brady [21]认为,肝活检可以确认在门静脉周围存在微泡状脂肪沉积,但肝活检通常不是诊断所必需的,因为AFLP相关的凝血功能障碍可能会妨碍肝活检的进行。由于临床上的大部分患者合并凝血障碍这一肝穿刺活检禁忌症,所以肝组织活检并不常用。

3.4. 超声

有学者认为B超诊断AFLP的准确率为100% [22],其研究中影像学图像早期常表现为肝脏增大,随病情发展可表现为肝脏体积缩小,部分孕妇可合并胆囊异常(胆囊壁双边影,胆汁淤积)以及胰腺肿大的异常,伴不等量腹腔积液。但是由于其标准过于宽泛,得出的准确率参考价值并不可靠。在Hay [23]的研究中,近80%接受腹部超声检查的AFLP患者,仅有四分之一可见腹水或亮肝的典型特征。有学者研究发现,超声检查对AFLP的阳性率为33%到82% [24] [25]。这些数据证实了现阶段的超声技术不能明确诊断AFLP,正常超声亦不能完全排除AFLP,但超声提示腹水或肝脏弥漫性回声增强仍是指向AFLP的一个强有力的指标。超声异常的持续时间可能与疾病的严重程度有关[26],因此,超声检查在AFLP的诊断和病情判断方面仍有不可忽视的贡献。

3.5. 其他诊断技术

3.5.1. 通过检测已知突变可确诊部分患者

很多学者认为[1] [9] [27] [28],母体AFLP与胎儿编码线粒体长链羟酰辅酶A脱氢酶(LCHAD)的基因HADHA的纯突变(1528 G > C)高度相关,脂肪酸氧化障碍病具有常染色体隐性遗传特点。其预测AFLP中母体和胎儿死亡率分别为10%和45%,根据该检测可确诊部分患者。但据报道[13] [29],子痫前期、HELLP综合征和妊娠急性脂肪肝均与此基因突变相关,对这三种疾病鉴别帮助不大。不过,子痫前期、HELLP综合征、AFLP均可增加孕产妇死亡率,因此,这或许提示产科医生应加强对携带HADHA基因及胎儿HADHAD基因纯合突变的孕产妇的妊娠监测。

3.5.2. 核磁

有学者认为,磁共振成像是最敏感的影像学检测技术,AFLP患者在T1加权相图像上可明显观察到信号的丢失[30]。基于磁共振的质子密度脂肪分数(PDFF)检测通过进行脂肪定量可提供脂肪沉积百分比的精确信息,已被证明是一种非常灵敏和特异的定量检测肝脏脂肪变性的方法[31] [32],但AFLP患者大多发现时症状较重,属于MRI检查的禁忌症,故该技术尚未应用于疑似AFLP的急性肝衰竭患者[33]

3.5.3. 可溶性FMS样酪氨酸激酶-1 (sFLT-1)与胎盘生长因子(PIGF)

sFLT-1作为血管内皮因子,可影响新生血管重塑,导致新生血管生成障碍[34]。PIGF是一种糖蛋白,能调节滋养层细胞和内皮细胞功能,促进新生血管生成。学者们对AFLP患者sFLT-1升高有着一致的观点,但对PIGF不变[35] [36]、升高[37] [38]、降低[39] [40]持有不同观点。虽然关于AFLP患者体内PIGF的改变尚无统一结论,但未来进一步的探索或许为新的诊断方法提供了可能。

3.5.4. 瞬时弹性成像技术联合瘦素

在梁静等人[41]的一项研究中明确提出,瞬时弹性成像技术可以检测肝脏硬化度值(Liver Stiffness Measurement, LSM)、肝脏脂肪衰减值(Controlled Attenuation Parameters, CAP)。妊娠期急性脂肪肝LSM、CAP水平较正常人高。且LSM、CAP与AFLP的病情严重程度呈正相关,瘦素(Leptin, LP)与病情严重程度呈负相关。LSM、CAP与LP单项诊断相比,三项联合对妊娠期急性脂肪肝的诊断价值较高。目前,瞬时弹性成像技术与LP联合用于诊断AFLP的研究较少,其诊断价值还有待进一步研究。

4. AFLP的预后相关指标

2022年我国关于AFLP的临床管理指南中,将血常规、凝血、肝功作为门诊筛查AFLP的一线指标[42]。同时,有很多学者的相关研究表示,血常规、凝血功能、肝功能的结果与AFLP的预后息息相关。

4.1. 凝血障碍

目前认为,AFLP患者肝功能受损可导致凝血因子产生障碍,从而导致凝血异常[10]。AFLP患者较容易发生凝血障碍,且凝血障碍越明显,病情越重。Awanti Yemde Jr.等[43]在研究中明确表示,AFLP患者发生溶血的程度甚至高于以溶血为主要临床表现的HEELP综合征。J. Eileen Hay [23]研究认为,与HELLP综合征相比,AFLP患者更容易发生凝血障碍、脑病、低血糖、肾功能衰竭和DIC。研究表明,凝血酶原时间(PT)延长及凝血酶原国际比值(INR)升高是AFLP患者致死性并发症的危险因素,往往提示病情严重[44]。在Yuanmei Gao等[2]最近的研究中发现,血小板计数低的AFLP患者病情更重、预后更差、妊娠结局不良,确诊血小板减少症(血小板计数 < 100 × 109/L)的孕产妇产后42天死亡率、重症监护室转入率、产后出血率和多器官功能衰竭率较高。这些研究揭示了AFLP患者凝血功能与预后之间的联系。

4.2. 肝功能损害

研究发现[44] [45],随着病情加重,AFLP患者肝细胞和胆道损伤的循环生物标志物(如丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)和γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(GGT))均显著增加。并发弥散性血管内凝血(DIC)和/或多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)患者总胆红素、直接胆红素等指标改变显著,直接胆红素水平更与围产期死亡相关。乳酸是肝硬化和肝衰竭患者预后的独立危险因素,这一点在预测AFLP患者预后方面同样适用[46] [47]

5. 与其他妊娠期肝损伤疾病鉴别

5.1. 病毒引起的急性肝损伤/衰竭(ALI/ALF)

急性病毒性肝损伤可发生于怀孕的任一时期,包括发热、恶心、呕吐、疲劳和黄疸等症状,可表现出AST的显著升高[43],而尿酸水平很少升高,通常可通过血清学检查鉴别[48]。相关研究指出,ALI/ALF患者Swansea诊断灵敏度较AFLP患者更高[8],因此,在诊断AFLP之前,排除ALI、ALF很重要。

5.2. HELLP综合征

HELLP综合征与AFLP都可导致肝功能障碍,其发病率为0.8%~1%,比AFLP更常见[13] [29] [30] [49]。两者可同时存在于同一患者,一种诊断并不排除另一种诊断[50]。低血糖是AFLP区别于HELLP综合征的明确临床特征[10] [51],AFLP患者的转氨酶也明显低于HELLP综合征的患者。AFLP (常因肝内胆汁淤积导致的直接、结合胆红素水平升高)导致的高胆红素血症较HELLP综合征(常因溶血导致间接、非结合胆红素水平升高)更明显[52]。凝血方面,HELLP综合征总是与血小板减少症有关,而AFLP血小板计数则包括正常范围内的变化。HELLP综合征患者的肝脏B超阳性表现多为肝包膜下肝血肿/肝破裂。在AFLP患者中主要表现为非特异性的肝脏光亮或脂肪浸润。与HELLP综合征相关的典型肝组织学改变是门静脉周围出血和坏死,而AFLP则与肝Ⅲ区微泡性脂肪变性相关[29] [53]

5.3. 子痫前期(Pre-Eclampsia, PE)

PE的发病率3%~10%,是一种胎盘源性疾病,其特征是胎盘缺血、广泛的内皮功能障碍和全身血管痉挛[54]。肝组织学特征为肝窦纤维蛋白沉积伴门静脉周围出血、肝细胞坏死,严重者可出现梗死[55]。诊断PE的必备条件为高血压(收缩压 ≥ 140 mmHg和(或)舒张压 ≥ 90 mmHg),且PE患者多伴有蛋白尿和水肿,严重的可能发生肝脏、肾脏、大脑和血管系统的损伤[3]。据报道,50%的AFLP患者可存在高血压,但重度高血压和蛋白尿常与重度子痫前期和HELLP综合征一致。肝功能不全的表现,如黄疸、凝血功能障碍、高胆红素血症、低血糖在AFLP早期常见,在PE病人中则较晚出现。需要注意的是,PE与AFLP亦可共存于同一患者[3]

5.4. 其他

妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症(intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, ICP)多发于孕晚期,发病率约为0.1%~4%,常表现为皮肤瘙痒,转氨酶升高及总胆汁酸升高[56]-[58]。但据统计,AST和ALT水平很少超过正常上限的两倍,只有极少数情况下可能接近10至20倍。ICP病人肝活检的组织病理学表现包括无炎症的非诊断性小叶中心胆汁淤积,以及肝细胞和小管内胆栓[55]

妊娠剧吐(HG)发生率为0.3%~2%,多见于孕早期,主要表现为严重的持续性呕吐、电解质异常,可伴有转氨酶升高,在止吐及液体替代治疗后常缓解[59]。由于发病特点、孕周等的关系,ICP、HG疾病较易与AFLP鉴别。

6. 总结与展望

妊娠期急性脂肪肝是一种罕见但病情危急的产科特有疾病,限于目前对该疾病的认识不足,并不能做到100%及时的诊断和治疗。虽然目前临床上常用Swansea标准作为诊断AFLP的依据,但其对早期AFLP的识别仍有待提高。B超、MRI等作为常用的产科辅助检查手段也有很大的局限性。而新的诊断技术的提出与进一步探索,无疑是解决AFLP诊断困难的途径之一。在AFLP的发病机制方面也需要进一步的探索和研究,以求更完善地了解AFLP来及时诊断和治疗,包括及时终止妊娠,从而有助于提高治愈率,降低死亡率,并改善妊娠结局。相信随着技术的不断发展完善,学者们不断地探究,AFLP的相关诊断及治疗难题将会迎刃而解。

利益冲突

所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

参考文献

[1] Peng, Q., Zhu, T., Huang, J., Liu, Y., Huang, J. and Zhang, W. (2024) Factors and a Model to Predict Three-Month Mortality in Patients with Acute Fatty Liver of Pregnancy from Two Medical Centers. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 24, Article No. 27.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-023-06233-w
[2] Gao, Y., Wang, X., Li, X., Fang, Y., Lv, C. and Chen, D. (2023) Association between Platelet Counts and Clinical Outcomes in Acute Fatty Liver of Pregnancy: A Retrospective Cohort Study. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 164, 173-183.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.14955
[3] Patidar, R., Gowdra Revannasiddappa, K. and Ghazanfer, M. (2024) Key Components of Successful Management of Acute Fatty Liver of Pregnancy: A Case Report and Literature Review. Cureus, 16, e53911.
https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.53911
[4] Knight, M., Nelson-Piercy, C., Kurinczuk, J.J., Spark, P. and Brocklehurst, P. (2008) A Prospective National Study of Acute Fatty Liver of Pregnancy in the Uk. Gut, 57, 951-956.
https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.2008.148676
[5] Rajasri, A.G., Srestha, R. and Mitchell, J. (2007) Acute Fatty Liver of Pregnancy (AFLP)—An Overview. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 27, 237-240.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01443610701194705
[6] Reyes, H., Sandoval, L., Wainstein, A., Ribalta, J., Donoso, S., Smok, G., et al. (1994) Acute Fatty Liver of Pregnancy: A Clinical Study of 12 Episodes in 11 Patients. Gut, 35, 101-106.
https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.35.1.101
[7] English, N. and Rao, J. (2015) Acute Fatty Liver of Pregnancy with Hypoglycaemia, Diabetes Insipidus and Pancreatitis, Preceded by Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy. BMJ Case Reports, 2015, bcr2015209649.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2015-209649
[8] Devarbhavi, H., Venkatachala, P.R., Devamsh, G.N., Shalimar, Aashik, Y.S., Patil, M., et al. (2023) Swansea Criteria Evaluation in Acute Fatty Liver of Pregnancy, Hemolysis Elevated Liver Enzyme and Low Platelet Syndrome, Pre‐eclampsia, and Viral Acute Liver Failure in Pregnancy. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 163, 1030-1032.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.15137
[9] Natarajan, S. and Ibdah, J. (2018) Role of 3-Hydroxy Fatty Acid-Induced Hepatic Lipotoxicity in Acute Fatty Liver of Pregnancy. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19, Article 322.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19010322
[10] Naoum, E.E., Leffert, L.R., Chitilian, H.V., Gray, K.J. and Bateman, B.T. (2019) Acute Fatty Liver of Pregnancy: Pathophysiology, Anesthetic Implications, and Obstetrical Management. Anesthesiology, 130, 446-461.
https://doi.org/10.1097/aln.0000000000002597
[11] Brügge, M., Pecks, U., Iannaccone, A., Palz-Fleige, M., Stepan, H. and Tauscher, A. (2023) Akute Schwangerschaftsfettleber—Fallserie einer seltenen Schwangerschaftskomplikation. Zeitschrift für Geburtshilfe und Neonatologie, 227, 466-473.
https://doi.org/10.1055/a-2096-6230
[12] Naothavorn, W., Thanapongpibul, C., Sriudomporn, K., Ruangkit, C., Srivanitchapoom, N. and Tungtrongchitr, N. (2022) A 24-Year-Old Woman Presenting in the Third Trimester of Pregnancy with Nausea, Vomiting, and Abdominal Pain and Diagnosed with Acute Fatty Liver of Pregnancy. American Journal of Case Reports, 23, e937085.
https://doi.org/10.12659/ajcr.937085
[13] Yang, Z. (2002) Prospective Screening for Pediatric Mitochondrial Trifunctional Protein Defects in Pregnancies Complicated by Liver Disease. JAMA, 288, 2163-2166.
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.288.17.2163
[14] Goel, A., Jamwal, K.D., Ramachandran, A., Balasubramanian, K.A. and Eapen, C.E. (2014) Pregnancy-Related Liver Disorders. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology, 4, 151-162.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jceh.2013.03.220
[15] Goel, A., Nair, S.C., Viswabandya, A., Masilamani, V.P., Rao, S.V., George, A., et al. (2013) Preliminary Experience with Use of Recombinant Activated Factor VII to Control Postpartum Hemorrhage in Acute Fatty Liver of Pregnancy and Other Pregnancy-Related Liver Disorders. Indian Journal of Gastroenterology, 32, 268-271.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12664-013-0315-4
[16] Goel, A., Ramakrishna, B., Zachariah, U., Ramachandran, J., Eapen, C.E., Kurian, G., et al. (2010) How Accurate Are the Swansea Criteria to Diagnose Acute Fatty Liver of Pregnancy in Predicting Hepatic Microvesicular Steatosis? Gut, 60, 138-139.
https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.2009.198465
[17] Zhong, Y., Zhu, F. and Ding, Y. (2020) Early Diagnostic Test for Acute Fatty Liver of Pregnancy: A Retrospective Case Control Study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 20, Article No. 162.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-020-2787-4
[18] Vigil-de Gracia, P. and Montufar-Rueda, C. (2011) Acute Fatty Liver of Pregnancy: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Outcome Based on 35 Consecutive Cases. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 24, 1143-1146.
https://doi.org/10.3109/14767058.2010.531325
[19] Stander, H. and Cadden, B. (1934) Acute Yellow Atrophy of the Liver in Pregnancy. AMJ Obstet Gynecol, 28. 61-69.
[20] Sheehan, H.L. (1940) The Pathology of Acute Yellow Atrophy and Delayed Chloroform Poisoning. Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology of the British Empire, 47, 49-62.
[21] Brady, C.W. (2020) Liver Disease in Pregnancy: What’s New. Hepatology Communications, 4, 145-156.
https://doi.org/10.1002/hep4.1470
[22] 宗璨. 妊娠期急性脂肪肝孕妇腹部超声检查的特点分析[J]. 中国现代药物应用, 2023, 17(6): 69-71.
[23] Hay, E.J. (2008) Liver Disease in Pregnancy. Hepatology, 47, 1067-1076.
https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.22130
[24] Mellouli, M.M., Amara, F.B., Maghrebi, H., Bouchnack, M., Khaled, N. and Reziga, H. (2012) Acute Fatty Liver of Pregnancy over a 10‐year Period at a Tunisian Tertiary Care Center. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 117, 88-89.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgo.2011.11.012
[25] Lau, H., Chen, Y., Huang, J., Chen, C., Su, T. and Chen, C. (2010).
https://doi.org/10.1016/s1028-4559(10)60033-2
[26] Campillo, B. (1986) Ultrasonography in Acute Fatty Liver of Pregnancy. Annals of Internal Medicine, 105, 383-384.
https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-105-3-383
[27] Casey, L.C., Fontana, R.J., Aday, A., Nelson, D.B., Rule, J.A., Gottfried, M., et al. (2020) Acute Liver Failure (ALF) in Pregnancy: How Much Is Pregnancy Related? Hepatology, 72, 1366-1377.
https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.31144
[28] White, M., Han, H. and Khungar, V. (2024) Acute Fatty Liver Disease of Pregnancy. Clinical Liver Disease, 23, e145.
https://doi.org/10.1097/cld.0000000000000145
[29] Ibdah, J.A. (2006) Acute Fatty Liver of Pregnancy: An Update on Pathogenesis and Clinical Implications. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 12, 7397-7404.
https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v12.i46.7397
[30] Heller, M.T., Tublin, M.E., Hosseinzadeh, K. and Fargiano, A. (2011) Imaging of Hepatobiliary Disorders Complicating Pregnancy. American Journal of Roentgenology, 197, W528-W536.
https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.10.5128
[31] Tang, A., Tan, J., Sun, M., Hamilton, G., Bydder, M., Wolfson, T., et al. (2013) Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: MR Imaging of Liver Proton Density Fat Fraction to Assess Hepatic Steatosis. Radiology, 267, 422-431.
https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.12120896
[32] Châtel, P., Ronot, M., Roux, O., Bedossa, P., Vilgrain, V., Bernuau, J., et al. (2016) Transient Excess of Liver Fat Detected by Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Women with Acute Fatty Liver of Pregnancy. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 214, 127-129.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2015.09.067
[33] Park, C.C., Nguyen, P., Hernandez, C., Bettencourt, R., Ramirez, K., Fortney, L., et al. (2017) Magnetic Resonance Elastography vs Transient Elastography in Detection of Fibrosis and Noninvasive Measurement of Steatosis in Patients with Biopsy-Proven Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Gastroenterology, 152, 598-607.e2.
https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2016.10.026
[34] 林莉, 杨慧霞. sFLT-1基因的表达调控及作为子痫前期治疗靶点的研究进展[J]. 中华妇产科杂志, 2019, 54(4): 271-275.
[35] Trottmann, F., Raio, L., Amylidi‐Mohr, S., Mosimann, B., Jarquin Campos, A., Messerli, F.H., et al. (2021) Soluble FMS‐Like Tyrosine Kinase 1 (sFLT‐1): A Novel Biochemical Marker for Acute Fatty Liver of Pregnancy. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 100, 1876-1884.
https://doi.org/10.1111/aogs.14218
[36] Suzuki, H., Nagayama, S., Hirashima, C., Takahashi, K., Takahashi, H., Ogoyama, M., et al. (2018) Markedly Higher sFLT‐1/PLGF Ratio in a Woman with Acute Fatty Liver of Pregnancy Compared with HELLP Syndrome. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research, 45, 96-103.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jog.13786
[37] Neuman, R.I., Hesselink, E.R.M., Saleh, L., van den Meiracker, A.H., Danser, A.H.J. and Visser, W. (2020) Angiogenic Markers Are Elevated in Women with Acute Fatty Liver of Pregnancy. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology, 56, 465-466.
https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.21912
[38] Neuman, R.I., Saleh, L., Verdonk, K., van den Meiracker, A.H., Russcher, H., Metselaar, H.J., et al. (2021) Accurate Prediction of Total PLGF (Placental Growth Factor) from Free PLGF and sFLT-1 (Soluble FMS-Like Tyrosine Kinase-1): Evidence for Markedly Elevated PLGF Levels in Women with Acute Fatty Liver of Pregnancy. Hypertension, 78, 489-498.
https://doi.org/10.1161/hypertensionaha.121.17258
[39] Herraiz, I., Quezada, M.S., Rodriguez‐Calvo, J., Gómez‐Montes, E., Villalaín, C. and Galindo, A. (2018) Longitudinal Change of sFLT‐1/PLGF Ratio in Singleton Pregnancy with Early‐Onset Fetal Growth Restriction. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology, 52, 631-638.
https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.18894
[40] 张文婷, 徐晓英, 卢蓉. 血清sFlt-1和PlGF联合检测对妊娠期急性脂肪肝病情严重程度和疾病预后的评估价值[J]. 肝脏, 2022, 27(8): 915-919.
[41] 梁静, 刘继青, 陈军, 等. 瞬时弹性成像技术联合瘦素对妊娠期急性脂肪肝患者的诊断价值[J]. 中国妇幼保健, 2023, 38(5): 942-945.
[42] 中华医学会妇产科学分会产科学组, 李平, 周奇, 等. 妊娠期急性脂肪肝临床管理指南(2022) [J]. 临床肝胆病杂志, 2022, 38(4): 776-783.
[43] Yemde, A., Kawathalkar, A. and Bhalerao, A. (2023) Acute Fatty Liver of Pregnancy: A Diagnostic Challenge. Cureus, 15, e36708.
https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.36708
[44] Zhang, Y., Kong, W., Zhou, S., Gong, Y. and Zhou, R. (2016) Acute Fatty Liver of Pregnancy: A Retrospective Analysis of 56 Cases. Chinese Medical Journal, 129, 1208-1214.
https://doi.org/10.4103/0366-6999.181963
[45] Natarajan, S.K., Thangaraj, K.R., Eapen, C.E., Ramachandran, A., Mukhopadhya, A., Mathai, M., et al. (2010) Liver Injury in Acute Fatty Liver of Pregnancy: Possible Link to Placental Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress. Hepatology, 51, 191-200.
https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.23245
[46] Devarbhavi, H., Choudhury, A.K., Sharma, M.K., Maiwall, R., Al Mahtab, M., Rahman, S., et al. (2019) Drug-Induced Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure in Asian Patients. American Journal of Gastroenterology, 114, 929-937.
https://doi.org/10.14309/ajg.0000000000000201
[47] Drolz, A., Horvatits, T., Rutter, K., Landahl, F., Roedl, K., Meersseman, P., et al. (2019) Lactate Improves Prediction of Short‐Term Mortality in Critically Ill Patients with Cirrhosis: A Multinational Study. Hepatology, 69, 258-269.
https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.30151
[48] Ko, H.H. and Yoshida, E. (2006) Acute Fatty Liver of Pregnancy. Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology, 20, 25-30.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2006/638131
[49] Plowman, R.S., Javidan-Nejad, C., Raptis, C.A., Katz, D.S., Mellnick, V.M., Bhalla, S., et al. (2017) Imaging of Pregnancy-Related Vascular Complications. RadioGraphics, 37, 1270-1289.
https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.2017160128
[50] Liu, J., Ghaziani, T.T. and Wolf, J.L. (2017) Acute Fatty Liver Disease of Pregnancy: Updates in Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management. American Journal of Gastroenterology, 112, 838-846.
https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2017.54
[51] 唐仕宇. 妊娠期急性脂肪肝与HELLP综合征临床特征的比较[D]: [硕士学位论文]. 昆明: 昆明医科大学, 2022.
[52] García-Romero, C.S., Guzman, C., Cervantes, A. and Cerbón, M. (2019) Liver Disease in Pregnancy: Medical Aspects and Their Implications for Mother and Child. Annals of Hepatology, 18, 553-562.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aohep.2019.04.009
[53] Hammoud, G.M. and Ibdah, J.A. (2014) Preeclampsia‐Induced Liver Dysfunction, HELLP Syndrome, and Acute Fatty Liver of Pregnancy. Clinical Liver Disease, 4, 69-73.
https://doi.org/10.1002/cld.409
[54] Alese, M.O., Moodley, J. and Naicker, T. (2019) Preeclampsia and HELLP Syndrome, the Role of the Liver. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 34, 117-123.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2019.1572737
[55] Lee, N.M. and Brady, C.W. (2009) Liver Disease in Pregnancy. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 15, 897-906.
https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.15.897
[56] Terrault, N.A. and Williamson, C. (2022) Pregnancy-associated Liver Diseases. Gastroenterology, 163, 97-117.e1.
https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2022.01.060
[57] Ovadia, C., Seed, P.T., Sklavounos, A., Geenes, V., Di Ilio, C., Chambers, J., et al. (2019) Association of Adverse Perinatal Outcomes of Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy with Biochemical Markers: Results of Aggregate and Individual Patient Data Meta-Analyses. The Lancet, 393, 899-909.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(18)31877-4
[58] Geenes, V., Chappell, L.C., Seed, P.T., Steer, P.J., Knight, M. and Williamson, C. (2014) Association of Severe Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy with Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes: A Prospective Population‐Based Case‐Control Study. Hepatology, 59, 1482-1491.
https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.26617
[59] Maier, J., Schalinski, E., Häberlein, C., Gottschalk, U. and Hellmeyer, L. (2015) Acute Fatty Liver of Pregnancy and Its Differentiation from Other Liver Diseases in Pregnancy. Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde, 75, 844-847.
https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1557818