血氨对脓毒症患者病情严重程度的评估及预后的预测价值
The Predictive Value of Blood Ammonia in Assessing the Severity and Prognosis of Sepsis Patients
DOI: 10.12677/jcpm.2024.34340, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 李 叶:济宁医学院临床医学院,山东 济宁;谢颖光*:济宁市第一人民医院重症医学科,山东 济宁
关键词: 脓毒症脓毒性休克血氨病情严重程度预后Sepsis Septic Shock Blood Ammonia Severity of Illness Prognosis
摘要: 目的:探讨动脉血氨对于脓毒症患者疾病严重程度评估及预后预测方面的价值。方法:选择2019年01月至2020年01月在济宁市第一人民医院重症监护病房住院的145例成人脓毒症患者,根据脓毒症诊断标准分为脓毒症休克组(n = 48)和脓毒症组(n = 97),根据28 d生存情况分为存活组(n = 89)和死亡组(n = 56),分别比较两组动脉血氨水平及其他临床指标的差异,使用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)对动脉血氨及其他各指标与脓毒症患者存在情况进行分析。结果:脓毒性休克组患者心率、白细胞计数、降钙素原(PCT)、超敏C反应蛋白(CRP)、乳酸、脓毒症相关序贯器官衰竭(SOFA)评分、急性生理与慢性健康(APACHEII)评分、血氨及28 d病死率均高于脓毒症组,舒张压和收缩压均低于脓毒症组,有统计学差异(P < 0.05)。死亡组收缩压、舒张压均较存活组低,死亡组白细胞计数、CRP、PCT、乳酸、APACHEII评分、SOFA评分、血氨均高于存活组,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。ROC曲线分析结果显示:血氨、乳酸、PCT、CRP、SOFA评分、APACHEII评分对脓毒症患者28 d预后均有预测价值,其中血氨的曲线下面积(AUC)为0.782。血氨分别与SOFA评分、APACHEII评分、乳酸评分联合诊断的AUC分别为0.831、0.821、0.798,血氨联合其他指标相较于单用血氨对预后的判断效能更高。结论:动脉血氨在脓毒症患者疾病严重程度评估和预后的预测方面具有较好的应用价值。
Abstract: Objective: This paper aims to investigate the value of arterial blood ammonia in assessing the severity of sepsis and predicting prognosis in adult sepsis patients. Method: 145 adult sepsis patients admitted to the intensive care unit of Jining No.1 People’s Hospital from January 2019 to January 2020 were selected and divided into septic shock group (n = 48) and sepsis group (n = 97) according to the criteria for sepsis. The patients were divided into survival group (n = 89) and death group (n = 56) according to their survival status within 28 days. The differences in arterial blood ammonia levels and other clinical indicators between the two groups were compared, and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to analyze the relationship between arterial blood ammonia and the presence of sepsis in patients. Result: Heart rate, white blood cell count, procalcitonin (PCT), hypersensitive C-reactive protein (CRP), lactic acid, sepsis related sequential organ failure (SOFA) score, acute physiological and chronic health (APACHEII) score, blood ammonia and 28d mortality in septic shock group were higher than those in sepsis group, while diastolic blood pressure and systolic blood pressure were lower than those in sepsis group. There was statistical difference (P < 0.05). The systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure of the death group were lower than those of the survival group, and the white blood cell count, CRP, PCT, lactic acid, APACHEII score, SOFA score and blood ammonia of the death group were higher than those of the survival group, with statistical significance (P < 0.05). ROC curve analysis results showed that blood ammonia, lactic acid, PCT, CRP, SOFA score and APACHEII score all had predictive value for 28d prognosis of sepsis patients, and the area under the curve (AUC) of blood ammonia was 0.782. The AUC of blood ammonia combined with SOFA score, APACHEII score and lactic acid score were 0.831, 0.821 and 0.798, respectively. Blood ammonia combined with other indexes had higher prognostic efficacy than blood ammonia alone. Conclusion: Arterial ammonia has good application value in evaluating the disease severity and predicting the prognosis of sepsis patients.
文章引用:李叶, 谢颖光. 血氨对脓毒症患者病情严重程度的评估及预后的预测价值[J]. 临床个性化医学, 2024, 3(4): 2376-2383. https://doi.org/10.12677/jcpm.2024.34340

1. 引言

脓毒症是宿主对感染的异常反应引起多器官功能障碍,可危及生命,其特点具有高死亡率和高发病率,尽管近年在脓毒症治疗指南的指导诊疗下发病率和死亡率有所下降,但脓毒症仍然是重症医学科患者病死的主要原因之一,因此早期病情判断及预后评估对改善脓毒症预后有重要意义[1] [2]

血氨主要是人体内蛋白质经肠道产生的有毒代谢产物,主要通过尿素循环迅速代谢,严重肝功能损害是引起体内血氨增高最常见的原因,虽然非肝脏原因占重症监护病房的高氨血症不到5%,但未能识别和治疗可能是致命的[3]。目前已有研究表明非肝脏原因引起的高血氨与急危重症关系密切,但血氨与脓毒症关系的研究尚不多见。因此,本研究探讨了血氨与脓毒症患者疾病严重程度和28 d预后的关系。

2. 研究对象与研究方法

2.1. 研究对象

本研究为回顾性观察性研究。选取2019年01月至2020年01月济宁市第一人民医院重症医学科收治的145例脓毒症患者,其中男性88例,女性57例,年龄29至92岁,平均年龄70.54岁。纳入标准:(1) 符合脓毒症3.0 (sepsis-3.0)相关诊断标准;(2) 成年患者;(3) 具有完整的临床资料。排除标准:(1) 患有急性或慢性肝病的患者;(2) 诊断慢性疾病终末期;(3) 年龄 < 18岁;(4) 妊娠、哺乳期。根据脓毒症3.0诊断标准将患者分为脓毒症组(97例)和脓毒性休克组(48例)。根据患者入院后28天预后情况分为存活组(89例)和死亡组(56例)。

2.2. 临床资料收集

收集患者的临床资料,包括性别、年龄、心率、血压、急性生理和慢性健康状况II (acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II, APACHE II)评分、脓毒症相关序贯器官衰竭(sequential organ failure assessment, SOFA)评分、降钙素原(PCT)、超敏C反应蛋白(CRP)、白细胞计数、乳酸、动脉血氨水平等临床资料。采集诊断为脓毒症或脓毒症休克的患者24小时内的动脉血测定动脉血氨水平。

2.3. 统计学方法

采用SPSS 29.0统计软件进行数据统计分析。对于正态分布的定量资料以均值 ± 标准差( x ¯ ±s )表示,两组间比较采用两独立样本t检验,非正态分布的定量资料以中位数[M(Q1, Q3)]表示,两组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验;定性资料以百分比(%)表示,组间比较采用χ2检验;绘制ROC曲线以评估动脉血氨、SOFA评分、APACHEII评分、PCT、乳酸、CRP及血氨分别与SOFA评分、APACHEII评分、乳酸两两联合对脓毒症患者28d预后的预测价值。P < 0.05认为存在统计学差异。

3. 结果

3.1. 脓毒症患者不同疾病严重程度的临床指标比较

脓毒症组患者的性别、年龄与脓毒性休克组患者比较差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05);脓毒性休克组患者的心率、白细胞计数、CRP、PCT、乳酸、SOFA评分、APACHEII评分、血氨和28 d死亡率均高于脓毒症组,舒张压和收缩压均低于脓毒症组,均存在统计学差异(P < 0.05)。见表1

Table 1. Comparison of clinical indexes of sepsis patients with different severity of disease

1. 不同病情严重程度脓毒症患者临床指标比较

分组

n

性别

(男/女)

年龄

[岁, x ¯ ±s ]

心率

[次/分, x ¯ ±s ]

收缩压

(mmHg, x ¯ ±s )

舒张压

(mmHg, x ¯ ±s )

白细胞计数

[×109/L, M(Q1, Q3)]

PCT

[ug/L, M(Q1, Q3)]

脓毒症组

97

56/41

71.03 ± 14.29

102.66 ± 20.65

127.61 ± 24.74

76.19 ± 16.88

10.55 (7.61, 15.14)

0.72 (0.15, 4.05)

脓毒性休克组

48

32/16

69.54 ± 12.36

109.52 ± 19.40

79.27 ± 8.95

49.69 ± 4.88

16.18 (11.11, 20.55)

18.22 (7.95, 79.49)

x2/Z/t值

1.074

0.617

−1.920

17.112

14.303

−3.842

−8.105

P值

0.300

0.538

0.057

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

分组

n

CRP

[mg/L, M(Q1, Q3)]

乳酸

[mmol/L, M(Q1, Q3)]

APACHEII评分

[分,M(Q1, Q3)]

SOFA评分

[分,M(Q1, Q3)]

血氨

[mmol/L, M(Q1, Q3)]

28 d病死率

[n (%)]

脓毒症组

98

36.98 (15.39, 62.09)

1.60 (1.00, 2.35)

17.00 (13.00, 21.00)

4.00 (3.00, 6.00)

28.00 (22.50, 32.00)

20 (20.6)

脓毒性休克组

49

75.99 (42.90, 114.35)

5.15 (3.03, 7.25)

28.00 (25.00, 33.00)

10.00 (8.00, 11.00)

50.00 (45.00, 55.75)

36 (75)

x2/Z/t值

−4.987

−7.944

−7.870

−8.820

−8.706

40.059

P值

0.002

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

3.2. 不同28 d临床预后脓毒症患者临床资料比较

死亡组和存活组患者的性别、年龄、心率之间不存在统计学差异(P > 0.05);死亡组患者收缩压、舒张压均较存活组低,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05);死亡组患者的白细胞计数、CRP、PCT、乳酸、APACHEII评分、SOFA评分、血氨均高于存活组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。见表2

Table 2. Comparison of clinical indexes in patients with sepsis with different prognosis

2. 不同预后脓毒症患者临床指标比较

分组

n

性别

(男/女)

年龄

[岁, x ¯ ±s ]

心率

[次/分, x ¯ ±s ]

收缩压

(mmHg, x ¯ ±s )

舒张压

(mmHg, x ¯ ±s )

白细胞计数

[×109/L, M(Q1, Q3)]

PCT

[ug/L, M(Q1, Q3)]

死亡组

56

36/20

72.91 ± 10.36

108.07 ± 20.35

96.64 ± 29.69

59.48 ± 16.70

12.91 (8.44, 19.20)

10.64 (4.38, 28.19)

存活组

89

52/37

69.04 ± 15.23

102.96 ± 20.36

121.02 ± 27.93

72.4 ± 18.44

11.84 (8.05, 16.71)

0.62 (0.15, 4.29)

x2/Z/t

0.495

0.617

−1.920

17.112

14.303

−3.842

−8.105

P

0.482

0.538

0.057

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

分组

n

CRP

[mg/L, M(Q1, Q3)]

乳酸

[mmol/L, M(Q1, Q3)]

APACHEII评分

[分,M(Q1, Q3)]

SOFA评分

[分,M(Q1, Q3)]

血氨

[mmol/L, M(Q1, Q3)]

脓毒性休克

[n (%)]

死亡组

56

62.31

(49.03, 100.09)

3.60

(2.25, 6.08)

27.00

(22.00, 33.00)

9.00

(6.00, 11.00)

45.00

(32.00, 54.00)

36 (64.3)

存活组

89

34.47

(14.67, 66.70)

1.60

(1.00, 2.60)

18.00

(14.00, 25.00)

4.00

(3.00, 6.00)

29.00

(22.00, 34.00)

12 (13.5)

x2/Z/t

−4.987

−7.944

−7.870

−8.820

−8.706

40.059

P

0.002

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

3.3. 血氨、SOFA评分、APACHEII评分、乳酸等指标对脓毒症患者死亡的评估价值

ROC生存分析得出,血氨、乳酸、PCT、CRP、SOFA评分、APACHEII评分对脓毒症患者28 d预后均有评估价值,其中血氨的曲线下面积(AUC)为0.782。血氨分别与SOFA评分、APACHEII评分、乳酸评分联合诊断的AUC值为0.831、0.821、0.798,AUC相较于单用血氨高,联合诊断28 d生存情况具有更好的判断效能。见表3图1图2

Table 3. Diagnostic value of each indicator in predicting the prognosis of sepsis patients at 28 d

3. 各指标预测脓毒症患者28 d预后的诊断价值

指标

截断值

AUC

95%CI

敏感度(%)

特异度(%)

P

血氨

>39.50 mmol/L

0.782

0.704 - 0.861

83.10

66.10

0.000

SOFA评分

>7分

0.826

0.757 - 0.895

78.70

73.20

0.000

APACHEII评分

>24分

0.806

0.730 - 0.883

84.30

69.60

0.000

乳酸

>2.15 mmol/L

0.783

0.708 - 0.858

68.50

82.10

0.000

PCT

>3.735 ug/L

0.824

0.754 - 0.895

74.20

87.50

0.000

CRP

>38.345 mg/L

0.711

0.626 - 0.796

53.90

83.90

0.000

血氨联合SOFA评分诊断价值

-

0.831

0.763 - 0.900

79.80

75.00

0.000

血氨联合APACHEII评分诊断价值

-

0.821

0.748 - 0.894

83.10

73.20

0.000

血氨联合乳酸诊断价值

-

0.798

0.722 - 0.873

80.90

67.90

0.000

Figure 1. ROC analysis of blood ammonia, lactic acid, APACHEII score and SOFA score on 28 d death prognosis of sepsis patients

1. 血氨、乳酸、APACHEII评分、SOFA评分对脓毒症患者28 d死亡预后的ROC分析

Figure 2. ROC analysis of blood ammonia combined with APACHEII score, SOFA score and lactic acid on 28 d death prognosis of sepsis patients

2. 血氨分别联合APACHEII评分、SOFA评分、乳酸对脓毒症患者28 d死亡预后的ROC分析

4. 讨论

脓毒症是由感染引起的炎症因子异常释放和免疫失调引起的多脏器功能损害的综合征,可危及生命。脓毒症的诊断和干预对患者的生存率至关重要。目前,对脓毒症发病机制和特点的研究仍在探索中[1] [2]

氨是人体内氨基酸分解代谢的产物,主要是通过肝肠循环合成尿素,然后被肾脏清除。血氨在健康人体内浓度极低,任何原因引起的氨生成和清除平衡的破坏都可引起高氨血症[4]。目前研究表明,高氨血症通常是由急性肝功能衰竭(ALF)或慢性肝病(CLD)引起的,但也有研究发现在没有肝脏疾病的情况下亦可发生高氨血症(非肝性高氨血症,NHH)。目前对于血氨的研究主要集中在肝脏疾病方面,但Prado 等进行的一项前瞻性研究首次证实了非肝性高氨血症与ICU患者中的高发病率、高死亡率有关[5],氨可以通过影响炎症反应和组织灌注进而损害多个器官的功能,脓毒症可引起全身炎症反应综合征(SIRS)、多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS),两者之间或存在一定的关联[4] [6]。既往研究显示脓毒症可以通过多种方式影响氨的代谢,其原因可能如下:(1) 肠道内氨生成增加。胃肠道是人体免疫系统的重要组成部分,在脓毒症时,特别是在脓毒性休克的情况下,肠道容易受到损伤而发生肠道菌群失调。在Lina Zhao等[7]通过建立脓毒症小鼠模型,发现小鼠肠道菌群失调导致血氨生成增加,从而导致星形胶质细胞中水通道蛋白4 (AQP4)水平上调,促进氨进入大脑引起脓毒症脑病(SAE),高氨血症与脓毒症患者的不良预后相关[8]。血清氨水平与SAE患者的SOFA评分和乳酸水平相关。(2) 脓毒症引起细胞缺氧导致尿素循环所必需的三磷酸腺苷减少,且脓毒症发生后蛋白质分解代谢增强,氨的生成增加但清除受到抑制,引起血氨增高。(3) 脓毒症患者的酪氨酸硝化作用和谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)失活会引起高氨血症。Görg等[9]的小鼠实验中研究发现脂多糖可在脓毒症发生后48小时内抑制氨清除的关键酶——谷氨酰胺合成酶,进而引起高氨血症状态。(4) 脓毒症可引起肝功能障碍,血氨升高是肝功能障碍的早期表现之一,在脓毒症期间,不仅感染本身会导致肝功能障碍,脓毒症的炎症反应、微循环衰竭和治疗的副作用也会导致肝功能障碍[10]。(5) 产脲酶细菌感染引起非肝病性血氨升高。这些细菌包括奇异变形杆菌、克雷伯氏菌、大肠杆菌、假单胞菌、厌氧菌、葡萄球菌、幽门螺杆菌等。2013年Tanmoy Ghatak报道[11]的一例病例,克雷伯氏菌感染可以在无肝脏病变情况下引起脓毒症患者体内氨的产生。无独有偶,2022年报道[12]的一例罕见病例,一名35岁的女性脓毒性休克合并严重高氨血症,推测是由于潜在的尿素循环缺陷,合并有大肠杆菌、莫摩根氏杆菌、奇异变形杆菌等产脲酶细菌感染,导致氨水平严重升高。

非肝病原因所致的血氨升高对重症患者的多器官功能不全有提示作用,但关于非肝病性高血氨在脓毒症中的作用的研究甚少,因此,本研究欲探讨脓毒症患者血氨对疾病严重程度和28 d预后的评估价值。结果显示脓毒性休克组患者动脉血氨水平明显高于脓毒症组(P < 0.05),死亡组患者动脉血氨水平明显高于死亡组(P < 0.05)。本研究与Jie Zhao等[13]进行的一项两中心的回顾性研究结果一致,脓毒症患者血氨水平升高与28 d死亡率升高相关。因此,对动脉血氨水平进行监测对脓毒症的严重程度和预后评估具有参考价值,且血氨水平在临床实际中可快速获取,这决定了血氨作为脓毒症的评估指标具有一定优势。

降钙素原(PCT)和超敏C反应蛋白(CRP)在一定程度上反映了感染程度和机体的全身性炎症反应,在危重感染患者中较为常见,SOFA评分和APACHEII评分反映了多器官功能障碍的程度,被广泛接受为脓毒症患者的预后评估量表,乳酸升高和APACHEII评分、SOFA评分作为脓毒症诊断和指导治疗的重要指标之一,是脓毒症患者死亡预后的独立预测因子。与其他研究类似[14]-[20],本研究也证明了CRP、PCT、SOFA评分、APACHEII评分、乳酸在脓毒症的严重程度和预后之间的评估价值,CRP、PCT、SOFA评分、APACHEII评分、乳酸与脓毒症预后的ROC分析显示各指标AUC值分别为0.711、0.824、0.826、0.806、0.783,表明上述各指标对于脓毒症患者死亡预后具有良好的预测价值。本研究还将血氨分别联合SOFA评分、APACHEII评分、乳酸,进一步评估对28d预后的预测价值,结果显示血氨联合各指标具有更好的判断效能。因而,临床上通过对血氨和上述各指标联合动态监测,能够进一步提升对脓毒症预后判断的水平,指导治疗方案及时调整,降低脓毒症死亡率。

综上,动脉血氨对脓毒症患者的疾病严重程度及预后评价有良好的应用价值,为脓毒症的治疗和提高生存率提供了指导。但是本研究的样本量较小,并且为单中心的回顾性研究,对于脓毒症患者血氨水平没有进行动态监测,对于血氨动态变化与脓毒症关系的研究缺乏,以后还需要进行更多的多中心、大样本、前瞻性、动态监测血氨水平的研究,进一步验证上述结果。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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