沙库巴曲缬沙坦治疗心房颤动作用机制和疗效的研究进展
Research Progress on the Mechanism of Action and Efficacy of Sacubitril/Valsartan in the Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation
摘要: 心房颤动(简称房颤)是临床常见的心律失常之一,显著增加了心血管事件和死亡的风险。目前维持房颤窦性心律的方法有射频消融术和抗心律失常药物治疗,但药物及手术治疗均存在较高的复发率,难以达到较满意的治疗效果。沙库巴曲缬沙坦作为一种血管紧张素受体–脑啡肽酶抑制剂(ARNI),可同时抑制脑啡肽酶和阻断血管紧张素受体,现已有研究显示沙库巴曲缬沙坦治疗心力衰竭及高血压的同时,有助于改善房颤患者心脏结构及心脏功能,减少新发房颤及降低房颤复发率。本文综述了沙库巴曲缬沙坦对于房颤治疗的作用机制及疗效的研究进展。
Abstract: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is one of the most common clinical arrhythmias that significantly increases the risk of cardiovascular events and death. At present, there are radiofrequency ablation and antiarrhythmic drug therapy to maintain the sinus rhythm of atrial fibrillation. However, both drug and surgical treatments have high recurrence rates, making it difficult to achieve satisfactory therapeutic outcomes. As an angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI), sacubitril/valsartan can inhibit neprilysin and block angiotensin receptors at the same time. Studies have shown that sacubitril/valsartan in the treatment of heart failure and hypertension can help improve heart structure and heart function in patients with atrial fibrillation, reduce new atrial fibrillation and reduce the recurrence rate of atrial fibrillation. This article reviews the research progress on the mechanism of action and efficacy of sacubitril/valsartan in the treatment of atrial fibrillation.
文章引用:刘蕊, 李舒承. 沙库巴曲缬沙坦治疗心房颤动作用机制和疗效的研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2025, 15(1): 127-131. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2025.151020

1. 引言

心房颤动是一种常见的心律失常,其发病率随着年龄的增长而增加[1]。房颤不仅影响患者生活质量,而且显著增加患者的卒中、认知功能障碍、心力衰竭、心肌梗死甚至死亡等风险[2] [3]。研究表明,老年、男性和欧洲血统是房颤发生的重要危险因素,其他危险因素还包括吸烟、肥胖、糖尿病、阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停和高血压等[1],究其原因与心房结构重构和电重构有关。其中,心房结构重塑可能是所有房颤发生及治疗后复发的关键环节[4]。沙库巴曲缬沙坦是血管紧张素受体和脑啡肽酶双重抑制剂类药物,主要用于心衰及高血压患者。目前的研究表明,肾素–血管紧张素–醛固酮系统(RAAS)在心房重构的发生和发展中起着重要的作用,房颤时可引起RAAS的激活,使交感神经兴奋,血管紧张素Ⅱ (Ang-Ⅱ)和去甲肾上腺素分泌增加,促使心肌间质纤维化,引起心房结构重构和电重构[5]。沙库巴曲缬沙坦可以通过抑制RAAS和减少利钠肽的降解抑制心肌纤维化,延缓心肌重构,显示出在心血管疾病管理中的潜在疗效。近来研究表明沙库巴曲缬沙坦可减少心衰患者的房颤发生,其作为新型治疗心力衰竭的药物,沙库巴曲缬沙坦在房颤治疗中的潜在作用成为心血管领域研究的热点之一,现就沙库巴曲缬沙坦治疗房颤的作用机制及疗效的研究进展作一综述。

2. 沙库巴曲缬沙坦的作用机制

2.1. 药理机制

ARNI具有抑制脑啡肽酶(NEP)和RAAS的作用,可以改善心力衰竭患者的预后。沙库巴曲缬沙坦由脑啡肽酶抑制剂沙库巴曲和血管紧张素受体阻滞剂缬沙坦组成,其具有复杂的分子作用机制,涉及多种生物学途径。沙库巴曲是一种前体药物,能迅速进入体内后经过酯酶代谢转化为有活性的形式即LBQ657,可以抑制脑啡肽酶活性,减少利钠肽及其他血管活性肽的降解,从而增强NPs活性、保护血管内皮和抑制交感神经活性,同时还抑制RAAS活性。NPs主要通过环磷酸鸟苷(cGMP)介导的信号通路发挥利钠、利尿、扩张血管、缓解心肌纤维化和肥大、减缓或改善心室重塑等作用[6] [7]。而缬沙坦是一种血管紧张素AT1受体阻滞剂(ARB),可阻断血管紧张素Ⅱ受体1以减低血管紧张素Ⅱ介导的反应,抑制RAAS,同时还能拮抗血管紧张素Ⅰ诱导的血管收缩以及醛固酮、儿茶酚胺和精氨酸加压素的释放,预防心肌纤维化以及主动脉纤维化,降低心脏炎性反应与氧化应激反应,抑制心肌细胞凋亡,减低发生心脏重塑、心力衰竭、心律失常的风险[8]。综上所述,沙库巴曲缬沙坦通过阻断RAAS和NPs正性效应从而发挥扩张血管、利尿排钠、抗心肌纤维化、抗心肌肥厚、抑制心脏重构的作用[9],这对于房颤患者的长期预后具有重要意义。

2.2. 抗心律失常机制

目前认为房颤发生、维持和发展的重要原因是心房的电重构及结构重构,而逆转或阻止导致心房重塑的病理生理过程成为了治疗房颤药物的根本目标。沙库巴曲缬沙坦在减少心律失常方面的作用涉及NEP和RAAS抑制等多种途径。先前的研究表明,沙库巴曲缬沙坦主要是通过降低心室负荷、逆转心脏结构重塑、抑制交感神经活性、影响离子通道的表达、抑制炎症因子的激活等来减少心脏负荷[10]-[15],从而降低房颤患者的发生及发展,并且可以改善心脏功能。房颤患者存在不同程度的RAAS的激活,其机制可能与血管紧张素II引起心房肌细胞内钙超载、导致瞬时外向钾电流、起搏离子电流通道蛋白表达和电流密度异常等有关。实际上,目前沙库巴曲缬沙坦对房颤的直接相关作用机制并没有确切结果,还需进一步的研究。

3. 沙库巴曲缬沙坦与房颤的关系

众所周知,高血压与房颤之间存在着密切的内在联系。高血压通过促进左心房重塑、炎症反应、氧化应激和自主神经系统失衡来影响心房电生理异常,从而增加心房颤动发生的风险。Soliman 等人通过试验研究认为将收缩压降至小于120 mmHg为目标的强化治疗方案有可能降低房颤的风险[10]。Wang等人发现收缩压在目标范围内的时间每增加10%,房颤发生风险会降低7% [16]。Emdin等人通过对27项随机对照试验进行mate-分析发现降压治疗后可使房颤发生风险降低10% [17]。通过上述研究缬沙坦通过抑制RAAS的作用抑制醛固酮的分泌,减少水钠潴留,具有降压作用,而沙库巴曲还可抑制脑啡肽酶,上调机体利钠肽、缓激肽等血管活性肽水平,共同发挥降压作用。沙库巴曲缬沙坦的双重降压机制可以降低房颤发生风险,有效降低血压是降低心血管事件和卒中风险的关键。

Renato等人在房颤的预防和治疗方面,介绍了一名心力衰竭合并阵发性房颤复发的患者,给予适当剂量的沙库巴曲缬沙坦可恢复窦性心律。该病例证明了使用沙库巴曲缬沙坦对于阵发性房颤的上游治疗可能产生有利作用,并提出该药物有利于改善心房功能,能够在收缩期和舒张期调节心房充盈,从而通过心房机械性能的改善反映其电生理性能的改善[18]。动物实验研究表明沙库巴曲缬沙坦不仅可以改善心房结构重塑和电重塑,并通过抑制RAAS和NEP降低房颤易感性,其上述效果优于单独使用缬沙坦[19]。Li等研究发现,沙库巴曲缬沙坦在预防心房纤维化以及降低房性心律失常发生率方面显著优于单用缬沙坦。但Liu等人通过检索了Embase和PubMed从成立日期到2021年6月的所有评估沙库巴曲缬沙坦治疗心衰的疗效相关的随机对照试验(RCTs),共纳入6项试验,共涉及15,512名患者,探究了随访期间房颤的发生,发现沙库巴曲缬沙坦组与对照组在心衰患者房颤发生的预防方面无统计学意义[20]。心力衰竭与心律失常之间存在相互作用,如房颤和心力衰竭经常共存并且相互影响,经上述研究表明沙库巴曲缬沙坦在心衰受益的同时对阵发性房颤及持续性房颤也均可以观察到相似的益处,可改善心衰合并房颤患者的心脏结构并降低发生风险,但目前相关临床研究较少,尚需经临床研究进一步探讨沙库巴曲缬沙坦各类型心衰合并房颤患者中的疗效。

沙库巴曲缬沙坦可以减少持续性房颤患者导管消融后房颤的复发。Liu等人的研究中与缬沙坦组相比,沙库巴曲缬沙坦组的心房颤动复发率比缬沙坦组在数值上有所下降,尽管这种差异没有达到统计学意义(P = 0.708),但其数据表明,沙库巴曲缬沙坦在减轻导管射频消融治疗后的房颤患者的心房结构重塑方面优于缬沙坦[21]。Sun等人将相关研究的随机对照试验或队列研究通过meta分析表明,使用RAAS系统抑制剂和沙库巴曲缬沙坦均能预防心房颤动消融术后的复发,其中使用沙库巴曲缬沙坦的效果更为明显[22]。沙库巴曲缬沙坦可以减少射频消融术后心房颤动的复发和心血管不良事件的发生率是较明确的,考虑其原因是通过减少心肌纤维化、逆转心脏重塑和控制血压等机制,在房颤术后治疗上提供了有力证据。

黄伟鹏等人研究结果显示,沙库巴曲缬沙坦治疗持续性房颤能通过调节利钠肽水平、保护心脏功能的同时还可以通过抑制RAAS和减少利钠肽的降解来抑制心肌纤维化、延缓心肌重构[23]。Chen等人在另一项回顾性研究中纳入了76例心脏复律后持续性心房颤动患者,发现使用沙库巴曲缬沙坦可降低心脏电复律后的复发率[24]。尽管此项回顾性研究提供了有价值的见解,但通常比前瞻性研究和随机对照试验更容易产生偏倚,未来仍需更多更有价值的研究证明。

4. 结论

沙库巴曲缬沙坦作为作用于肾素–血管紧张素–醛固酮系统和利钠肽系统双系统的药物,当前在心血管方面发挥了显著作用,已用于治疗心力衰竭、高血压等疾病。越来越多的数据表明,沙库巴曲缬沙坦通过抑制心房电重塑和结构重塑在一定程度上对心律失常的治疗有效,但目前仍不清楚是否具有直接的抗心律失常作用,甚至有少量研究提出致心律失常作用。当前沙库巴曲缬沙坦对于不同类型的房颤及合并心衰的治疗中也存在部分争议,或许与心律失常药物合并应用会起到更好的疗效。未来期待更多的研究阐明沙库巴曲缬沙坦在心房颤动治疗上的有效性和安全性。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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