癌症患者照顾者未满足需求评估工具的研究进展
Advances in Research on Unmet Needs Assessment Tools for Caregivers of Cancer Patients
DOI: 10.12677/ns.2025.141009, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 姜汶君:湖州师范学院医学院(护理学院),浙江 湖州;章亚平*:湖州师范学院附属中心医院科教科,浙江 湖州
关键词: 癌症照顾者未满足需求评估工具Cancer Caregiver Unmet Needs Evaluation Tool
摘要: 就癌症患者照顾者未满足需求的研究现状、内容和特点进行综述,以期为国内开发癌症患者照顾者未满足需求评估工具、科学评估照顾者未满足需求、制定针对性的干预措施提供依据。
Abstract: A review of the research status, content and characteristics of the unmet needs of caregivers of cancer patients, with a view to providing a basis for the domestic development of unmet needs assessment tools for caregivers of cancer patients, scientific assessment of unmet needs of caregivers, and the formulation of targeted interventions.
文章引用:姜汶君, 章亚平. 癌症患者照顾者未满足需求评估工具的研究进展[J]. 护理学, 2025, 14(1): 69-76. https://doi.org/10.12677/ns.2025.141009

1. 引言

癌症作为全世界重大公共安全问题之一,据全球癌症统计数据显示[1],2020年有超过1900万人被新诊断为癌症,预计在未来二十年中这一数字将上升至2800万。随着癌症发病率的上升和患者生存率的提高[2],为癌症患者提供无偿照顾的非正式照顾者的数量也在成比例地增加[3]。在投入大量的时间和精力满足癌症患者复杂的照护需求的同时,照顾者也需要来自各方的支持与帮助,如果这些需求无法得到满足,就可能对照顾者的身心健康产生一定的损害[4],从而影响癌症护理的质量[5]。选择科学高效的未满足需求评估工具对于快速明确照顾者的未满足需求水平,对进一步制定有效干预策略,减轻照顾者痛苦和提高生活质量具有重要意义[6]。因此,本文针对癌症患者照顾者未满足需求评估工具的特点及发展应用现状进行综述,以期为国内研究选择合适的评估工具、开发本土化评估工具和制定需求支持策略提供参考。

2. 未满足需求

未满足需求即为获得最佳福祉而采取某种可取的、必要的或有用的行动或提供某种资源的需要[7]。伴随着癌症患者生存率的提高和住院时间的缩短,照顾者面临着越来越多的责任与义务,情绪健康也会因疾病的诊断和不确定性遭受威胁,在时间限制、自我发展困难、生理健康问题、社会隔离、情绪困扰、经济问题等诸多方面感受到未满足的需求[8]。为了应对这种压力,照顾者需要来自卫生专业人员、其他家庭成员、社会网络、非政府组织和/或政府机构的信息、实践、心理社会和经济支持[5]

3. 需求评估工具

3.1. 国外

国外学者对癌症照顾者未满足需求的研究开展较早,评估工具不断涌现并逐步应用于临床研究。

3.1.1. 普适性工具

1. 癌症幸存者主要支持者未满足需求问卷(Support Person Unmet Needs Survey, SPUNS)

加拿大学者Campbell [9]等基于文献回顾和与患者、支持者及医务工作人员的多次访谈编制,包括6个维度、78个条目,即信息和关系需求(27个条目)、情感需求(16个条目)、个人需求(14个条目)、工作和财务需求(8个条目)、医疗保健可及性和连续性(9个条目)及对未来的担忧(4个条目)。采用Likert 5级评分法进行评分,从“没有未满足的需求”到“非常高的未满足需求”依次赋分0~4分。由于问卷条目数较多,其团队在SPUNS基础上构建了26个条目的支持者未满足需求调查–简表(SPUNS-SF) [10],从信息与关系、对未来的担忧、工作与财务、医疗保健的可及性与连续性和个人与情感需求5个方面反馈癌症患者支持者的未满足需求程度。SPUNS-SF的组内相关系数均在0.96以上,与原始SPUNS之间的一致性很高,Cronbach’s α系数为0.87~0.94。Doubova等[11]对该版本进行修订,删除了3个条目后形成了6个维度、23个条目的墨西哥版SPUNS-SFM,Cronbach’s α系数为0.70~0.88,组内相关系数为0.78,显示出良好的信效度。Han [12]等、Leung [13]等和李冬冬[14]等相继于2019年和2022年对SPUNS-SF进行汉化,经检验,中文版SPUNS-SF23的Cronbach’s α系数为0.90,重测信度为0.85,探索性因子分析结果显示,累计方差贡献率为67.47%,具有良好的适用性及可靠性[14]

2. 癌症幸存者配偶和照顾者支持性照顾需求量表(The Supportive Care Needs Survey for Partners and Caregivers of Cancer Survivors, SCNS-P&C)

Girgis等[15]于2011年基于支持性照顾需求调查问卷(Supportive Care Needs Survey, SCNS)改编而来,能够全面评估癌症照顾者在疾病轨迹中的多维度未满足需求。SCNS-P&C问卷包含4个维度,分别为医疗保健服务需求、心理和情感需求、工作和社会需求以及信息需求,共44个条目。采用Likert 5级评分法,从“不需要–不适用”到“有些需要–很高”依次记1~5分,总分为44~220分,分数越高需求越高。该量表的Cronbach’s α系数为0.88~0.94,内部一致性良好。目前,该量表已被多个国家翻译包括印度尼西亚版[16]、法语版[17]、德语版[18]、澳大利亚版[19]、泰语版[20]等多种版本,在不同的人群中得到验证。Liu [21]等于2020年对SCNS-P&C进行汉化,经检验,中文版量表的Cronbach’s α系数为0.94,各维度的Cronbach’s α系数为0.79~0.89,内容效度指数为0.84,具有较好的信度,但量表的效度有待检验,重测信度未见报告。

3. 癌症患者照顾者综合需求评估工具(Comprehensive Needs Assessment Tool for Cancer-Caregivers in Patient-Caregiver Dyads, CNAT-C)

韩国学者Shin [22]等于2011年基于EORTC生命质量小组指南开发,从健康和心理问题、家庭/社会支持、医护人员、信息、宗教/精神支持、医院设施和服务、实际支持7个维度评估照顾者的未满足需求水平。该量表共41个条目,各条目采用Likert 4级评分法进行评分,0分代表“不需要”,3分代表“高度需要”,总分为0~123分,能够在10 min内完成。Shin等对韩国10个癌症中心的600名癌症患者家庭照顾者进行测试,结果显示,该量表Cronbach’s α系数为0.96,各分量表的Cronbach’s α系数为0.79~0.95,因子分析提取出7个公因子,累计方差贡献率为66.4%。赵新爽[23]和Zhang [24]等相继对该量表进行汉化,形成了8个维度,41个条目的中文版CNAT-C,经验证,该量表的Cronbach’s α系数为0.94,重测信度为0.85,但内容效度未被评估。中文版CNAT-C量表条目简单容易理解和作答,适用于不同类型癌症患者照顾者。

4. 癌症幸存者伴侣未满足需求量表(Cancer Survivors Partners Unmet Needs measure, CASPUN)

2007年由澳大利亚学者Hodgkinson [25]等开发,用于衡量癌症幸存者伴侣的长期支持性照顾需求。CaSPUN包含5个维度、35个条目,幸存者伴侣根据实际对各个条目进行评价,分为没有(N/A或满意)或存在(低、中、高)的需要[26],并计算未满足需求的总数量。此外该量表附有7个不纳入总分计算的额外问题,即6个积极变化问题和1个开放性问题。CaSPUN在212位癌症幸存者伴侣中应用得到该量表的Cronbach’s α系数为0.94,重测信度为0.60。具有合理的可接受性和有效性,但条目重测信度较低,可推广性有限。

5. 癌症患者家庭照顾者需求评估量表(Needs Assessment of Family Caregivers Cancer, NAFC-C)

2010年由美国学者Kim [27]等基于需要满足理论开发设计的未满足需求评估工具,包括4个维度、27个条目,即心理社会未满足需求维度(9个条目)、医疗未满足需求维度(7个条目)、金融未满足需求维度(3个条目)和日常活动未满足需求维度(8个条目)。NAFC-C的评分包括两步,受试者首先使用Likert 5级评分法(0 = 无,4 = 极度)对每个需求项目进行评分,包括过去四周中需求对他们的重要性和过去四周中他们对需求的满足程度两项(反向计分),然后将两者得分相乘,因此,每个需求项得分范围为0~16分,得分越高,提示照顾者该条目的未满足需求水平越高。该量表在1666名癌症幸存者照顾者中进行验证,Cronbach’s α系数为0.56~0.86。2020年,新加坡学者Yang [28]等验证了NAFC-C在亚洲人群中的适用性,结果显示,重要性方面的Cronbach’s α系数为0.90,在满意度方面的Cronbach’s α系数为0.89,总得分的重测信度为0.80,因子分析提取出4个公因子,解释了43.98%的变异率,具有良好的信效度和稳定性。

6. 癌症支持源照顾者(Cancer Support SourceTM-Caregiver, CSS-C)

美国学者Zaleta [29]等于2017年根据癌症支持来源–患者(Cancer Support Source-Perminal)修订的癌症照顾者痛苦网络筛查工具,旨在快速筛查癌症照顾者在关键生活领域的未满足需求。CSS-C包含3个维度、47个条目,经多中心验证,该量表的Cronbach’s α系数为0.96 [30]。由于条目数较多,经过团队多次修订,最终于2023年构建了简短的CSS-C筛查工具[31],包含18个条目和一个评估烟草和物质使用的筛选项目,能够快速评估照护者未满足的需求。受试者根据对各个条目的关注程度(0 = 完全不、1 = 轻微、2 = 一般、3 = 严重、4 = 非常严重)进行评分,得分越高表明照顾者的痛苦水平越高,即其需求的未满足程度越严重。该量表的Cronbach’s α系数为0.92,18个条目的重测信度为0.85,包含筛选烟草和物质使用条目的重测信度为0.86,具有良好的心理测量学特性,探索性因子分析提示模型拟合良好。

7. 癌症照护任务、结果和需求问卷(Cancer Caregiving Tasks, Consequences and Needs Questionnaire, CATCON)

丹麦学者Lund [32]等基于压力应对理论于2012年研究设计,用于评估照顾者的任务、结果和需求,是评估照顾者与医护专业人员(Health Care Professionals, HCPs)交流与沟通质量的有效测量工具。CaTCoN包含9个维度、41个条目(72个子条目)。该量表Cronbach’s α系数为0.65~0.95 [33]。2024年经美国学者Verma [34]等验证,CaTCoN也可用于评估患有严重疾病患者护理人员的未满足需求。

8. 家庭需求调查表(Family Inventory of Needs, FIN)

Kristjanson [35]等于1995年设计研发,是包括20个条目的评估癌症患者家属照护需求的综合量表,包括照护需求的重要性分量表(FIN-Importance)和照护需求的满足分量表(FIN-Fulfilment)。FIN-Importance在1到10的李克特量表上测量不同护理需求的重要性;FIN-Fulfilment通过选择0 (未满足)或1 (满足)来衡量他们的护理需求得到满足的程度。Kristjanson等对FIN进行验证,FIN-Importance的Cronbach’s α系数为0.83;对于FIN-Fulfillment分量表,计算了满足和未满足需求的百分比。目前,该量表已被翻译为多国语言,并衍生出多个版本[36]。FIN虽然包含了广泛的需求,但由于一直采用可变的评分规则,使得其实际实用性和心理测量学特性难以评估[37]

3.1.2. 特异性工具

1. 照顾者支持需求评估工具(Carer Support Needs Assessment Tool, CSNAT)

英国学者Ewing [38]等于2013年编制,用于评估姑息治疗中的癌症患者照顾者的全面需求筛查工具,旨在确定需要进一步详细评估的护理人员的关键支持需求。该量表包含14个条目,涵盖了家庭照顾者通常需要支持的领域,包括帮助护理人员提供护理的支持和为护理人员本身提供更直接的支持两大类。各条目采用Likert 4级评分法,0~3分表示“无”到“非常多”,受试者根据得分被分为“没有”(分数 = 0)和“有需要”(分数 ≥ 1),总得分根据“有需求”的条目数计算,得分范围0~14,得分越高代表未满足的支持需求越大。2021年中国香港学者Cheng [39]等对CNSAT进行跨文化调适,并测量了姑息性癌症患者家庭照顾者的未满足需求,结果显示,内容效度0.98,重测信度中等(Kappa值0.21~0.48)。目前,CSNAT已被翻译成挪威语、瑞典语、冰岛语、法加语、荷兰语、意大利语、丹麦语和德语等[40]多种语言版本,在不同的人群中进行验证。

2. 家庭照顾者需求评估癌症丧亲(Needs Assessment of Family Caregivers-Bereavement to Cancer, NAFC-BvC)

美国学者Kim [41]等于2020年编制,是一项癌症去世患者照顾者未满足需求水平的自我报告工具。NAFC-BvC由2个维度、20个条目组成,即重返社会需求维度(8个条目)和管理损失需求维度(12个条目)。该量表的评分方法与NAFC-C一致,经验证,其Cronbach’s α系数为0.761~0.852。然而,因开发时纳入样本量较少,信效度稳定性弱,NAFC-BvC尚未被广泛应用于临床研究[42]

3. 癌症需求问卷父母和照顾者(Cancer Needs Questionnaire-Parents and Carers, CNQ-PC)

澳大利亚学者Carey [43]等于2012年研制,用于评估患有癌症的青少年和青壮年(Adolescents and Young Adults, AYAs)的父母和照顾者的未满足需求。CNQ-PC包含8个领域、150个条目,采用Likert 5级评分法(1 = 非常不同意,5 = 非常同意)进行评分,每个维度单独计分,得分越高未满足需求水平越高。2017年Sawyer [44]等使用CNQ-PC调查了澳大利亚青少年癌症患者父母照顾者的未满足需求与情绪困扰的关系,但缺乏心理测量学检验,其科学性与推广性有待考究。

3.2. 国内评估工具

国内针对癌症照顾者未满足需求的研究起步较晚,目前规范性较好的均为特异性评估量表。

3.2.1. 晚期癌症患者家属需求调查表

宋莉娟[45]等于2008年基于文献回顾和德尔菲专家咨询等开发的针对晚期癌症患者家属的未满足需求评估量表,共7个维度,36个条目,分别为维持健康(8个条目)、医护人员的支持(7个条目)、对疾病和治疗的知识(5个条目)、对丧葬的支持(5个条目)、对临终关怀的信息(4个条目)、对患者的心理支持(4个条目)和患者症状控制(3个条目)。采用Likert 5级评分法,得分越高代表需求越高。研究团队将其应用于649名住院晚期癌症患者家属,结果显示该量表的Cronbach’s α系数为0.902,除“临终关怀信息”和“患者心理支持”外,其余各维度Cronbach’s α系数均 ≥ 0.85。目前已在国内多项关于晚期癌症照顾者的需求研究中得以应用。

3.2.2. 女性乳腺癌患者配偶需求评估量表

万永慧[46]等基于需求层次理论,通过对10名乳腺癌患者配偶进行深度访谈,联合文献回顾和专家咨询编制。该量表包括5个维度、23个条目,专家权威系数0.877,经在169例患者配偶应用结果显示,总Cronbach’s α系数为0.931,各维度分别为:生理需求为0.684,安全需求为0.925,爱与归属需求为0.809,尊重需求为0.873,自我实现需求为0.841。探索性因子分析结果显示KMO值为0.917,提取出5个公因子,解释了68.317%的贡献率,信效度良好。

4. 小结

目前,癌症患者照顾者作为多种重要角色的承担者,需求未满足情况仍较为多见,容易对照顾者的身心健康造成负面影响。及时发现并采取针对性的应对措施,能够有效提高照顾者的满意度。未满足需求评估工具的研究仍处于发展阶段,新的评估工具不断涌现,但质量差异较大,缺少一个科学权威的“金标准”。而癌症照顾者的照护工作是一段长期变化发展的过程,容易忽视不同治疗时期的阶段变化,因此,不同特征的癌症患者照顾者未满足需求的研究应采取合适的评估工具,同时结合质性研究,开展纵横结合的混合性研究,在把握照顾者未满足需求的基础上进一步开展高效的干预性研究,以改善照顾者的生活质量,从而改善其照护质量,帮助癌症患者获得高质量的护理体验。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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