C反应蛋白–白蛋白–淋巴细胞(CALLY)指数对皮肌炎患者间质性肺病和疾病活动度的预测价值
C-Reactive Protein-Albumin-Lymphocyte (CALLY) Index for Predicting Value of Interstitial Lung Disease and Disease Activity in Patients with Dermatomyositis
摘要: 背景:C反应蛋白–白蛋白–淋巴细胞(CALLY)指数在具有免疫过程的疾病中显示出良好的前景。然而,有关其在皮肌炎中的应用的研究还很有限。这项回顾性研究旨在评估CALLY对皮肌炎患者的间质性肺病和疾病活动度的预测价值。方法:我们收集了105位皮肌炎患者(45位患有间质性肺炎,60位无间质性肺炎)和102名健康对照者的临床数据。从电子医疗记录中提取临床特征,采用二元逻辑回归和ROC曲线分析CALLY、临床特征和疾病活动度之间的相关性。结果:皮肌炎患者的CALLY水平明显低于对照组(P < 0.001)。在皮肌炎组中,间质性肺炎患者的CALLY水平明显低于非间质性肺炎患者(P < 0.05)。CALLY与VAS总分呈负相关(r = −0.305, P = 0.002)。ROC分析确定预测皮肌炎患者无ILD的最佳CALLY临界值为8.41 (敏感性91.1%,特异性40%,曲线下面积 = 0.620)。Logistic回归分析确定CALLY (p = 0.005)是无间质性肺炎的皮肌炎的独立预测指标。结论:CALLY与DM患者的不合并间质性肺炎和疾病活动度降低有明显相关性,这表明它在DM的评估和监测方面具有一定潜力。
Abstract: Background: The C-reactive protein-albumin-lymphocyte (CALLY) index has demonstrated potential in assessing diseases with immunological processes. However, investigations into its applicability in dermatomyositis (DM) remain limited. This retrospective study aims to assess the predictive value of the CALLY index for interstitial lung disease and disease activity in patients with dermatomyositis. Methods: Data from 105 patients with DM (45 with interstitial lung disease [ILD], 60 without ILD) and 102 healthy controls were collected. Relevant clinical characteristics were extracted from medical records. Logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were employed to examine correlations among CALLY, clinical characteristics, and disease activity. Results: Patients with DM demonstrated significantly lower CALLY values compared to controls (P < 0.001). Within the DM cohort, patients with ILD exhibited significantly lower CALLY values than those without ILD (P <0.05). CALLY showed a negative correlation with the global Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) score (r = −0.305, P = 0.002). ROC analysis determined the optimal CALLY cutoff value for predicting non-ILD in DM patients to be 8.41 (sensitivity 91.1%, specificity 40%, area under the ROC curve = 0.620). CALLY (P = 0.005) was identified as an independent predictor of DM without concurrent ILD. Conclusions: The CALLY index demonstrated a significant association with the absence of interstitial lung disease and reduced disease activity in patients with DM, indicating its potential utility in the assessment and monitoring of dermatomyositis.
文章引用:石欣然, 刘涛, 闫文静, 姜晨, 王海萍. C反应蛋白–白蛋白–淋巴细胞(CALLY)指数对皮肌炎患者间质性肺病和疾病活动度的预测价值[J]. 临床医学进展, 2025, 15(1): 379-388. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2025.151053

1. 前言

皮肌炎(dermatomyositis, DM)是一种系统性自身免疫性疾病,主要影响肌肉和皮肤,亦能累及其他器官如心脏、肺、关节和胃肠道等。间质性肺疾病(interstitial lung disease, ILD)是DM患者常见的并发症,也是导致DM患者死亡的主要原因之一[1]。DM表现为不同的疾病活动度,从数周或数月的缓慢发病到急性发病[1]。研究表明,疾病活动度高、并发间质性肺病(ILD)的DM患者预后差,死亡率高,更能从环磷酰胺或其他免疫抑制剂中获益[2]。因此,早期识别高疾病活动度、合并ILD的DM患者,及时进行治疗干预至关重要。

DM特异性抗体已被发现与临床表现密切相关,如抗MDA5抗体、抗JO-1抗体都被发现与DM并发ILD密切相关[2]。与巨噬细胞活化相关的生物标志物,如可溶性CD163、CD206、新喋呤和半乳糖凝集素-3/9,是目前用于评估DM疾病活动度的研究热点[3]。但是,这些生物标志物通常价格昂贵且难以测量,更凸显了开发更彻底、更简单的诊断工具的必要性。

近年来,新型生物标志物已经成为免疫介导的炎症性疾病的有前景的预测指标。这些生物标志物易于获取且价格低廉,如全血细胞(complete blood count, CBC)参数中的NLR (中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值,neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio)、PLR (血小板/淋巴细胞比值,platelet-lymphocyte ratio)等[4]。C反应蛋白(CRP)–白蛋白–淋巴细胞指数(CALLY)是一种新型评分系统,整合了炎症水平、营养状况和免疫功能方面的数据,研究发现它是病理条件下过度炎症反应的生物标志物[5]。然而,其在DM中的作用仍有待阐明。因此,我们进行了这项回顾性研究,以评估CALLY在预测DM患者肺部并发症和疾病活动度方面的有效性。

2. 资料与方法

2.1. 研究人群

这项回顾性研究得到了青岛大学附属医院伦理委员会的批准。2017年6月至2022年9月期间,253名DM患者在本院的神经内科和风湿免疫科接受了治疗。本研究排除了患有其他免疫介导的炎症性疾病(immune-mediated inflammatory disease, IMIDs),包括炎症性肠病、炎症性关节炎、皮肤IMIDs如银屑病等[6],以及心力衰竭、心肌梗死、严重感染、血液疾病、癌症、急性中毒、慢性肺病、血凝异常、糖尿病肾病以及正在服用皮质类固醇或免疫抑制剂的患者,以及18岁以下的患者。根据2017年EULAR/ACR分类标准[7]诊断为DM,即符合特发性炎性疾病的分类标准、发病年龄大于18岁且存在向阳疹或Gottron征及特征性肌无力的患者,被纳入DM组(n = 105)。对照组(n = 102)由健康检查中心年龄和性别匹配的健康个体组成,他们没有危险因素或慢性疾病。

2.2. 资料收集

收集患者的一般特征、检验检查结果和临床表现的资料。ILD的诊断基于高分辨率计算机断层扫描(high-resolution computed tomography, HRCT)中观察到的特征性表现,如特发性肺纤维化典型的胸膜下和基底部分布为主的网格状阴影、蜂窝肺改变,以及特发性非特异性间质性肺炎的双侧磨玻璃影等,遵循美国胸科协会和欧洲呼吸协会制定的标准[8]。肌炎疾病活动评估视觉模拟量表(Myositis Disease Activity Assessment Visual Analogue Scale, MYOACT VAS)用于评估DM的疾病活动度,该量表由国际肌炎评估和临床研究小组(International Myositis Assessment and Clinical Research Group, IMACRG)开发,于2004年被提出作为评估肌炎疾病活动度的工具,并被广泛用于确定肌炎疾病活动度[9]。使用6个系统(躯体、骨骼、皮肤、胃肠道、肺部和心血管)的VAS总评分来评估疾病活动度[9]。测量实验室指标CRP、淋巴细胞计数、抗核抗体(ANA)、肌酸激酶(CK)、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、白蛋白(ALB)、丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)和红细胞沉降率(ESR)的水平。CALLY指数的计算公式为:白蛋白 × 淋巴细胞计数 ÷ (CRP × 10)。

2.3. 统计分析

连续变量以平均值 ± 标准差或中位数(25%~75%)表示,分类变量则以百分比表示。使用Kolmogorov-Smirnov检验评估正态性。采用Student’s t检验或Mann-Whitney U检验比较连续变量,采用卡方检验比较分类变量。通过Spearman (非正态分布)及Pearson (正态分布)相关分析计算连续变量之间的关系。通过受试者工作特征曲线(receiver operating characteristic, ROC)曲线分析评估CALLY的准确性与敏感性。通过Logistic回归分析评估CALLY是否为独立危险因素。双尾部P值 < 0.05认为有统计显著性。所有分析均使用SPSS26.0进行。

3. 结果

3.1. DM患者和健康对照的一般资料及临床特征

本分析共纳入105例DM患者和102例年龄和性别匹配的健康对照者。对照组中,男性39例,女性63例,平均年龄53.26 ± 1.24岁。DM组中,男性39例,女性63例,平均年龄52.57 ± 1.29岁。不合并ILD的DM患者60例,男性30例,女性30例,平均年龄51.32 ± 13.80岁。合并ILD的DM患者45例,男性9例,女性36例,平均年龄54.24 ± 12.26岁。DM患者不同合并症亚组的人口统计学和实验室数据总结见表1

Table 1. Comparison of clinical data and laboratory measurements among the dermatomyositis (DM) groups

1. DM组的临床和实验室特征

特征

总DM患者

DM合并症亚组

P值

(n = 105)

DM不合并ILD组

DM合并ILD组

(n = 60)

(n = 45)

年龄()

52.57 ± 1.29

51.32 ± 13.80

54.24 ± 12.26

0.262

性别

0.002

66 (62.9 %)

30 (50.0 %)

36 (80.0 %)

39 (37.1%)

30 (50.0 %)

9 (20.0 %)

CRP (mg/L)

0.53 (0.50~2.72)

0.50 (0.50~1.81)

1.06 (0.50~3.90)

0.56

淋巴细胞计数(109/L)

1.20 (0.80~1.65)

1.23 (0.79~1.85)

1.16 ± 0.66

0.353

ALB (g/L)

34.50 (31.10~38.65)

36.20 (32.30~39.40)

32.10 (29.05~36.35)

0.001

CALLY

5.46 (1.10~8.85)

6.14 (1.24~11.02)

3.94 (1.08~6.14)

0.036

ANA (>1:100) (n)

66 (62.9 %)

39 (65.0 %)

27 (60.0 %)

0.602

CK (IU/L)

252.90 (54.80~1192.05)

344.00 (124.93~1920.56)

69.00 (32.75~874.45)

0.002

CK-MB (IU/L)

26.00 (18.95~64.65)

26.50 (22.00~70.48)

21.80 (14.50~52.35)

0.033

LDH (IU/L)

326.90 (237.00~536.00)

345.50 (245.58~566.50)

301.00 (231.00~419.50)

0.074

ALT (IU/L)

48.00 (26.10~107.15)

51.65 (24.68~116.25)

48.00 (31.00~100.00)

0.961

ESR (mm/h)

13.00 (8.00~20.50)

13.50 (7.15~18.83)

13.00 (8.00~22.50)

0.577

面部红斑(n)

64 (61.0 %)

43 (71.7 %)

21 (46.7 %)

0.010

V字征(n)

18 (17.1 %)

16 (26.7 %)

2 (4.4 %)

0.003

肌痛(n)

63 (60.0 %)

43 (71.7 %)

20 (44.4 %)

0.005

数据根据其分布表示为平均值 ± 标准差、中位数(25%~75%)或频率(%)。缩写:CRP,C反应蛋白;ANA,抗核抗体;CK,肌酸激酶;CK-MB,肌酸激酶同工酶;LDH,乳酸脱氢酶;ALB,白蛋白;ALT,丙氨酸氨基转移酶;ESR,红细胞沉降率;DM,皮肌炎;ILD,间质性肺炎。P < 0.05。

3.2. DM患者和健康对照者的CALLY水平

与DM患者相比,健康对照组CALLY水平显著更高[DM患者组为5.46 (1.10~8.85),健康对照组为12.11 (9.42~16.45),P < 0.001] (图1A)。此外,不合并ILD的DM组的CALLY水平显著高于合并ILD的DM组[不合并ILD的DM组为6.14 (1.24~11.02) vs合并ILD的DM组为3.94 (1.08~6.14),P = 0.036] (表1图1B)。

Figure 1. CALLY levels between (A) healthy controls and patients with dermatomyositis (DM); (B) DM without interstitial lung disease (ILD) and DM with ILD. The DM group showed significantly lower CALLY levels than the control group (P < 0.001), and the DM with ILD group showed significantly lower CALLY levels than the DM without ILD group (P < 0.05)

1. CALLY水平在 (A) 健康对照组和皮肌炎(DM)患者之间相比较;(B) 无间质性肺炎(ILD)的DM和有ILD的DM之间相比较。DM组的CALLY水平明显低于对照组(P < 0.001),而DM合并ILD组的CALLY水平明显低于DM不合并ILD组(P < 0.05)

3.3. DM患者CALLY水平与疾病活动度指标的相关性

Spearman相关分析显示,CALLY水平与疾病活动度的各种实验室指标之间存在显著的负相关性。CALLY水平与VAS总评分呈负相关(r = −0.305, P = 0.002),CALLY水平与ESR水平呈负相关(r = −0.352, P < 0.001),CALLY水平与LDH呈负相关(r = −0.244, P = 0.012) (表2图2)。

Table 2. Correlation between CALLY levels and disease activity indicators in patients with dermatomyositis (DM)

2. DM患者CALLY水平与疾病活动度指标的相关性

CALLY

VAS总评分

r

P-value

r

P-value

ESR

−0.352

<0.001

0.143

0.145

LDH

−0.244

0.012

0.435

<0.001

ALT

−0.146

0.137

0.24

0.014

CK

−0.115

0.244

0.247

0.011

CRP

−0.726

<0.001

0.133

0.177

ALB

0.523

<0.001

−0.433

<0.001

淋巴细胞计数

0.383

<0.001

−0.293

0.002

VAS总评分

−0.305

0.002

缩写:ESR,红细胞沉降率;LDH,乳酸脱氢酶;ALT,丙氨酸氨基转移酶;CK,肌酸激酶;CRP,C反应蛋白;ALB,白蛋白;VAS,visual analog scale,视觉模拟评估量表;DM,皮肌炎;ILD,间质性肺炎。P < 0.05。

3.4. CALLY及中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比率(NLR)对DM患者肺部并发症的ROC曲线分析

对于不合并ILD的预测,CALLY的曲线下面积(area under the curve, AUC)值为0.620,最佳临界值为8.41,敏感性为91.1%,特异性为40.0% (P = 0.036) (图3A);预测合并ILD时,中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比率(NLR)的AUC值为0.596,最佳临界值为4.02,敏感性为71.1%,特异性为53.3% (P = 0.095) (图3B)。

Figure 2. Correlation between CALLY with erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) (A) and global visual analog scale (VAS) score (B) in patients with dermatomyositis (DM). CALLY was an indicator of the disease activity. CALLY were negatively correlated with ESR (r = −0.352, P < 0.001) and Global VAS scores (r = −0.305, P = 0.002)

2. 皮肌炎(DM)患者的CALLY与红细胞沉降率(ESR)(A)和视觉模拟量表(VAS)总评分(B)之间的相关性。CALLY是能反映疾病活动度的指标。CALLY与血沉(r = −0.352, P < 0.001)和VAS总评分(r = −0.305, P = 0.002)呈负相关

Figure 3. Receiver operating characteristics curve (ROC) analysis of (A) C-reactive protein-albumin-lymphocyte index (CALLY) versus (B) neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) for discrimination between dermatomyositis (DM) without interstitial lung disease (ILD) (n = 60) and DM with ILD (n = 45). The ROC analysis of CALLY to predict patients with DM without ILD from those with ILD showed that the area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.620, and the cutoff value using the ROC curve was 8.41. The AUC of NLR was 0.596 (cutoff value = 4.02) to differentiate patients with DM with ILD from those without ILD

3. CALLY (A) 对比中性粒细胞-淋巴细胞比值(NLR) (B) 的受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)分析,对于区分不合并间质性肺炎(ILD)的皮肌炎(DM) (n = 60)和合并ILD的DM (n = 45)。CALLY的ROC分析显示,其区分合并与不合并ILD的DM的曲线下面积(AUC)为0.620,临界值为8.41。NLR区分合并与不合并ILD的AUC为0.596,临界值为4.02

3.5. DM合并ILD相关因素的Logistic回归分析

单变量Logistic回归分析显示,DM合并ILD与以下几个因素有显著关联:女性、面部红斑、V字征、肌痛和CALLY降低。多变量Logistic回归分析证实,性别、面部红斑、胸前V字征、肌痛、CALLY降低与DM合并ILD独立相关(表3)。

Table 3. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses of concurrent interstitial lung disease (ILD) in patients with dermatomyositis (DM)

3. DM患者合并ILD的单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析

单因素分析

多因素分析

OR (95% CI)

P

OR (95% CI)

P

性别()

4.000 (1.645~9.727)

0.002*

7.270 (2.254~23.445)

0.001*

年龄

1.017 (0.987~1.048)

0.26

1.026 (0.987~1.066)

0.193

面部红斑

2.891 (1.284~6.507)

0.010*

3.013 (1.059~8.570)

0.039*

V字征

7.818 (1.695~36.065)

0.008*

9.449 (1.738~51.375)

0.009*

肌痛

3.162 (1.402~7.129)

0.006*

2.340 (0.872~6.281)

0.092*

CALLY

0.907 (0.836~0.984)

0.019*

0.867 (0.784~0.959)

0.005*

缩写:DM,皮肌炎;OR,优势比;CI,置信区间;ILD,间质性肺炎。P < 0.05。

4. 讨论

本研究表明,DM患者的CALLY水平显著降低,且CALLY与 DM 患者不合并ILD和低疾病活动度相关,在区分疾病特征方面表现出令人满意的预测性能。我们的研究得出了三个主要结论:首先,与DM合并ILD的患者相比,DM不合并ILD患者的CALLY水平更高。CALLY与VAS总评分以及血沉等其他疾病活动度指标呈负相关。其次,ROC曲线分析表明,CALLY可以预测不合并ILD的DM患者。最后,Logistic回归分析表明,CALLY是预测DM不合并ILD的独立指标。这些结果表明,CALLY水平可以作为预测DM患者合并ILD和疾病活动度的有效、简单且经济的方法。

DM的确切发病机制尚不清楚。目前认为,DM患者体内过度活跃的自身免疫反应会引发炎症细胞过度激活,主要是浆细胞样树突状细胞、B细胞和CD4 T细胞,导致细胞因子和抗原的过度表达。这一过程会直接损伤组织和细胞,或诱发炎症级联反应,导致肌肉、皮肤、肺部及全身多脏器的损伤[10]-[12]。炎症引起的毛细血管渗漏或疾病相关的食欲减退可导致血清白蛋白水平下降,研究发现其与炎症水平升高及高营养风险独立相关[13],被用作DM研究中疾病活动度的标志物[14]。CRP是一种广泛使用的炎症生物标志物,用于评估体内炎症是否存在和严重程度。CRP由人体肝脏在炎症刺激下产生,是炎症的广泛生物标志物,用于评估体内炎症过程的存在和严重程度,在急性炎症过程中其水平通常升高[15]。其他医疗中心的研究表明,与不合并ILD的DM患者相比,合并ILD的DM患者中淋巴细胞数显著降低,白蛋白水平降低以及CRP水平升高,此外CRP水平也与MYOACT活动度评分呈正相关[16]。多项关于淋巴细胞计数与DM活动度关联性的研究表明,不同种类以及不同亚型的淋巴细胞计数与DM活动度存在不同的关联,但均具有统计学意义[17] [18]。本研究观察到类似趋势,DM合并ILD患者与不合并ILD患者相比,白蛋白水平显著降低,同时淋巴细胞计数下降,CRP水平升高但无统计学意义。DM患者中,白蛋白、淋巴细胞计数与MYOACT活动度评分之间存在显著的负相关,而CRP水平则呈正相关,但不显著。而CALLY与白蛋白、淋巴细胞计数显著正相关,与CRP水平显著负相关,说明CALLY水平升高一定程度上可以反映患者增强的免疫功能及营养状况及降低的炎症反应水平。

迄今为止,还没有进行DM患者中CALLY临床意义的相关研究。然而,大量研究已经探索了CALLY作为各种病理条件下过度炎症反应的替代标志物,这些研究中的大多数都研究了CALLY与肿瘤性疾病之间的相关性,CALLY水平升高与消化道肿瘤患者的疾病严重程度及总体生存率呈负相关,与其他常规生物标志物相比,CALLY具有更出色的预后能力[19]-[23]。同时,在心肾综合征和肌肉减少症的研究中,较高的CALLY水平与疾病低风险显著相关,其预测炎症风险的能力甚至超过其他传统标志物[24] [25]。皮肌炎合并间质性肺炎与高疾病活动度与疾病快速进展与不良预后高度关联[26]。我们的研究表明,高水平的CALLY与DM不合并ILD和低疾病活动度显著相关,这表明它有作为DM的生物标志物的潜力,有待进一步研究。

血细胞产生的细胞因子和趋化因子会放大DM中的免疫反应[27],因此,CBC参数在DM中作为疾病并发症及活动度的潜在生物标志物被广泛研究。此前的多项研究证实,中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞计数比值(NLR)是一种新型生物标记物,是DM并发症、疾病活动和预后的有价值的预测指标。研究中的大多数表明,合并ILD的DM患者的NLR显著高于不合并ILD的患者,并且与MYOACT整体活动度评分呈显著正相关[16] [28]-[30]。本研究对NLR和CALLY在DM合并ILD患者中的预测能力进行了比较,结果表明NLR与CALLY的预测能力相当,表明CALLY可能与NLR一样也是DM的生物标志物。

本研究存在一些局限性。首先,研究人群来自单一中心,样本量相对较小。其次,由于这是一项回顾性研究,我们没有获得治疗后CBC参数的数据,因此无法比较治疗前后的CALLY变化。第三,由于缺乏随访数据,限制了对CALLY与DM患者预后之间关系的评估,如CALLY能否预测DM患者的肺功能下降速度、生存率等。第四,本研究中合并肿瘤的DM患者数量不足,限制了对CALLY与糖尿病合并肿瘤之间关系的探索。为了进一步验证CALLY的临床实用性,未来的研究应包括对DM患者进行多中心、前瞻性研究,并扩大样本量。

5. 结论

CALLY与DM患者的疾病活动度和合并ILD显著相关。CALLY是一种简单、易用的实验室检测方法,可用于预测DM患者是否合并ILD及评估DM患者的疾病活动度。在未来有必要开展进一步的大型多中心研究,以进一步探索其价值。

伦理声明

该研究获得了青岛大学附属医院伦理委员会的批准,数据是匿名的,因此无需获取知情同意。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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