肝移植术后移植物抗宿主病6例临床分析
Clinical Analysis of 6 Cases of Graft-versus-Host Disease after Liver Transplantation
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2025.151086, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 宋笑林*, 许青冬:青岛大学青岛医学院,山东 青岛;蔡金贞#:青岛大学附属医院器官移植中心,山东 青岛
关键词: 肝脏移植移植物抗宿主病诊疗策略外周血嵌合体检测Liver Transplantation Graft-versus-Host Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Strategy Peripheral Blood Chimerism
摘要: 目的:总结单中心肝移植术后移植物抗宿主病(graft-versus-host disease, GVHD)的临床经验,探讨肝移植术后GVHD发生的临床表现、诊断方法及诊疗策略。方法:回顾性收集2013年7月至2024年1月于青岛大学附属医院进行各类肝移植手术后发生GVHD患者的临床资料,包括首发症状、实验室检查、发病时间等,描述性分析肝移植术后GVHD患者的临床特点及诊疗策略。结果:通过收集1263例各类肝移植手术患者临床资料,共确诊GVHD患者6例,发生率为0.47%;其中5例患者死亡,均死于严重感染导致的多器官功能衰竭,1例经治疗后存活至今。首发症状以皮疹、腹泻、发热为主;死亡患者实验室检查示三系减少伴严重骨髓抑制。组织病理学示皮肤基底层空泡变性、淋巴细胞浸润及坏死的嗜酸性角质形成。外周血嵌合体检测示供者来源T (CD8)细胞比例大于1%;呈受者与供者混合大嵌合状态。治疗方法主要有激素冲击、降低或停用免疫抑制剂、应用高级抗生素预防感染、个体化治疗及对症治疗。结论:肝移植术后GVHD死亡率高、预后差,现阶段诊断主要依靠典型临床表现及实验室检查,治疗以激素冲击为主要手段构成的综合治疗方法。
Abstract: Objective: The present study aims to comprehensively summarize the clinical experience regarding graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) subsequent to liver transplantation within a single medical center, and to meticulously explore the clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and diagnosis and treatment strategy of GVHD in the post-liver transplantation setting. Methods: Clinical data of patients who manifested GVHD after assorted liver transplantation operations in the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University spanning from July 2013 to January 2024 were retrospectively collated. This encompassed initial symptomatology, laboratory evaluations, onset temporalities, and other relevant aspects. A descriptive analysis was then conducted to elucidate the clinical characteristics and diagnosis and treatment strategy of patients with post-liver transplantation GVHD. Results: Upon collecting the clinical data of 1263 patients who underwent diverse liver transplantation procedures, a total of six patients were definitively diagnosed with GVHD, yielding an incidence rate of 0.47%. Among these, five patients succumbed, all attributable to multiple organ failure consequent to severe infections. One patient has survived to date following treatment. The preponderant initial symptoms comprised dermatological eruptions, diarrhea, and febrile paroxysms. Laboratory examinations of the deceased patients exhibited pancytopenia accompanied by profound bone marrow suppression. Histopathological inspection unveiled vacuolar degeneration of the epidermal basal layer, lymphocyte infiltration, and necrotic eosinophilic keratinocytes. Peripheral blood chimerism assays demonstrated that the proportion of donor-derived T (CD8) cells surpassed 1%, signifying a large mixed chimeric state between the recipient and the donor. The cardinal treatment strategies incorporated steroid pulse therapy, reduction or cessation of immunosuppressive medications, application of advanced antibiotics for infection prevention, individualized treatment modalities, and symptomatic interventions. Conclusion: GVHD after liver transplantation has a high mortality rate and poor prognosis. At present, the diagnosis mainly relies on typical clinical manifestations and laboratory tests, and the treatment is a comprehensive treatment method mainly composed of steroid shock.
文章引用:宋笑林, 许青冬, 蔡金贞. 肝移植术后移植物抗宿主病6例临床分析[J]. 临床医学进展, 2025, 15(1): 634-641. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2025.151086

1. 引言

移植物抗宿主病(graft-versus-host disease, GVHD)通常发生于肝移植术后2月内[1],是由移植器官内免疫能力强的供体白细胞逃避受体免疫系统的清除,并将受体的组织细胞识别为异体抗原并产生免疫应答[2],进而对受体的皮肤、胃肠道、肝脏、骨髓等多脏器进行攻击,从而累及全身多系统的一种疾病,其中典型的临床表现主要为皮疹、发热、腹泻、骨髓抑制等[3]。但由于这些临床表现早期并无明显特异性,从而导致GVHD早期极易被误诊,进而延误诊治并进一步导致患者死亡。GVHD发病率极低,约为0.5%~2.0%,属于肝移植术后罕见的并发症,却有极高的死亡率,约为85% [4]。目前由于极低的发病率和缺乏多中心大样本的循证医学证据,导致并无可靠的诊断和治疗的统一指南。本研究将总结单中心肝移植术GVHD的临床经验,探讨肝移植术后GVHD发生的临床表现、诊断方法及诊疗策略。

2. 对象与方法

2.1. 研究对象

本研究研究对象纳入标准:1) 为于我院2013年7月~2024年1月接受各类肝移植手术;2) 包括任何种族、性别及年龄;3) 自愿签署知情同意书;4) 经我院组织病理学及各类辅助检查等确诊;5) 各类临床资料完整的患者。排除标准:1) 术后失访;2) 未签署知情同意书;3) 临床资料不完整的患者。

2.2. 研究方法

本研究是一项描述性研究,回顾性分析我院经组织病理学及辅助检查等确诊为GVHD患者的临床资料,包括一般情况、原发病诊断、实验室检查、临床表现、影像学表现、供体一般资料、治疗方案及预后等。

3. 结果

3.1. 一般资料

2013年7月~2024年1月青岛大学附属医院共完成1263各类肝移植手术,其中GVHD共发生6例,发生率为0.47%。6例GVHD中,男性4例,女性2例;原发病诊断均为肝硬化失代偿期;其中5例行同种异体肝移植术,1例行肝肾联合移植术;术后均采用激素、钙调蛋白抑制剂及麦考酚酸酯三联抗排异治疗;其中5例GVHD患者均因合并各种感染及多器官功能衰竭死亡,1例经治疗后生存至今。患者一般资料见表1

Table 1. Basic information of patients

1. 患者一般资料

项目

病例1

病例2

病例3

病例4

病例5

病例6

原发病诊断

肝硬化失代偿期

肝硬化失代偿期

肝硬化失代偿期

肝硬化失代偿期

肝硬化失代偿期

肝硬化失代偿期

年龄(岁)

68

51

58

15

59

44

性别

体重(kg)

41

48

92

57

55

65

术前MELD 评分

16

22

14

10

14

11

手术方式

劈离式肝移植(右三叶)

劈离式肝移植(右三叶)

肝肾联合移植

亲体肝移植

经典原位肝移植

经典原位肝移植

ABO/Rh血型

B型/阳性

B型/阳性

B型/阳性

AB型/阳性

A型/阳性

B型/阳性

供体年龄(岁)

39

43

43

37

18

23

供体性别

供体体重(kg)

60

53

54

58

64

85

供体ABO/Rh 血型

B型/阳性

B型/阳性

B型/阳性

A型/阳性

A型/阳性

B型/阳性

术后GVHD 发病时间(d)

16

16

24

28

12

29

发生GVHD 后生存时间(d)

11

54

28

298

8

至今

3.2. 病例特点

6例GVHD患者中,均出现皮疹、发热、腹泻等症状。皮疹始发于手掌、颈部、四肢及躯干等部位(图1图2),呈现为局限性斑丘疹后随病情发展进一步融合至广泛性红斑、严重者可见皮肤脱落及大水泡。发热时常为低热,可恢复至正常体温;但体温呈波动性,常难以维持。腹泻时多伴排便习惯改变,可见排便次数增多及稀水样便。实验室检查示5例死亡患者血常规呈现进行性红细胞、白细胞、血小板降低,呈现为三系减少及骨髓抑制状态(图3~5)。5例首发症状为皮疹患者皮肤送检病理学检查可见表皮角化不全,表皮内可见嗜酸性凋亡细胞,棘细胞层⽔肿;基底细胞空泡变性伴少量淋巴细胞浸润;真皮层内可见淋巴细胞浸润,以血管周围炎症较明显。外送外周血嵌合体检测,结果提示可见供者来源T (CD8)细胞比例大于1%;呈受者与供者混合大嵌合状态。

Figure 1. Rash

1. 皮疹

Figure 2. Rash

2. 皮疹

注:治疗过程中应用促红素、粒细胞刺激因子、重组人血小板生成素等药物。

Figure 3. White blood cell count (109/L)

3. 白细胞计数(109/L)

注:治疗过程中应用促红素、粒细胞刺激因子、重组人血小板生成素等药物。

Figure 4. Red blood cell count (109/L)

4. 红细胞计数(109/L)

3.3. 诊疗经过

患者确诊GVHD后,给予糖皮质激素连续冲击后逐渐减量,从而使淋巴细胞凋亡并控制炎症反应,进一步减少靶器官损害并改善相关症状,与此同时停止或减量钙调蛋白抑制剂及麦考酚酸酯类药物的应用;并根据患者病情是否发展进一步应用免疫球蛋白及单克隆抗体类药物。所有患者均给予保护性接触隔离,并派遣专职护理人员进行护理,所有物品定期消毒、限制人员出入及做好空气流通。由于大部分GHVD患者病变累及皮肤,易导致皮肤屏障功能障碍及合并骨髓抑制,所以早期均应使用广谱抗细菌、病毒和真菌类药物,预防感染的发生。根据患者是否出现骨髓抑制并三系减少,给予促红素、粒细胞刺激因子、重组人血小板生成素、输血制品等治疗。如患者病情进一步加重,则给予营养支持、切管切开、呼吸机辅助通气、血液净化等对症支持处理。

注:治疗过程中应用促红素、粒细胞刺激因子、重组人血小板生成素等药物。

Figure 5. Platelet count (109/L)

5. 血小板计数(109/L)

4. 分析

肝移植术后GVHD早期并无明显特异性,临床表现与药疹、感染等难以鉴别,易导致误诊及延迟诊断,但目前仍以临床诊断为主;主要表现在以靶器官受累而导致的临床症状和体征,如皮疹、发热、消化道症状、骨髓抑制等。除此之外,受累器官的组织病理学结果及受累器官或外周血检测中供体淋巴细胞存在的检测结果可完善支持诊断[5]。一旦怀疑患者发生GVHD,应尽快组建一只包括移植专科医师、病理科医师、皮肤科医师、血液科医师及感染科医师的多学科队伍明确诊断,从而做到早发现、早治疗并尽可能地改善患者预后[6]

对于临床疑似GVHD患者,应尽早应用激素治疗[7] [8];但目前起始应用激素量并无统一报道。一般以2 mg/kg/d为起始标准,边治疗边观察临床效果;对确诊GVHD患者,需激素500 mg连续冲击3天后再改为2 mg/kg/d;一般从第5天开始减量,直至停用激素。免疫球蛋白具有补充抗体及免疫调节作用,改善受体免疫力并降低应用激素带来的感染风险,可根据患者病情决定是否与激素连用。有文献报道通[9]-[11]过降低免疫抑制剂强度可治愈肝移植术后GVHD,免疫抑制剂减量或停止可提高受体的免疫力并清除供体来源的淋巴细胞,从而减轻GVHD的病情并改善患者生存率;但降低免疫抑制剂浓度可能对导致急性排斥的发生,需尽量在短时间内评估治疗效果,决定是否需要加强免疫抑制抑制强度,降低排斥反应的发生[12]。重型GVHD发生常伴有骨髓抑制[13]-[15],需立即停用骨髓抑制药物并应用促红素、粒细胞刺激因子、重组人血小板生成素、输血制品等;骨髓抑制的同时往往伴随三系减少,导致发生机会性感染、败血症及死亡的风险大大增加[16],应在发病初期使用限制级的抗感染药物,如早期应预防性应用广谱抗生素和抗病毒及抗真菌药物,并尽早留取血液、尿液、引流液、痰液等细菌培养,如出现阳性感染结果,则根据药敏结果及时更改抗生素。肝移植术后GVHD可分为激素敏感型和非激素依赖型;大部分患者对于激素敏感[17],对于非激素依赖型GVHD患者可加用白介素-2受体拮抗剂[18] [19]、抗胸腺细胞免疫球蛋白[20]等,但上述药物在肝移植术后GVHD治疗中无大规模临床应用经验,还需更多循证医学证据来证明其在GVHD治疗中的有效性及安全性。

肝移植术后GVHD可分为急性或慢性起病,两者一般通过发病时间来进行区分;急性GVHD常发生于术后100天内,慢性GVHD为术后100后发生。本研究6例患者均属于急性GVHD,其中病例1.2.3.5生存时间均<2月;病例5确诊后停用他克莫司,给予甲强龙冲击治疗,环孢素抗排异,丙球、舒普深、更昔洛韦预防感染治疗,后患者皮肤表现、实验室检查较前好转后出院,但6月后患者再次出现发热伴皮疹,血常规呈现骨髓抑制伴三系减低,确诊为复发性急性GVHD,后治疗无效死亡。病例6属于单纯皮疹型GVHD,给予激素冲击后恢复,存活至今。有文献报道以皮疹为主要临床表现的GVHD临床预后最好,以骨髓抑制伴三系减低为主的GVHD病人预后较差,死亡率极高,与本研究观察结果相似。

最新研究表明,GVHD患者的生物学标志物在病情进展起到重要作用,其中包括各类炎性细胞因子,如:白细胞介素-2、白细胞介素-6、白细胞介素-8,白细胞介素-18、γ-干扰素[21]等;在发病初期患者上述指标明显升高,经治疗后可明显下降;除此之外,GVHD患者外周血中供者来源的细胞游离DNA在发病初期也可明显上升[22]。因此,上述指标对于GVHD患者的早期筛查及诊断和治疗可提供一定的帮助,或许能使GVHD早诊断、早治疗、改善预后。治疗上,有报道[23]成功利用造血干细胞移植治愈伴有严重骨髓抑制的GVHD患者;此外、间充质干细胞具有低免疫原性和免疫调节特性,可用于治疗肝移植术后GVHD [24]。但上述治疗方法文献报道较少,还需更多的循证医学证据来验证。

5. 总结与展望

综上所述,本研究中6例患者均诊断明确且得到了积极治疗,但还是有5例患者不幸死亡。肝移植术后GVHD发病机制尚未明确,虽然发生率低,但死亡率极高;且现阶段由于缺乏大样本临床研究和循证医学证据,导致极易误诊和无统一规范的诊疗指南。下一步应鼓励进行多中心大样本研究,进一步积极深入研究GVHD发病机制,探索更为有效及特异性的治疗方案,改善肝移植术后GVHD患者预后,使其生存长期获益。

声 明

该病例报道已获得病人的知情同意。

NOTES

*第一作者。

#通讯作者。

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