药物涂层球囊在冠脉原位病变中的研究进展
Research Progress of Drug-Coated Balloons in De Novo Coronary Lesions
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2025.151142, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 艾云锋*:延安大学医学院,陕西 延安;高 燕:延安大学附属医院高血压心衰科,陕西 延安
关键词: 药物涂层球囊冠脉原位病变经皮冠状动脉介入治疗DCB De Novo Coronary Lesions PCI
摘要: 药物涂层球囊(drug-coated balloon, DCB)作为经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(percutaneous coronary intervention, PCI)领域的新器械,在不留置永久性植入物的情况下有效抑制狭窄,特别在冠状动脉原位小血管病变(small vessel disease, SVD)和支架内再狭窄(in-stent restenosis, ISR)病变中显示出较优的疗效。随着影像学技术的发展,光学相干断层成像(optical coherence tomography, OCT)、血管内超声(intravascular ultrasound, IVUS)引导下的DCB治疗能够进一步提高其临床效果,降低主要不良心血管事件(major adverse cardiac events, MACE)的发生率,使其在冠脉病变治疗中的应用范围不断扩大。本文就目前DCB应用于冠脉原位病变做一综述。
Abstract: Drug-coated balloon (DCB), as a new device in the field of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), effectively inhibits stenosis without indwelling permanent implants. In particular, it has shown better efficacy in coronary primary small vessel disease (SVD) and in-stent restenosis (ISR) lesions. With the development of imaging technology, DCB treatment guided by optical coherence tomography (OCT) and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) can further improve its clinical efficacy. It can reduce the incidence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) and expand its application in the treatment of coronary artery disease. This article reviews the current application of DCB in de novo coronary lesions.
文章引用:艾云锋, 高燕. 药物涂层球囊在冠脉原位病变中的研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2025, 15(1): 1063-1070. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2025.151142

1. 引言

随着经济的发展,人民生活水平逐渐提高,心血管疾病(cardiovascular diseases, CVD)发病率的不断上升,其中与冠状动脉疾病相关的CVD发病率,居高不下。根据全球疾病负担研究[1]数据,1990~2019年中国1~79岁人群CVD发病率从646.2/10万人年上升至652.2/10万人年。冠心病发病率从1990年的177.1/10万人年上升至2010年的203.7/10万人年,2019年下降至197.4/10万人年。PCI的出现极大地降低了死亡率,其中药物洗脱支架(drug-elutingstent, DES)在血运重建的同时显著降低了支架内再狭窄,但其存在金属留存血管、通过小血管病变困难、双联抗血小板治疗(dual-antiplatelet therapy, DAPT)时程长、晚期血栓等缺点。DCB作为一种新兴的介入治疗手段,凭借“介入无植入”的新理念,可弥补上述不足。被认为是未来有可能替代DES的优选治疗措施。

2. 药物涂层球囊在冠脉原位病变治疗中的作用机制

2.1. 药物涂层球囊的工作原理

DCB在原有普通球囊的基础上加用药物洗脱技术,在其表面附着一种抗增殖药物(紫杉醇、西罗莫司等),在球囊到达冠状动脉病变血管后,通过球囊扩张,将药物快速均匀的转运到血管壁,可持续抑制细胞分裂以及内膜增生,有效避免再狭窄。Shazly等[2]研究表明,含有紫杉醇的DCB可能增加患者死亡风险。为优化DCB性能,需深入理解扩张过程中的生物物理因素。Haase等[3]研究探讨了紫杉醇以外的药物,但尚未有药物能在临床上替代紫杉醇。总体来看,DCB的工作原理依赖于药物递送的有效性和生物相容性,药物选择和涂层技术的优化仍是未来研究的重点。

2.2. 药物涂层球囊的药物传输及滞留机制

DCB在冠脉原位病变治疗中的关键在于药物传输和滞留效率。Villar-Matamoros等[4]研究指出,球囊膨胀参数如接触比率、膨胀时间和运输时间直接影响药物在血管壁的滞留效果。在离体猪颈动脉模型中,膨胀比率为1:1且运输时间为3分钟的情况下,紫杉醇水平显著低于30秒运输时间的情况,而膨胀比率1.25:1的效果更佳。Colombo等[5]通过三维建模发现,球囊膨胀时间影响自由药物和特异性结合药物的浓度,且血管壁的结构(如钙化部分)会显著降低药物浓度。球囊的应用顺序和涂层滞留特性虽可提高药物浓度,但作用有限。这些研究表明,血管解剖结构、球囊设计和操作细节是影响药物传输效果的重要因素。

3. 药物涂层球囊在冠脉原位病变中的应用现状

3.1. DCB的应用条件

冠脉原位病变通常是指排除既往行支架植入术再狭窄及冠状动脉旁路移植术的冠状动脉血管病变,包含了原位小血管病变、大血管病变、分叉病变、慢性闭塞性病变等。对病变血管进行充分预扩张,如果同时满足以下3种情况,可以使用DCB治疗:(1) 血管C型以下夹层;(2) 心肌梗死溶栓治疗试验血流分级III级;(3) 残余狭窄 ≤ 30%。

3.2. 小血管病变

冠状动脉小血管病变通常定义为参考直径 ≤ 2.75 mm的血管病变,小血管病变多位于冠状动脉中远段,病变复杂,常合并长病变、分叉病变、弥漫性病变及弯曲病变。

RESTORE SVD中国试验[6]中纳入了115名接受DCB治疗和115名接受DES治疗的患者,完成了2年的随访。发现DCB组和DES组的靶病变失败(target lesion failure, TLF)没有显著差异(5.2% vs. 3.7%, p = 0.75)。靶病变血运重建(target lesion revascularization, TLR)。在1个月、1年和2年时均可接受,并且DCB与DES组无显著差异。表明与第二代DES相比,RESTORE DCB不会增加临床结果的风险。本研究中,使用DCB治疗后需要进行血运重建的晚期追赶现象并不明显。仅使用DCB的策略可以在新生SVD中产生可接受的结果。PICCOLETO II研究[7]纳入了102名接受DCB治疗的患者和101名接受DES治疗的患者,经过长达3年临床随访,发现DCB和DES之间的全因死亡率、心源性死亡、心肌梗死和TLR的累计发生率无显著差异。DES组发生MACE和急性血管闭塞的频率更高(分别为20.8% vs 10.8%和4% vs 0%)。表明与新一代紫杉醇DCB相比,使用当前一代DES治疗小血管疾病新发病变患者时,发生MACE的风险更高。Jeger等[8]在一项大规模随机对照试验经研究表明DCB治疗新生冠状动脉小血管疾病显示出持续的疗效和安全性。DCB是DES的真正替代品,可用于治疗冠状动脉中的特定新生病变,具有出色的长期安全性和疗效,Li等[9]的荟萃分析纳入1800例患者,结果显示DCB策略不劣于DES策略,Megaly等[10]的荟萃分析同样发现,与DES相比,DCB用于治疗SVD的结局相当。

此外,多项国外一些研究[11]-[14]也肯定了DCB在SVD中安全性和有效性,Tsai等[15]在极小血管(very small vessel, VSV)中的研究表明DCB和DES在首次极小血管PCI中的临床结果相似,通过仔细选择和准备病变,DCB可能是VSV介入的替代方案。而Zhang等[16]研究直接表明DCB可成为治疗VSV新生冠状动脉病变的安全有效的替代方法。

3.3. 大血管病变

冠状动脉大血管病变(large vessel disease, LVD)通常定义为参考直径 > 2.75 mm的血管病变,大血管病变往往位于冠状动脉主支或粗大的分支,涉及供血范围更广泛,此外大血管平滑肌及弹力纤维较小血管更加丰富,更容易发生弹性回缩。

一项大规模多中心前瞻性研究[17]中纳入1166例接受DCB血管成形术的患者。根据血管直径分为SVD组(靶血管直径 < 3.0 mm,783例)和LVD组(靶血管直径 ≥ 3.0 mm,383例子),与SVD组患者相比,LVD组患者的病变成功率和手术成功率均具有统计学上更高的优势。SVD组与LVD组之间,2年内TLF、心肌梗死、血运重建、卒中的发生率均无显著差异。表明紫杉醇DCB单独用于治疗大冠状动脉疾病与小冠状动脉疾病一样安全有效。Rosenberg等[18]、Yu等[19]分别在9个月、平均10.1个月的随访中得出了类似的结论。而Lu等[20]却认为,对于预扩张效果已达到可接受水平的患者,DCB策略对于大血管病变是安全有效的。

Jiang等[21]的荟萃分析纳入10项随机对照试验(randomized controlled trials, RCT)发现DCB可能是治疗大冠状动脉新生病变的一种有前途的替代方法,具有令人满意的疗效和低风险,优于BMS且不劣于DES,并且有减少晚期管腔丢失(late lumen loss, LLL)的趋势。国内学者李谦等[22]在对比分析DCB与DES治疗冠状动脉大血管原位原发病变的临床疗效中发现,DCB治疗术是一种安全有效的治疗方法,并且在LLL丢失方面优于DES,适合高出血风险及无法耐受长期口服双联抗血小板药物治疗的老年患者。贾高鹏等[23]研究表明DCB是治疗老年患者冠状动脉大血管病变安全、有效的方式,还发现低密度脂蛋白胆固醇升高和PCI是MACE发生的影响因素。此外部分研究[24]-[27]也证实DCB在治疗冠脉大血管病变中的可行性。

3.4. 分叉病变

分叉病变(bifurcation lesions, BL)由于其解剖的特殊性,无论是采用单支架或双支架策略均伴有较高的狭窄发生率。Kasbaoui等[28]研究表明采用主支DES和侧支DCB相结合的混合方法治疗真性BL似乎安全有效,短期并发症少,中期随访结果令人满意。Pellegrini等[29]的研究取得了基本相同的结论。在单纯应用DCB的研究中,Liu等[30]发现,DCB组左主干BL的LLL小于DES组,还具有手术操作简单的优势,但有研究显示单纯主支DCB治疗后,会有分支开口晚期面积增大现象[31]。Ke等[32]研究结果显示,相较于双支架策略,以DCB为基础的治疗策略与更少的LLL甚至负LLL相关。

3.5. 慢性完全闭塞病变

冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞病变(chronic total occlusion, CTO)因血流阻断,病变远端血管会出现负性重构,重新开通的血管则需要数周到数月恢复至正常大小,是目前介入治疗所面对的最具挑战的病变。

一项回顾性分析纳入154例接受DCB治疗的CTO病变新发患者,其中混合组57例,单纯DCB组97例,其中混合组病变较单纯DCB组复杂,逆行入路比例较高,IVUS引导较多,手术时间较长。结果显示DCB治疗在选定的新生CTO病变中表现出有效和安全的疗效。尽管混合组的病变更复杂,但混合组和仅DCB组的再通结果和长期预后相当[33]。Shin等[34]研究表明基于DCB的PCI方法显著减少了支架负担,特别是在使用小直径支架时,并且与CTO病变中仅使用DES的PCI相比,MACE风险更低。而Zhao等[35]研究指出,当球囊血管成形术的血管造影和血管内成像结果令人满意时,DCB 用于治疗CTO可能是合理的。

3.6. 其它原位病变

在合并糖尿病的冠脉原位病变患者中,Ito等[36]研究指出,在接受DCB治疗的患者中,糖尿病患者发生MACE和TLR的风险较高,其中使用胰岛素治疗糖尿病患者的治疗效果仍然不足。此外,Ito在合并血液透析(hemodialysis, HD)的患者中研究表明,HD患者DCB治疗后的TLR和MACE发生率高于非HD患者[37]。Funayama等[38]研究发现,DCB成形术治疗HD患者新发冠状动脉病变的疗效与现实世界中的DES成形术相似,DCB可成为治疗HD患者新发冠状动脉病变的一种可接受的治疗方法。一项回顾性、多中心研究纳入仅使用DCB策略治疗的新生冠状动脉疾病患者(共1392个病灶),并将其分为冠状动脉钙化(coronary artery calcification, CAC)组和非CAC组,在3年随访期间,发现对于仅接受DCB血管成形术治疗的患者,CAC增加了TLF和TLR的发生率,但并未显著增加MACE、心源性死亡、MI或任何血运重建的风险[39]。Li等[40]小样本研究表明,DCB单纯治疗方法是治疗孤立性左前降支开口部疾病的一种创新且可选的策略。但有必要进行进一步的随机试验以确认其可行性和安全性。此外,DCB治疗策略在冠脉原位病变(未区分大、小血管)中也得到了一些临床研究结果的支持[41]-[46]

4. 腔内影像学指导

腔内影像学帮助术者根据不同病变性质和程度选择合适的预处理工具,指导预处理选择。Li等[47]纳入54例非小血管新生病变患者,均在OCT引导下行DCB治疗。3个月随访发现MACE发生率仅为1.92%,术后3个月与术后即刻靶病变血管管腔直径狭窄程度无明显差异。表明OCT引导下切割球囊联合DCB可能是治疗非小血管新生病变的一种新方法。而Gao等[48]发现与血管造影指导相比,IVUS指导下的DCB血管成形术与较低的原发冠状动脉病变患者的LLL相关。国内一项小样本、单中心研究发现,IVUS指导和充分预处理后DCB介入治疗原位冠状动脉大血管病变安全有效[49]

5. 总结与展望

DCB作为一种不留置永久性植入物的介入治疗工具,已被证实是应对SVD的有效措施。在满足一定条件下,也可用于LVD、CTO病变、BL等,但仍需要大量RCT来验证。随着科学技术和材料学的发展,生物可吸收支架的问世使病变血管恢复正常结构和生理功能成为可能,机器人辅助PCI的出现,可借助智慧化的手段实现微创、精准化的治疗。相信在不久的将来,随着新型涂层药物的出现、腔内影像学的发展,多种混合治疗策略的成熟,DCB在冠脉原位病变的应用范围会越来越广泛,为更多患者带来福音。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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