非甾体类抗炎药的临床应用与消化道损害
Clinical Use of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Gastrointestinal Tract Damage
DOI: 10.12677/tcm.2025.141040, PDF, HTML, XML,    科研立项经费支持
作者: 吕梦鸽, 何俊彪, 石莉杰, 毋亚男, 李艳英, 李雪微, 张 颖, 黄天生*:上海中医药大学附属光华医院,上海;上海中医药大学附属光华医院消化内科,上海
关键词: 非甾体抗炎药胃肠道类风湿性关节炎骨关节炎NSAIDs Gastrointestinal Rheumatoid Arthritis Osteoarthritis
摘要: 非甾体抗炎药是临床最常用的药物之一,在抗炎、解热、镇痛等方面疗效显著,此外,NSAIDs还被进一步证明可以预防多种严重疾病,包括癌症和心脏病发作。然而,多项研究数据表明NSAIDs会对胃肠道造成损害。本综述提供了NSAIDs的临床应用与引起的胃肠道损伤,旨在不损害临床益处的情况下更安全地使用NSAIDs。
Abstract: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are one of the most commonly used drugs in the clinic, with significant efficacy in anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic effects, in addition to NSAIDs being further proven to prevent a wide range of serious illnesses, including cancer and heart attacks. However, data from several studies suggest that NSAIDs can cause damage to the gastrointestinal tract. This review provides clinical applications of NSAIDs with induced gastrointestinal damage and aims to use NSAIDs more safely without compromising clinical benefits.
文章引用:吕梦鸽, 何俊彪, 石莉杰, 毋亚男, 李艳英, 李雪微, 张颖, 黄天生. 非甾体类抗炎药的临床应用与消化道损害[J]. 中医学, 2025, 14(1): 253-260. https://doi.org/10.12677/tcm.2025.141040

1. 引言

非甾体抗炎药(Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs, NSAIDs)广泛应用于临床,具有抗炎、抗风湿、解热、镇痛及抗血小板聚集等作用,在治疗骨关节炎、类风湿性关节炎、发热、疼痛和心血管疾病方面有着显著的疗效。据统计,全球NSAIDs每天的使用人数超过3000万人[1]。在美国,每年消耗的NSAIDs剂量超过300亿剂[2]。美国一项研究表明,每年约有16,500例类风湿性关节炎或骨关节炎患者因服用NSAIDs而死亡[3]。此外,英国一项系统综述表明,平均每1200名服用NSAIDs大于2个月的患者中就有1人会死于胃十二指肠并发症,Tramèr及其同事据此推断,在英国每年就有大约2000人因服用NSAIDs死亡[4]。随着NSAIDs在临床上的广泛应用,其种类和应用日益增多,NSAIDs相关性胃肠道损害日益引起人们的重视。

2. NSAIDs在不同疼痛中的应用

NSAIDs对于缓解各种轻中度疼痛有较好的疗效。世界卫生组织(WHO)提出了治疗疼痛的“三阶梯镇痛原则”,第一阶梯主要针对轻度疼痛,首选非阿片镇痛药,如NSAIDs或对乙酰氨基酚,二、三阶梯主要针对中度、重度疼痛病人,如果最大剂量的非阿片类镇痛剂不足以缓解疼痛,则加用或改用弱阿片类药物,最后选用强阿片类药物[5]。对于各种急性疼痛,如急性痛风、关节肌肉疼痛、腰痛等,NSAIDs可取到一定的镇痛效果,但是相比于阿片类药物,超剂量使用NSAIDs并不能增强镇痛效果,因此,在临床中应注意NSAIDs的使用剂量[6]。另外由于其抗炎、抗风湿等作用,对于各种慢性疼痛如类风湿性关节炎、痛风性关节炎、强直性脊柱炎、脊柱关节炎等骨关节炎,NSAIDs也可取得较好的疗效。另外,有研究表明,对于结直肠癌、食管癌、卵巢癌等癌症疾病,NSAIDs可以起到一定预防和降低发病率的作用[7] [8]。近年来,随着循证医学的发展,对于各类疼痛,很多医学专业学会都制定了相关的临床指南[9],均将NSAIDs作为一种推荐药物。

2.1. NSAIDs用于类风湿性关节炎的治疗

类风湿关节炎(Rheumatoid Arthritis, RA)是一种慢性系统性自身免疫性疾病,其特征是对称性的侵蚀性滑膜炎,最终导致关节破坏和畸形,也可侵犯其他系统变生他病[10] [11]。其发病率与年龄呈正相关,致残率高,长期不愈可致畸,一项基于系统综述的荟萃分析得出,RA的全球患病率为每10万人460例[12],有研究显示,RA国外发病率为0.77% [12],国内发病率为0.4% [13],致残率高达61.3% [14]。严重影响关节正常活动、人们的身心健康和日常生活质量,因此RA的治疗也引起了广泛的重视。1996年美国风湿病学会发布了类风湿性关节炎的治疗指南[15]。随着循证医学的发展,结合RA管理方面的重大进展,2002年美国风湿病学会对指南进行了更新,指南提出NSAIDs具有镇痛和抗炎的特性,可以减轻关节疼痛和肿胀,是治疗RA的初始药物。并明确了NSAIDs相关胃出血的危险因素,并提供了几种可供考虑的选择:低剂量强的松、去乙酰基的水杨酸药物、高选择性Cox-2抑制剂,或在NSAIDs中添加胃粘膜保护剂[16]

2.2. NSAIDs用于骨关节炎疼痛的治疗

骨关节炎(osteoarthritis, OA)是由多种因素引起关节疼痛、关节功能下降的退行性关节病,易发生于中老年人群,随着老龄化进程的加快,患者的数量可能会越来越多,因此需要采取更多的行动,高度重视骨关节炎。根据国家健康访谈调查的数据,2016年美国估计大约有1400万人患有有症状的膝骨关节炎[17]。在全球范围内,OA患病率增加了113.25%,从1990年的2.4751亿增加到2019年的5.2781亿[18]。2021年《中华骨科杂志》发布了《骨关节炎诊疗指南(2021年版)》,对骨关节炎(OA)的诊断和治疗提出多项推荐意见,进一步优化了骨关节炎的诊断和治疗策略。该指南明确说明NSAIDs是膝关节OA疼痛的一线治疗药物,局部外用和口服NSAIDs可有效缓解OA疼痛,提出轻度OA、高龄或更多基础疾病或对口服药物有胃肠道反应的患者,建议优先选择局部药物。中度或重度OA患者可联合口服NSAIDs药物[19]

2.3. NSAIDs用于癌痛的治疗

癌症是一个重大的全球健康问题,并造成严重的经济负担,并且多年来发病率持续上升。GLOBOCAN估计数据显示,2018年全球约有1810万新发癌症病例和960万癌症死亡病例[20]。研究[21]显示,癌症患者治愈性治疗后疼痛患病率为39.3%;抗癌治疗期间为55.0%;晚期、转移性或晚期疾病占66.4%,所有癌症阶段占50.7%。疼痛是癌症患者的普遍症状,对生活质量有严重影响,并与许多心理社会反应有关。NSAIDs可用于轻度癌痛,特别是骨和软组织疼痛的治疗,但是由于NSAIDs药物对血液系统、胃肠道、肝功能以及肾脏方面的不良反应,高危人群应尽量避免使用这类药物。

2.4. NSAIDs用于腰痛的治疗

腰痛(Lower Back Pain, LBP)是劳动年龄成年人常见的健康问题,其患病率或发病率随着年龄的增加而增加。研究显示,腰痛的患病率为1.4%~20.0%,发病率为0.024%~7.0%。腰痛的危险因素为年龄、性别、种族和高强度的体力活动。它不仅降低了病人的劳动能力和生活质量,还会影响工作表现和家庭生活等社会责任,并日益成为卫生保健成本上升的一个主要因素。中国康复医学会脊柱脊髓专业委员会、英国国家健康和保健医学研究所、日本骨科学会、北美脊柱学会先后都制定了基于循证医学的临床指南。2020年北美脊柱外科学会发布的《腰背痛诊疗指南》推荐NSAIDs作为大多数腰痛患者的一线治疗药物[22],NSAIDs可缓解急性LNP患者的疼痛和功能障碍[23]。不过由于NSAIDs会对胃肠道、心血管及肾脏造成副作用,NSAIDs的剂量应尽可能减少,使用时间亦应尽可能缩短。

2.5. NSAIDs用于术后镇痛

2016年,美国疼痛学会联合美国区域麻醉和疼痛医学学会、美国麻醉医师学会[24]发布了《术后疼痛管理指南》,推荐多模式镇痛给药方案缓解患者术后疼痛,推荐NSAIDs、对乙酰氨基酚、阿片类药物、钙通道阻滞剂(普瑞巴林、加巴喷丁)、氯胺酮等作为缓解术后疼痛的主要药物。Mammoto等人[25]的随机对照试验发现,全膝关节置换术后早期使用塞来昔布可以减轻术后疼痛,并且可以改善睡眠质量和关节功能的恢复。另一项Cochrane综述评价了双氯芬酸[26]对成人术后急性疼痛的疗效,研究显示有65%使用双氯芬酸的患者术后4小时内可获得至少50%的疼痛减轻,而安慰剂仅有23%。在对布洛芬缓解术后疼痛的观察中[27]也发现术前使用布洛芬后,术后1小时、4~6小时和24小时,术后疼痛评分均有所降低,并且可以减少术后阿片类药物的消耗。

2.6. NSAIDs用于偏头痛的治疗

偏头痛(migraine)是一种常见的神经生物学头痛疾病,由中枢神经系统兴奋性增加引起,它是世界上致残性最强的疾病之一,其特征是神经、胃肠和自主神经变化的各种组合[28]。给患者和社会带来巨大负担,损害许多人的健康和生活质量,根据IHS标准,在中国成年人偏头痛发病率为14.3%,其中女性偏头痛的峰值患病率为11%~20%,男性为2.8%~8.3%,好发于30~49岁[29],偏头痛会影响人们的生活质量以及参与工作、家庭和社交活动的能力[30]。2022年中国医师协会神经内科医师分会联合中国医师协会神经内科医师分会发布了中国偏头痛诊治指南(2022版) [31],建议使用NSAIDs或对乙酰氨基酚治疗轻–中度偏头痛的发作。

2.7. NSAIDs用于急性上呼吸道感染

急性上呼吸道感染(Upper respiratory tract infection, URTI)是由鼻腔、鼻窦、咽部和喉部的病毒或细菌急性感染引起的疾病,70%~80%由病毒感染诱发,其主要症状表现为流涕、鼻塞、喷嚏、咳嗽、发热、呕吐症状;也可出现咽痒、咽痛、咽干、声嘶症状;严重者可表现为畏寒、发热、全身酸痛。2020年中华医学会、中华医学会临床药学分会等[32]联合发布了急性上呼吸道感染基层合理用药指南,推荐使用对乙酰氨基酚、布洛芬等改善患者发热、头痛、全身肌肉酸痛等不适症状。黄祖琳等研究[33]表明当体温超过39℃时,对于急性上呼吸道感染伴发烧的患者,布洛芬疗效显著。

2.8. NSAIDs用于痛风的治疗

痛风(gout)是由于机体血尿酸水平(uricacid, UA)升高,超出尿酸盐在血液中的饱和度,导致尿酸钠晶体在关节内和周围形成和沉积的炎症性关节炎,是临床常见的代谢性风湿病,高尿酸血症是痛风发生的病理基础。一项对2000年至2016年发表的荟萃分析[34]发现,中国成年人群中痛风的总患病率为1.1%,患病率从2000~2005年的1.0%略微上升至2010~2016年的1.3%。2015年,一项对1962年至2012年间发表的71项痛风患病率研究的meta分析发现,全球汇总患病率为0.6% (95%CI 0.4%~0.7%) [35],痛风造成的公共卫生负担不断增加,医疗保健利用率和成本负担大幅增加[36]。2016年欧洲抗风湿病联盟、2017年英国风湿病学会(BSR)、2020年中华医学会内分泌学分会(CSE)、2020年美国风湿病学会(ACR)、都先后发布了痛风管理和治疗指南,2023年中国中西医结合学会风湿类疾病专业委员[37]发布了痛风及高尿酸血症中西医结合诊疗指南,推荐将NSAIDs作为痛风急性期的一线用药,首选起效快、胃肠道不良反应少的药物,然而,对于有心功能不全、老年人、肾功能不全及有消化性溃疡、出血或穿孔病史的病人,建议谨慎使用部分NSAIDs药物,并且使用过程中需监测肾功能。

2.9. 其他

除了治疗上述病症引起的疼痛,NSAIDs还被强直性脊柱炎、脊柱关节炎治疗指南推荐作为疼痛缓解的基础药物,此外,研究表明NSAIDs可以降低胃癌、直肠癌、卵巢癌、头颈癌等癌症的发病率及死亡率[38]-[45],并且有研究表明NSAIDs可以改善卵巢癌患者的生存预后[46]

3. NSAIDs相关性消化道损害

3.1. NSAIDs相关性消化不良

一项研究表明,4622名NSAIDs使用者中有1687人(36.5%)报告消化不良,较非使用者消化不良的患病率明显更高[47]。通常患者可表现出上腹部疼痛不适、腹胀、食欲下降、早期早饱、烧心、嗳气、恶心、呕吐等症状。然而,约50%有症状的患者黏膜正常,超过一半的严重消化性溃疡并发症的使用者之前没有警告症状,因此这些症状不能预测相关的粘膜损伤[48] [49]

3.2. NSAIDs相关性上消化道病变

尽管部分患者抱怨有消化不良症状,但是高达70%的长期服用NSAIDs的患者有内镜下异常(粘膜侵蚀、溃疡和上皮下出血) [50],因此,严重的消化性溃疡并发症(如出血和穿孔)可能在没有事先警告症状的情况下发生。NSAIDs的使用是导致消化性溃疡的第二大原因,仅次于幽门螺杆菌感染[51]。研究发现,短期内使用NSAIDs者胃十二指肠溃疡的发生率在窥镜检查中为5%至80% [52],在长期使用者中为15%至40% [53]

3.3. NSAIDs相关性小肠粘膜损伤

NSAIDs也会引起小肠粘膜的损伤,Graham等人报道,服用NSAIDs超过3个月的关节炎患者中有71%出现了小肠损伤,而对照组仅有10% [54]。另一项研究中,使用NSAIDs超过12个月的16名患者中有13名(81%)检测到小肠粘膜破裂(溃疡或糜烂),而没有使用NSAIDs的12名患者中只有4名(33%)检测到这些粘膜破裂[55]。NSAIDs引起小肠损伤的危险因素尚未确定。动物研究强烈表明,肠道细菌,尤其是革兰氏阴性菌,是引起NSAIDs相关性肠道溃疡的最重要因素[56]。研究表明,奥美拉唑和兰索拉唑等PPIs通过改变大鼠中空肠放线菌和双歧杆菌的肠道菌群组成,加剧了NSAIDs诱导的肠病[57]

3.4. 其他

长期应用NSAIDs可出现胃食管炎反流症状,研究显示,NSAIDs使用者胃食管反流症状的患病率显著较高[58]。严重者可引起食管溃疡、食管狭窄[59]。Xu等报道了一例一次性服用3片布洛芬引发食管溃疡的案例[60]

4. 讨论

NSAIDs是治目前疗炎性疼痛最广泛的镇痛药。但是由于其明显的不良反应,因此在使用之前必须仔细考虑安全性,始终考虑患者的疼痛类型和个体特征,同时考虑药物之间相互作用、高龄、器官损伤、剂量、配方治疗半衰期和其他临床相关的药理特征所带来的风险,最大限度地降低医源性风险。为了在多领域更好地利用NSAIDs,有必要进行更多设计良好的多中心、随机、对照试验的临床研究。

基金项目

上海市长宁区卫健委课题(20214Z002)。

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