所有制结构与商业银行风险承担

Ownership Structure and Commercial Bank Risk-Taking

摘要: 2020年中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划纲要(简称“十四五”规划)提出“实现经济高质量发展”的目标，成为当前我国国民经济工作的重点。商业银行作为国家实体经济的命脉，成为国家发展的重点关注对象，关于商业银行风险承担的讨论也在不断提高。在此过程中，政府通过一系列手段和方法对银行实体施加影响、进行干预或建立联系以宏观调控银行经济的整体稳定，这些手段和方法包括但不限于所有制控制、政治关联等。本文通过关注银行所有制结构，探究其对商业银行风险承担水平的影响。基于中国2010年至2022年351家商业银行的非平衡面板数据，本研究发现，国有银行承担了银行业最核心的信用风险，同时也面临着巨大的资金流动压力，而非国有银行的参与能够缓解银行业的高风险水平，提高客户信用审查和资金流动效率，确保银行业的风险水平总体可控。该研究结论不仅证实了“多元经济模式”在我国当前的银行经济中实现了最优配置，同时也为今后国家制定针对性的风险管理策略和政策提供科学依据，为推动商业银行持续稳定发展提供积极意义。

Abstract: The Outline of the Fourteenth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of the People’s Republic of China in 2020 puts forward the goal of “realizing high-quality economic development”, which has become the focus of China’s current national economic work. Commercial banks, as the lifeblood of the real economy of the country, have become the focus of national development, and the discussion on risk bearing of commercial banks has been increasing. In this process, the government influences, intervenes, or establishes links with banking entities to macro-regulate the overall stability of the banking economy through a series of means and methods, which include but are not limited to ownership control, political affiliation, and so on. By focusing on bank ownership structure, this paper explores its impact on the level of risk-taking in commercial banks. Based on unbalanced panel data of 351 commercial banks in China from 2010 to 2022, this study finds that state-owned banks bear the most core credit risk of the banking sector and also face tremendous pressure on capital flows, while the participation of non-state-owned banks can mitigate the high risk level of the banking sector, improve the efficiency of customer credit check and capital flows, and ensure that the risk level of the banking sector is generally controllable. The conclusion of this study not only confirms that the “diversified economic model” has realized the optimal allocation in China’s current banking economy, but also provides a scientific basis for the country to formulate targeted risk management strategies and policies in the future, and provides a positive significance for the promotion of the sustainable and stable development of commercial banks.