中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值对心房颤动患者射频消融术后复发的预测价值
Predictive Value of Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio on Recurrence of Patients with Atrial Fibrillation after Radiofrequency Ablation
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2025.151246, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 陈 云:扬州大学附属医院心血管内科,江苏 扬州;扬州大学医学院,江苏 扬州;袁晓晨*:扬州大学附属医院心血管内科,江苏 扬州
关键词: 心房颤动射频消融中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值左房内径Atrial Fibrillation Radiofrequency Ablation Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio Left Atrial Diameter
摘要: 目的:旨在探讨中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值(neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, NLR)对心房颤动患者射频消融术后复发的预测价值。方法:回顾性选取2018年1月至2022年12月期间在江苏省扬州大学附属医院接受射频导管消融术的心房颤动患者为研究对象。所有患者均在术后随访1年,根据术后是否发生持续时间 ≥ 30 s的房颤、房扑、房速将患者分为复发组和未复发组。结果:本研究共纳入接受射频导管消融术的心房颤动患者164例,其中男性101例,女性63例,复发组29例,未复发组135例。两组间比较,复发组术前中性粒细胞计数、淋巴细胞计数、NLR、左房内径(left atrial diameter, LAD)高于未复发组,复发组术前高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-c)低于未复发组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05);其余基线特征均无统计学差异(P > 0.05)。二元logistic回归分析显示,消融前HDL-c (OR = 0.046, 95%CI = 0.003~0.718, P = 0.028)、NLR (OR = 4.830, 95%CI = 2.118~11.010, P < 0.001)和LAD (OR = 1.225, 95%CI = 1.082~1.386, P = 0.001)是预测射频消融术后心房颤动复发的独立危险因素。ROC曲线分析显示,HDL-c、NLR、LAD的曲线下面积分别为0.713 (95% CI = 0.606~0.821, P < 0.001)、0.858 (95% CI = 0.782~0.934, P < 0.001)、0.864 (95% CI = 0.806~0.921, P < 0.001)。此外,NLR ≥ 2.765与射频消融术后心房颤动复发风险显著增加有关(P < 0.001)。结论:射频消融术前NLR升高与术后心房颤动复发风险增加相关,NLR对射频消融术后心房颤动复发具有较好的预测效能。
Abstract: Objective: The purpose of this study was to explore the value of neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in predicting recurrence after radiofrequency ablation in patients with atrial fibrillation. Methods: Patients with atrial fibrillation who underwent radiofrequency catheter ablation in the Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University in Jiangsu Province from January 2018 to December 2022 were retrospectively selected. All patients were followed up for 1 year. According to the occurrence of atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter and atrial tachycardia with duration ≥ 30 s after the operation, the patients were divided into a recurrent group and a non-recurrent group. Result: A total of 164 patients with atrial fibrillation who underwent radiofrequency catheter ablation were included in this study, including 101 males and 63 females, 29 patients with recurrence and 135 patients without recurrence. The preoperative neutrophil count, lymphoid cell count, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and left atrial diameter in the recurrent group were higher than those in the non-recurrent group, while the preoperative high density lipoprotein cholesterol in the recurrent group was significantly lower than that in the non-recurrent group (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in other baseline characteristics (P > 0.05). Binary logistic regression analysis showed that HDL-c (OR = 0.046, 95%CI = 0.003~0.718, P = 0.028), NLR (OR = 4.830, 95%CI = 2.118~11.010, P < 0.001) and LAD (OR = 1.225, 95%CI = 1.082~1.386, P = 0.001) were independent risk factors for predicting recurrence of atrial fibrillation after radiofrequency ablation. ROC curve analysis showed that the areas under the curve of HDL-c, NLR and LAD were 0.713 (95%CI = 0.606~0.821, P < 0.001), 0.858 (95%CI = 0.782~0.934, P < 0.001) and 0.864 (95%CI = 0.806~0.921, P < 0.001). In addition, NLR ≥ 2.765 was significantly associated with an increased risk of recurrence of atrial fibrillation after radiofrequency ablation (P < 0.001). Conclusion: The increase of NLR before radiofrequency ablation is related to the increased risk of postoperative atrial fibrillation recurrence. Additionally, NLR is a better predictor of recurrence of atrial fibrillation after radiofrequency ablation.
文章引用:陈云, 袁晓晨. 中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值对心房颤动患者射频消融术后复发的预测价值[J]. 临床医学进展, 2025, 15(1): 1848-1855. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2025.151246

1. 研究背景

心房颤动(atrial fibrillation, AF) (简称:房颤)是指因心房失去正常电活动而呈无序激动及收缩的房性心律失常,是一种严重的心房电活动紊乱状态,可导致心力衰竭和血栓性事件等并发症,具有发病率高、死亡率高和致残率高的特点[1]。导管射频消融术[2] (radiofrequency catheter ablation, RFCA)发展迅速,已成为根治心房颤动的重要方法,对阵发性心房颤动患者具有很好的疗效[3]。消融术后恢复窦性心律可减少对心房结构的损害,改善生活质量和长期预后[4]。然而,目前患者术后长期生存率仍不理想,术后随访期间AF复发率高达25~50% [5]。因此,探讨影响心房颤动患者射频消融术后维持窦性心律的影响因素具有重要意义。

越来越多的证据表明炎症与心房颤动发病机制间存在密切联系,被认为与促进AF底物形成的各种病理过程有关,如氧化应激、RAAS系统激活、细胞凋亡和纤维化等[6]。中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值是一种新的全身炎症标志物,能够同时反映机体炎症状态及抗炎能力,对心血管疾病的进展和临床结局具有良好的预测价值[7],可作为AF患者预后的潜在预测因子[8]。一项大型随机对照研究显示,NLR增加与AF患者发生心血管相关事件和死亡风险升高相关[9]。然而,NLR能否作为AF患者射频消融术后复发的可靠预测指标亟需进一步研究。

因此,本课题拟开展一项回顾性研究,探讨NLR对AF患者射频消融术后复发的预测价值,为临床AF诊疗提供新的监测指标。

2. 研究方法

  • 研究人群

本回顾性研究纳入2018年01月至2022年12月期间在江苏省扬州大学附属医院心血管内科首次行导管射频消融术的心房颤动患者。所有参与者术前均曾使用抗心律失常药物治疗失败,且术前未发现左心房血栓。此外,符合以下标准的患者被排除在本研究之外:① 左心房内径 > 50 mm;② 既往有风湿性心脏病、结构性心肌病、先天性心脏病、瓣膜病、严重心力衰竭等心脏疾病;③ 恶性肿瘤、血液病、妊娠患者;④ 未控制的甲状腺功能障碍;⑤ 精神状态异常;⑥ 合并肝、肺、肾、脑等严重器质性病变。所有受试者均获得了知情同意,本研究经扬州大学附属医院伦理委员会批准(伦理审批号:2023-YKL12-022)。

  • 研究流程

导管射频消融术(RFCA)由扬州大学附属医院2~3名具有相关电生理介入治疗资质的医师进行[10],对肺静脉环周病变进行电隔离,射频消融的终点是肺静脉和左心房之间的电位缺失或分离。

所有患者在术前至少3周、术后至少3月需口服华法林或者新型抗凝药,维持国际标准化比值(international normalized ratio, INR)为2.0~3.0。此外,所有患者术后均需给予抗凝药物利伐沙班20 mg/d,抗心律失常药物胺碘酮第1周600 mg/d、第2周400 mg/d、第3周200 mg/d,至少服用3个月。术后随访安排在术后1、3、6、12个月进行,完善12导联心电图或24小时动态心电图检查,记录复发情况。复发的判定标准:导管射频消融术3个月后发生持续时间 ≥ 30 s的房颤、房扑、房速,视为房颤复发。

  • 临床资料收集

收集导管射频消融术前所有AF患者的临床资料,包括性别、年龄、房颤类型、身体质量指数(BMI)、心脑血管疾病及高血压、糖尿病病史、吸烟史、CHA2DS2-VASc评分、白细胞计数、中性粒细胞计数、淋巴细胞计数、甘油三酯、总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、丙氨酸氨基转移酶、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶、血清肌酐、尿酸、D-二聚体、左心房内径、左心室射血分数。NLR计算为中性粒细胞计数(109/L)/淋巴细胞计数(109/L)。

  • 统计学方法

采用SPSS 27.0对数据进行统计分析。符合正态分布计量资料采用均数 ± 标准差表示,组间比较采用t检验;符合偏态分布计量资料采用中位数(四分位间距)表示,组间比较采用秩和检验。计数资料采用频数(百分比)表示,组间比较采用卡方检验。对差异有统计学意义的指标采用单因素及多因素logistic回归分析,探索影响患者术后AF复发的危险因素。采用ROC曲线下面积(area under curve, AUC)评价独立危险因素对AF复发的预测价值,并进一步计算NLR最佳截断值。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

3. 研究结果

  • 基线资料比较

本研究共纳入接受射频导管消融术的心房颤动患者164例,其中男性101例,女性63例,持续性房颤88例(53.66%),阵发性房颤76例(46.34%)。按照术后能否维持窦性心律,将其分为复发组29例,未复发组135例。两组患者年龄、房颤类型、性别、BMI、既往史、吸烟史、CHA2DS2-VASc评分、白细胞计数、甘油三酯、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、丙氨酸氨基转移酶、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶、尿酸、肌酐、D-二聚体、左心室射血分数比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。复发组术前中性粒细胞计数、NLR、左心房内径高于未复发组,复发组术前淋巴细胞计数、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇低于未复发组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05) (表1)。

Table 1. Comparison of baseline data between recurrent group and non-recurrent group

1. 复发组与未复发组患者基线资料比较

指标

复发组(n = 29)

未复发组(n = 135)

P值

年龄(岁)

66.0 (13.0)

66.0 (14.0)

0.717

女性

10 (34.5%)

53 (39.3%)

0.631

BMI (kg/m2)

24.73 ± 3.61

25.45 ± 3.45

0.317

阵发性心房颤动

10 (34.5%)

66 (48.9%)

0.158

既往史

高血压

18 (62.1%)

87 (64.4%)

0.809

糖尿病

6 (20.7%)

31 (23.0%)

0.790

冠心病

19 (65.5%)

80 (59.3%)

0.532

脑梗死

7 (24.1%)

40 (29.6%)

0.553

吸烟

8 (27.6%)

49 (36.3%)

0.371

CHA2DS2-VASc评分

3.0 (3.0)

3.0 (3.0)

0.769

白细胞( × 109/L)

6.20 (2.26)

6.26 (2.31)

0.991

中性粒细胞( × 109/L)

4.84 (3.31)

3.67 (1.50)

< 0.001

淋巴细胞( × 109/L)

1.29 (0.51)

1.76 (0.75)

< 0.001

甘油三酯(mmol/L)

3.99 (1.21)

3.60 (1.03)

0.115

总胆固醇(mmol/L)

1.68 (1.03)

1.38 (0.77)

0.076

HDL-c (mmol/L)

0.94 (0.35)

1.11 (0.30)

< 0.001

LDL-c (mmol/L)

2.23 (0.68)

1.97 (0.99)

0.178

NLR

3.45 (2.01)

2.29 (0.96)

< 0.001

ALT (U/L)

26.5 (15.0)

24.0 (14.0)

0.559

AST (U/L)

27.5 (8.0)

26.0 (13.0)

0.378

肌酐(μmol/L)

71.3 (28.6)

68.0 (22.9)

0.186

尿酸(μmol/L)

359.4 (143.2)

352.8 (124.9)

0.409

D-二聚体(mg/L)

0.17 (0.30)

0.18 (0.24)

0.501

LAD (mm)

43.0 (6.0)

37.0 (6.0)

< 0.001

LVEF (%)

63.0 (13.0)

65.0 (8.0)

0.068

注:身体质量指数(BMI)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-c)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-c)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、左心房内径(LAD)、左心室射血分数(LVEF)。

  • 房颤复发的影响因素

将上述分析中差异有统计学意义的指标纳入单因素logistic回归。结果显示,中性粒细胞计数、淋巴细胞计数、HDL-c、NLR、LAD与AF复发有显著相关性(P < 0.05) (表2)。

多因素logistic回归分析显示,HDL-c (OR = 0.046, 95% CI = 0.003~0.718, P = 0.028)、NLR (OR = 4.830 95% CI = 2.118~11.010, P < 0.001)和LAD (OR = 1.225, 95% CI = 1.082~1.386, P = 0.001)是预测射频消融术后AF复发的独立危险因素(P < 0.05) (表2)。

Table 2. Results of binary logistic regression analysis

2. 二元logistic回归分析结果

指标

单因素logistic回归分析

多因素logistic回归分析

OR

95%CI

P值

OR

95%CI

P值

中性粒细胞( × 109/L)

1.751

1.328~2.309

< 0.001

淋巴细胞( × 109/L)

0.216

0.084~0.555

0.001

HDL-c (mmol/L)

0.022

0.003~0.188

< 0.001

0.046

0.003~0.718

0.028

NLR

5.736

2.875~11.446

< 0.001

4.830

2.118~11.010

< 0.001

LAD (mm)

1.306

1.179-1.448

< 0.001

1.225

1.082~1.386

0.001

注:高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-c)、左心房内径(LAD)。

  • HDL-c、NLR、LAD的预测价值

通过受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析评估独立危险因素对射频消融术后AF复发的预测价值。结果显示,HDL-c的曲线下面积(AUC)为0.713 (95% CI = 0.606~0.821, P < 0.001),NLR的曲线下面积(AUC)为0.858 (95% CI = 0.782~0.934, P < 0.001),LAD 的曲线下面积(AUC)为0.864 (95% CI = 0.806~0.921, P < 0.001) (图1)。

Figure 1. ROC curve of risk factors for recurrence of AF after radiofrequency ablation

1. 射频消融术后AF复发的危险因素的ROC曲线

根据约登指数,进一步计算NLR的最佳截断值为2.765,敏感度79.3%,特异度83.0%。组间比较发现,NLR ≥ 2.765与射频消融术后房颤复发风险显著增加有关(P < 0.001) (表3)。

Table 3. Inter-group analysis

3. 组间分析

分组

未复发组

复发组

卡方值

P值

NLR < 2.765

112 (94.9%)

6 (5.1%)

45.871

< 0.001

NLR ≥ 2.765

23 (50.0%)

23 (50.0%)

4. 讨论

这项回顾性研究中,我们更多地关注术前NLR与射频消融术后心房颤动复发之间的关系,共纳入164例接受射频导管消融术的AF患者的临床资料。研究发现,复发组病人术前NLR显著高于未复发组。二元logistic回归结果表明,NLR、HDL-c及LAD是房颤患者接受导管射频消融术后AF复发的独立危险因素。

心房颤动是临床最常见的心律失常之一,严重影响患者的生活质量,并可能会显著增加脑卒中、心力衰竭、心脏骤停和其他不良结局的风险[11]。AF的发病机制复杂,由纤维化、氧化应激、炎症、血栓前状态和遗传等多种因素引起。研究表明,炎症与AF的发生发展密切相关[12],级联炎症反应易引起心肌纤维化,进而损害心电传导通路,造成心肌重构[13]。AF患者的心房组织存在大量炎症标志物浸润,包括M1型促炎巨噬细胞、白介素-6、白介素-1β、肿瘤坏死因子-α和骨髓过氧化物酶等。研究显示,心房肌细胞中NLRP3炎性小体激活是AF发生的必要条件之一[14]。Deng H等通过构建犬和小鼠的AF模型,证实了促炎巨噬细胞在AF炎症信号通路中具有重要作用。相关临床研究进一步表明,无论是系统性炎症相关疾病(如脓毒血症[15]),还是心脏炎症相关疾病(如心肌炎[16]、心包炎[17]),此类患者AF发病率均显著升高。炎症和氧化应激促进AF的发生,而抑制炎症反应可以降低AF风险。一项纳入了50例随机对照研究的Meta分析显示,在3323例接受心脏手术的患者中,预防性使用皮质类固醇抑制炎症反应显著降低了术后AF的发生率[18]

近年来,越来越多的学者将NLR作为新兴的炎症标志物,其具有简易、普及、易获取的特点[19]。白细胞(WBC)计数及其亚型已被发现作为炎症活动的标志物。中性粒细胞可能是再灌注和脑缺血的介质,其水平升高提示非特异性炎症反应,在动脉粥样硬化、急性脑损伤等心血管疾病中起重要作用;淋巴细胞是获得性免疫的主要参与者,淋巴细胞减少则提示生理应激和健康状况下降。NLR反映了中性粒细胞和淋巴细胞水平之间的平衡,并整合了这两种重要且相反的免疫途径,已被用作全身炎症和应激反应的量度[20]。先前的研究表明,术前NLR与导管射频消融术后AF复发存在正相关性[21]。本研究发现,复发组病人术前NLR高于未复发组,且有显著性差异。二元logistic回归分析表明,射频消融术前NLR升高是房颤复发的独立危险因素。Canpolat等研究发现,NLR > 3.15与导管射频消融术后AF复发风险增加2.5倍相关[22]。本研究显示,NLR ≥ 2.765与射频消融术后房颤复发风险增加有关。高NLR患者的心房组织中有更多的中性粒细胞浸润,中性粒细胞释放多种蛋白水解酶,如弹性蛋白酶、髓过氧化物酶和酸性磷酸酶,对心脏组织产生破坏性作用,也可以通过作用于心肌细胞来促进细胞凋亡,激活心房成纤维细胞,从而导致心房重塑和间质纤维化,最终大大降低心律失常消除的长期成功率[23]

此外,在我们目前的研究中,射频消融术前HDL-c、LAD是房颤复发的独立预测因素。在临床实践中,可以通过监测术前HDL-c、NLR和LAD评估房颤复发风险,选择合适的患者进行手术,减少不必要的干预,早期发现复发高危患者,并提供相应的强化干预措施,改善患者的远期预后。

综上所述,本研究发现术前HDL-c、NLR、LAD水平是心房颤动患者导管射频消融术后复发的独立危险因素,NLR对于射频消融术后心房颤动复发具有较好的预测效能。

本研究存在一定局限性,为单中心回顾性研究,病例来源单一,结论有待多中心研究进一步证实。同时,本研究的样本量相对较小,术后随访时间有限。此外,在随访过程中可能会忽略无症状房颤的复发,导致房颤术后复发监测存在一定偏倚。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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