临床常用眼压计研究进展

Research Progress on the Clinical Tonometers

摘要: 青光眼是一种由于眼压异常增高导致的疾病，是全球范围内导致视力丧失的主要原因之一。其特征是眼压的病理性增高以及剧烈波动，对视神经和视网膜神经纤维进行压迫，随着病情进展，导致视神经的萎缩以及神经纤维的损伤，最终造成不可逆的视力损失以及视野缺损，居于全球首位不可逆致盲眼病，其发病机制与年龄、遗传、种族等因素有关，但尚未完全明确。青光眼不仅造成患者本身生活质量低下，也给患者家庭造成极大的经济卫生负担。及时有效地诊断和治疗青光眼是至关重要的，为了实现这一目标，眼压的准确测量显得尤为关键。眼压作为评估青光眼风险和跟踪病情变化的重要指标，其测量依赖眼压计。自19世纪以来，约有超过80种以上不同种类眼压计问世，至今有多种眼压计应用于临床，不同的测量设备各有其优势和特点。本文总结了目前临床上常用眼压计的特性，分析其各自的优缺点，并对国内尚未应用于临床的动态眼压监测设备的优点与存在问题进行分析，以期能够使临床医生针对不同情形选择合适的眼压测量设备。

Abstract: Glaucoma is a disease caused by abnormally high intraocular pressure (IOP) and is one of the leading causes of vision loss worldwide. Glaucoma is characterized by pathologically elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and dramatic fluctuations, which compresses the optic nerve and retinal nerve fibers. As the disease progresses, it leads to atrophy of the optic nerve and damage to the nerve fibers, and ultimately causes irreversible loss of vision and visual field defects, and is the world’s leading irreversible blinding eye disease, whose pathogenesis is related to age, heredity, and ethnicity, among other factors, and which is yet to be completely clarified. Glaucoma not only causes poor quality of life for the patients themselves, but also creates a great economic and health burden for their families. Timely and effective diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma is crucial, and to achieve this goal, accurate measurement of intraocular pressure (IOP) is especially critical. Measurement of IOP, as an important indicator for assessing glaucoma risk and tracking changes in the condition, relies on tonometers. Since the 19th century, more than 80 different types of tonometers have been introduced, and up to date a wide range of tonometers are used in clinical practice, with each of the different measuring devices having its own advantages and characteristics. This article summarizes the characteristics of the commonly used tonometers in clinical practice, analyzes their respective advantages and disadvantages, and analyzes the advantages and problems of the dynamic intraocular pressure (IOP) monitoring devices that have not yet been applied to clinical practice in China, with the aim of enabling clinicians to choose the appropriate IOP measurement devices for different situations.