非肝硬化肝癌相关的血清学生物标志物:在临床诊断及预后中的应用前景
Serological Biomarkers Related to Non-Cirrhotic Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Promising Applications in Clinical Diagnosis and Prognosis
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2025.152327, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 刘进玲, 崔 鲂*:重庆医科大学附属第一医院检验医学科,重庆
关键词: 非肝硬化肝癌血清标志物诊断预后Non-Cirrhotic Hepatocellular Carcinoma Serum Markers Diagnosis Prognosis
摘要: 肝细胞癌是一种高度恶性的肿瘤,目前肝细胞癌患者的死亡率排名在所有癌症中占第三位。尤其在非肝硬化背景下,其早期诊断和预后评估更具挑战性。随着非肝硬化肝癌患病率的增加,早期诊断对于全面治疗具有重要意义。早期诊断可以提高患者的生存率和治疗成功率。因此,对于非肝硬化肝癌患者,识别和监测病因和风险因素对于早期诊断和治疗至关重要。本文综述了非肝硬化肝癌的临床特征,并重点讨论了非肝硬化肝癌患者的血清学标志物及其组合的应用价值,旨在为肝癌患者的早期诊断和预后判断提供参考。
Abstract: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly malignant tumor, and the mortality rate of HCC patients currently ranks third out of all cancers. Especially in the non-cirrhotic setting, its early diagnosis and prognosis evaluation are more challenging. With the increasing prevalence of non-cirrhotic HCC, early diagnosis is important for comprehensive treatment. Early diagnosis can improve patient survival rates and treatment success rates. Therefore, identification and monitoring of etiology and risk factors are crucial for early diagnosis and treatment. This review summarizes the clinical features of non-cirrhotic HCC and focuses on the application value of serological markers and their combinations in non-cirrhotic HCC patients, aiming to provide reference for early diagnosis and prognosis of HCC patients.
文章引用:刘进玲, 崔鲂. 非肝硬化肝癌相关的血清学生物标志物:在临床诊断及预后中的应用前景[J]. 临床医学进展, 2025, 15(2): 142-149. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2025.152327

1. 引言

肝细胞癌(Hepatocellular Carcinoma, HCC)是预后较差的恶性肿瘤之一,其发病率在全球范围内不断上升且具有高度的恶性,过去五年的相对生存率约为22% [1]。肝癌病人往往合并有肝硬化,但大约有10%到20%的肝癌病例是在没有肝硬化的情况下发生的,这些肝癌发生在健康的肝脏组织中[2] [3]。当前研究表明,非肝硬化肝癌(Non-Cirrhotic Hepatocellular Carcinoma, NC-HCC)与肝硬化肝癌(Cirrhotic Hepatocellular Carcinoma, C-HCC)在多个方面存在显著差异,包括病因、临床表现、诊断与监测、治疗及预后。

1.1. 病因

非肝硬化肝癌的病因包括病毒因素、酒精因素、非酒精性脂肪肝、自身免疫疾病以及隐源性因素[4]。在东亚地区,乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染是非肝硬化肝癌的主要病因;而在西方国家,非酒精性脂肪肝病(NAFLD)则是导致非肝硬化肝癌最常见的原因[5]。在肝癌患者中,非肝硬化肝癌的比例正在上升,其中隐源性非肝硬化肝癌的增长是一个重要因素。研究认为隐源性因素是NAFLD的一个潜在亚组[6]。研究团队通过整合蛋白质组学和磷酸化修饰组学等多组学数据发现NAFLD异质性的分子特征,NAFLD-mSIII亚型具有潜在的HCC风险,需要对NAFLD进行进一步研究以支持临床实践[7]

1.2. 临床表现

在早期阶段,非肝硬化肝癌患者往往没有明显的临床症状,这与他们的肝脏功能保持正常有关[8]。肝癌晚期可能会出现全身疲劳、腹痛和体重下降等非特异性症状,部分患者会出现肿瘤负荷大和肝外转移[9]。相比于由NAFLD和HBV引起的非肝硬化肝癌,隐源性和酒精性肝病患者在症状报告和体重减轻方面的比例更高[6]

1.3. 诊断与监测

诊断非肝硬化肝癌最常用的方法是利用影像学技术[10]。非肝硬化肝癌在进行增强CT或MRI检查时,常见的影像学表现为动脉期的异常强化,随后在门静脉期和/或延迟期出现强化减退。与肝硬化肝癌患者相比,非肝硬化肝癌在CT或MRI上的成像模式并无显著不同,但非肝硬化肝癌的病灶往往表现为单发、体积较大[11] [12]。非肝硬化肝癌的高危人群(肝炎病毒感染者、非酒精性脂肪肝炎、过度饮酒者和/或有肝癌家族史)缺乏定期监测,大约有50%的非肝硬化肝癌患者是在出现症状后才被诊断出来,这一比例高于肝硬化肝癌患者[13]-[15]。诊断时转移性疾病更常见,约15%和20%的非肝硬化肝癌病例诊断时肉眼可见侵犯门静脉/肝静脉和上腹部淋巴结肿大[16]。研究发现在肝硬化和非肝硬化亚组中,肝癌风险评分的诊断性能存在显著差异。对于不同亚组的肝癌患者,需要开发特定的HCC风险评分模型[17]

1.4. 治疗与预后

对于非肝硬化肝癌患者,根治性治疗手段主要包括肝切除和局部消融技术,手术切除被认为是首选的治疗方法[18]。非肝硬化肝癌患者的死亡率和术后复发风险较低,患者的术后总生存期和无复发生存期优于肝硬化肝癌患者[19] [20]。非肝硬化肝癌根治手术后5年总生存率为25%~81%,复发率为27%~73%,大部分复发发生在术后的前两年,因此术后前两年需要严格随访[21]。然而由于非肝硬化肝癌在晚期被发现时肿瘤较大,导致能够接受根治性治疗的患者比例较低[13]

综上所述,非肝硬化肝癌的生存结果相比于肝硬化肝癌患者的生存结果更好,但早期诊断和治疗易被忽略。早期监测对于早期诊断和提高生存率至关重要,因此,非肝硬化肝癌的早期血清标志物监测需要更多的研究。目前还缺乏总结分析非肝硬化肝癌血清学标志物的文章。因此,本文分析了有关非肝硬化肝癌的血清学诊断标志物及血清标志物组合相关的文章,探究其临床应用价值,重点是在临床诊断及预后中的应用。

2. 血清标志物

2.1. 甲胎蛋白(AFP)

甲胎蛋白(AFP)是目前临床上用于肝癌患者筛查和预后最常用的生物标志物。肝癌诊疗指南推荐肝癌高危人群的筛查方式为超声联合AFP,至少半年一次[14]。在非肝硬化肝癌患者中,AFP水平可作为预后评估的一个重要指标。在这类患者中,AFP水平的升高与患者死亡风险的增加密切相关[22]。此外,手术前AFP水平的升高是预测术后复发和不良生存率的关键因素[23]。然而,与肝硬化肝癌患者相比,AFP水平相对较低,AFP作为单一生物标志物在非肝硬化肝癌患者中的诊断价值可能受到限制。在丙肝肝癌患者中,非肝硬化亚组的血清AFP水平相比肝硬化亚组显著降低[24]。因此,针对非肝硬化肝癌患者,可能需要依赖其他生物标志物或者生物标志物的组合来提高诊断的准确度。

2.2. Des-γ-羧基凝血酶原(DCP)

Des-γ-羧基凝血酶原(DCP),也称为异常凝血酶原或维生素K缺乏II诱导的凝血酶原(PIVKA-II),是在肝细胞癌中产生的凝血酶原的前体[25]。肝癌细胞产生的DCP可诱导周围肝组织中的血管生成,进而促进血管侵袭[26]。血清中的DCP水平在非肝硬化肝癌患者中可能与肿瘤的分期和大小相关[27]。有研究显示,在非肝硬化肝癌患者群体内,隐源性肝癌患者的血清DCP水平比那些与非酒精性脂肪肝病(NAFLD)相关的患者更高。但是,当研究者对NAFLD和隐源性肝癌患者的肿瘤分期进行匹配分析时,DCP水平与肿瘤分期之间的显著关联性就不再突出[6]。在预测肝癌患者预后方面,治疗前血清中DCP水平与患者的长期生存情况密切相关。分析表明,较高血清DCP水平的患者相较于DCP水平较低的患者,其5年总生存率显著提升(P = 0.003) [28]。因此,DCP不仅作为一种生物标志物用于肝癌的预后分析,而且其在肝癌的进展中,特别是在血管生成和肿瘤侵袭方面发挥着重要作用。

2.3. WNT1诱导的信号通路蛋白1 (WISP1)

WNT1诱导的信号通路蛋白1 (WISP1),也被称为CCN4,是一种分泌型细胞外基质相关蛋白,也是β-catenin的下游靶标[29]。WISP1在器官发育和疾病状态下表达,特别是在纤维化和癌症等疾病条件下[30]。在肝癌患者中,WISP1的表达水平与患者的预后密切相关。高表达患者的无进展生存期和总生存期分别比低表达患者短13%和18% [31]。通过免疫组织化学分析发现,在非肝硬化肝癌患者的组织样本中,WISP1的表达水平相较于正常肝脏或肝硬化肝癌患者有所降低[32]。这一结果表明WISP1在不同类型肝癌中的表达模式存在差异,可能与疾病的不同发展阶段和病理机制相关。

2.4. 神经母细胞瘤蛋白(MYCN)

血清MYCN一种编码于MYCN基因的蛋白质,MYCN蛋白在多种肿瘤中高表达,是肿瘤发生和进展的重要因素之一[33]。在肝细胞癌患者的血清样本中,MYCN的表达水平偏高,并且这种表达与肝脏功能储备的关联度比甲胎蛋白(AFP)与肝脏功能储备的关联度更高。在非肝硬化肝癌患者中,血清MYCN表达与复发率呈正相关,可用于复发风险分层,其血清水平的长期变化可作为肝癌复发的生物标志物[34]。由于MYCN在肝癌中的高表达以及与预后的关联,它可能成为肝癌治疗的潜在靶点。Yasukawa K等人的研究发现,肿瘤组织中miR-493-5p的表达水平与MYCN的表达水平呈负相关。miR-493-5p通过靶向抑制MYCN来减少肝癌细胞的生长和侵袭能力[35]

2.5. 血管内皮生长因子(VEGF-A)

血管内皮生长因子(VEGF-A)是一种与血管生成密切相关的生长因子,在肝细胞癌中促进肿瘤生长和转移[36]。VEGF在肿瘤逃避免疫监视中起着关键作用,针对VEGF及其受体的分子靶向治疗是治疗肝细胞癌的一种有效新方法[37]。在一项前瞻性研究中,Lacin S等人发现非肝硬化肝癌患者和肝硬化肝癌患者的血清VEGF-A水平有显著差异,分别为322.5 pg/ml和193.9 pg/ml (P = 0.03)。研究还发现,高水平的VEGF-A与门静脉受累相关[38]。因此,肝癌患者的血清VEGF-A水平检测不仅有助于评估疾病状态,还可以预测患者对靶向VEGF治疗的反应。

2.6. 血清胰岛素样生长因子-1 (IGF-1)

血清胰岛素样生长因子-1 (IGF-1)是一种多功能细胞增殖调控因子,与肺癌、乳腺癌等多种肿瘤相关[39]。在肝细胞癌中,IGF-1能够激活Akt和ERK信号传导途径,并提高早期生长反应蛋白1 (EGR1)的表达水平,从而促进肝癌细胞的迁移和侵袭行为[40]。肝癌患者血清IGF-1的水平比健康受试者显著降低,低血清IGF-1浓度与肝功能储备减少及预后不良相关[41] [42]。血清中IGF-1的水平在非肝硬化肝癌患者和肝硬化肝癌患者之间存在明显差异,其中非肝硬化肝癌患者的血清IGF-1水平相对较高[43]。血清IGF-1的检测在评估肝癌患者的疾病状态和预后中可能具有重要的临床应用价值[44]

3. 血清标志物组合

3.1. BALAD评分系统

BALAD评分系统是一种基于血清标志物的模型,它用于预测肝癌患者的预后。这个系统包括5种血清标志物:胆红素(Bilirubin)、白蛋白(Albumin)、甲胎蛋白(AFP)、甲胎蛋白异质体(AFP-L3)和异常凝血酶原(DCP) [45]。这个评分系统根据这些血清标志物的水平将肝癌患者分为6个不同的预后类别。BALAD评分系统的建立,旨在通过这些客观的血清学指标来评估患者的生存情况,其中胆红素和白蛋白的水平与患者的肝功能储备和预后密切相关[46]。该评分系统在日本最初被开发作为预测肝癌患者生存的指标,并已在英国和中国香港地区得到验证[47] [48]。后续的研究还开发了BALAD-2评分被用于预测长期生存,特别是在中国患者中,被证明在预测肝癌切除术后的长期生存方面具有高度适用性[49]。BALAD评分系统在北美患者队列的验证中包含23%的非肝硬化肝癌患者,患者最大肿瘤直径与总生存期显著相关,而与肿瘤数量无明显相关性[50]

3.2. FIB-4纤维化评分

FIB-4纤维化评分是一种无创性评估慢性肝病患者肝纤维化的方法,由Sterling在2006年首次提出。该评分系统包括四种血清学指标:年龄、血小板计数(PLT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)和丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT) [51]。在一项有关慢性肝病前瞻性累积队列研究中,使用3.25作为FIB-4的临界值来排除肝硬化,其阴性预测值被发现超过70% [52]。在一项涉及丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)相关肝细胞癌(HCC)的研究中,共纳入了154例被诊断为HCV相关HCC的患者,其中非肝硬化组有17例(占11.0%)。研究结果表明,非肝硬化组的FIB-4评分显著低于肝硬化组(P = 0.001),这表明FIB-4评分在区分非肝硬化与肝硬化HCC患者方面具有统计学意义[24]。FIB-4评分在临床上排除肝硬化诊断中有潜在应用价值,尤其是在资源有限或患者不适合进行肝活检的情况下。

3.3. AD评分

AD评分作为一种新兴的预后评估工具,主要用于经动脉化疗栓塞术(TACE)患者的肝癌术前评估。通过对甲胎蛋白(AFP)和异常凝血酶原(DCP)进行对数转换得到logAFP和logDCP,研究者们构建了一个基于血清学的评分模型,称为AD评分。基于AD评分系统,研究者将肝癌患者分为低风险、中等风险和高风险三个层级。结果表明,lgAFP和lgDCP在区分肝硬化患者或非肝硬化患者方面均显著[53]

4. 讨论

肝癌是威胁人类健康的重大疾病之一,大量的研究旨在实现肝癌的早期诊断及早期治疗。非肝硬化肝癌患者早期就诊率低、早期临床表现隐匿。因此,定期筛查与早期诊断对于非肝硬化的肝癌高危人群有重要意义。非肝硬化肝癌的血清生物标志物研究取得了显著进展,DCP、MYCN、VEGF-A等标志物显示出作为早期诊断和预后评估的潜力。然而,这些新肿瘤标志物仍存在一些局限性,如在低水平时的假阴性率,以及由于缺乏标准化的前处理和分析变量而导致的稳定性限制。因此,这些肿瘤标志物目前还不推荐单独用于早期筛查、监测或大规模临床应用,只能作为传统诊断方法的补充。未来这些生物标志物的联合使用或动态监测可能提高诊断的准确性和可靠性,以改善非肝硬化肝癌的诊断和治疗。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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