公共卫生事件下应急医疗运输专用道网络研究

Research on Emergency Medical Transport Network of Dedicated Lanes under Public Health Emergencies

摘要: 在大城市院前应急中，急救中心派遣车辆及时到达需求点并送患者至医院对生命安全至关重要。为缩短救援时间，合理规划救援专用道尤为关键。然而，大城市医院周边路网复杂多变，针对这一特点，本文从宏观角度研究一种具备方向救援专用道保留问题，以提升应急救援效率。本文提出双层规划模型，上层以最小化专用道总长度、救护车行驶时间及冲突强度为目标，决定哪些路段保留专用道并设置其行驶方向；下层结合基于车道数的改进Dijkstra算法，优化救护车行驶路径，保证出行时效性。为求解模型，设计了基于权重的遗传算法，并通过实例验证其在大规模应急响应中的有效性与实用性，显著提升了救援车辆优先通行的效率与时效。

Abstract: In urban pre-hospital emergency scenarios, the timely dispatch of ambulances by emergency centers to meet demand points and transport of patients to hospitals is critical to ensuring life safety. To reduce rescue time, the rational planning of dedicated rescue lanes is especially important. However, the road networks surrounding hospitals in large cities are complex and dynamic. Addressing this characteristic, this study investigates, from a macro perspective, a directional rescue lane retention problem to enhance emergency response efficiency. The study proposes a bi-level programming model. The upper level aims to minimize the total length of dedicated lanes, ambulance travel time, and conflict intensity, determining which road segments should retain rescue lanes and their travel directions. The lower level, incorporating an improved Dijkstra algorithm based on lane numbers, optimizes ambulance travel routes to ensure timeliness. To solve the model, a weight-based genetic algorithm is designed, and its effectiveness and practicality in large-scale emergency responses are validated through case studies. The results demonstrate a significant improvement in the efficiency and timeliness of priority passage for rescue vehicles.