“自洗钱”犯罪司法实践中主客观方面的争议问题与解决路径

Subjective and Objective Aspects in the Judicial Practice of “Self-Money Laundering” Crime Disputes and Resolution Paths

摘要: “自洗钱”指行为人实施上游犯罪后对犯罪所得及其收益进行合法化处理的行为，与之相对的“他洗钱”则是上游犯罪行为人让他人清洗犯罪所得。自洗钱行为入罪曾受传统刑法理论制约，本文从自洗钱犯罪的侵害法益阐释入罪正当性进行切入，重点探讨自洗钱犯罪司法认定中主客观方面的争议问题，并分别提出相关的解决路径：主观上，应细化故意认定标准、明确“明知”推定规则、从行为与法益独立性厘清界限，通过解释或案例明确混淆行为模式。客观上，需完善立法，明确新型洗钱行为范围、构建综合多因素的区分标准体系与细则、建立科学数额认定方法、引入鉴定机构，对数额难以确定但情节严重的明确量刑，以解决争议问题，有力打击自洗钱犯罪，维护金融秩序与司法公正。

Abstract: “Self-money laundering” refers to the act of a perpetrator legalizing the proceeds of a crime and its profits after committing an upstream crime, while “other money laundering” refers to the upstream criminal perpetrator allowing others to launder the proceeds of a crime. The criminalization of self-money laundering was once constrained by traditional criminal law theory. This article starts with the legitimacy of criminalizing the infringement of legal interests in self-money laundering crimes, focusing on the controversial issues in the subjective and objective aspects of judicial recognition of self-money laundering crimes, and proposing relevant solutions: subjectively, the criteria for intentional recognition should be refined, the rule of presumption of “knowledge” should be clarified, the boundary between behavior and legal interests should be clarified, and the mode of confusing behavior should be clarified through interpretation or case studies. Objectively speaking, it is necessary to improve legislation, clarify the scope of new money laundering behaviors, establish a comprehensive and multi factor differentiation standard system and detailed rules, establish scientific methods for determining amounts, introduce appraisal institutions, and clarify sentencing for cases where the amount is difficult to determine but the circumstances are serious, in order to resolve disputes, effectively combat self-money laundering crimes, maintain financial order and judicial fairness.