鼻咽癌放疗后局部残留的治疗选择及预后现状
Treatment Options and Current Prognosis for Local Residual Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma after Radiotherapy
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2025.152382, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 陈 森, 李俊慧, 杨 佳, 黄志凤, 郭 甜, 张碧琳:西安医学院研究生院,陕西 西安;刘秋芳*:陕西省肿瘤医院放疗科,陕西 西安
关键词: 鼻咽癌放射治疗局部残留预后Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Radiotherapy Local Residual Prognosis
摘要: 鼻咽癌(nasopharyngeal carcinoma, NPC)是一种起源于鼻咽黏膜上皮细胞的恶性肿瘤,通常被认为与EB病毒感染、遗传易感性及环境因素等相关。由于鼻咽解剖位置特殊,放射治疗(简称放疗)已成为当前NPC治疗的核心。然而,放疗完成后,仍有部分NPC患者存在肿瘤局部残留。目前对于局部残留的治疗时机、治疗方式以及残留对预后的影响尚存在诸多争议。本文旨在综述NPC放疗后局部残留的当前治疗选择及其预后现状。
Abstract: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a malignant tumor originating from the epithelial cells of the nasopharyngeal mucosa and is commonly associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, genetic susceptibility, and environmental factors. Due to the unique anatomical location of the nasopharynx, radiotherapy (RT) has become the cornerstone of NPC treatment. However, even after completing RT, a subset of NPC patients still exhibit residual local tumors. Currently, there is significant controversy surrounding the timing of treatment, therapeutic approaches, and the impact of residual tumors on prognosis. This article aims to review the current treatment options for local residual NPC after radiotherapy and their prognostic implications.
文章引用:陈森, 刘秋芳, 李俊慧, 杨佳, 黄志凤, 郭甜, 张碧琳. 鼻咽癌放疗后局部残留的治疗选择及预后现状[J]. 临床医学进展, 2025, 15(2): 581-589. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2025.152382

1. 引言

鼻咽癌是我国常见的头颈部恶性肿瘤之一[1]。根据国际癌症研究机构(IARC)发布的全球最新癌症统计数据显示,2022年全球鼻咽癌新发病例数约为120,416例,占全球确诊癌症病例的0.6%,其中一半以上的新发病例发生在中国,主要集中于广东、广西和湖南等省份[2] [3]。由于鼻咽特殊的解剖结构及其对放疗的高度敏感性,放疗成为NPC的主要治疗手段,特别是调强适形放疗(IMRT)的应用,大幅提高了NPC患者的局部控制率和整体生存率[4] [5]。尽管如此,有研究报道显示,初次放疗后仍有10%~30%患者存在局部残留,残留率为7%~13% [6] [7]。肿瘤残留是NPC局部复发和远处转移的主要影响因素,而远处转移则是导致NPC患者治疗失败的主要原因[8]。因此,针对NPC残留患者及时进行干预至关重要。对于放疗后存在肿瘤残留的患者,挽救性的治疗措施包括放疗、化疗及免疫治疗等。本综述重点探讨以治愈为目的初次放疗后局部残留NPC患者的挽救性治疗选择及其预后现状,将比较不同治疗方式的适应症、疗效及不良反应等。

2. NPC放疗后局部残留或复发的概述

NPC局部残留通常定义为在根治性放疗后6个月内经病理学或影像学检查提示鼻咽部原发病灶未完全消退,局部仍存在残留病灶[9],其诊断方式包括头颈部MRI、PET-CT、以及组织活检,其中MRI以其对软组织的高分辨率成为主要的诊断方式[10]。NPC局部复发则是指根治性放疗后鼻咽部原发病灶完全消退后,经病理活检证实鼻咽部再次出现新的病灶,复发时间通常在治疗后3个月以上[11]。目前认为NPC放疗后局部残留或复发的高危因素主要包括放疗抵抗、治疗剂量不足、基因突变、EBV-DNA表达等[12] [13]。放疗后肿瘤残留与血浆EBV-DNA表达相关,同时放疗后血浆EBV-DNA高表达的患者预后较差[13] [14]。Li等人[15]通过对中山大学癌症中心2044例接受治疗的NPC患者进行回顾性预后分析,最终研究提出将EBV-DNA载量纳入到TNM分期系统,EBV-DNA定量可作为疾病筛查、诊断、治疗及治疗后残留或复发监测的重要手段。

3. NPC放疗后局部残留的治疗时机

目前,鼻咽癌放疗后局部残留患者的再次治疗时机仍存在争议。过早治疗可能导致患者发生严重的晚期毒性反应和并发症,而过晚治疗则可能影响治疗效果。一些学者主张在放疗结束后应尽快对存在局部残留灶的患者进行再次治疗,以防止疾病复发或远处转移;另一些学者则建议在放疗完成后至少观察10周,因为部分患者可能存在晚期组织学消退的情况。为明确放疗后组织学消退时间并评估晚期组织学消退对预后的影响,Kwnog等人[16]对803名连续接受放疗的患者进行了鼻咽活检,将早期组织学消退定义为第5周前活检阴性,晚期组织学消退定义为第5~12周之间的消退,持续性疾病定义为12周时活检阳性。早期组织学阳性的患者每两周进行一次活检,直至活检结果为阴性。研究显示,76.8%的患者在放疗完成后12周内活检阴性,6.9%在第12周时患有持续性疾病,16.3%的患者在初始组织学阳性后重复活检时观察到自发缓解。结果表明,大部分患者的早期组织学症状会自行缓解,少数会出现晚期组织学消退,但晚期组织学消退并不是预后不良的影响因素,不需要额外干预,至少等10周病理学活检确诊后才开始积极挽救治疗。同样,为进一步评估鼻咽癌IMRT后肿瘤消退时间及延迟缓解对患者预后的影响,Li等人[17]回顾性分析在中山大学肿瘤医院接受IMRT治疗的1811例新诊断的鼻咽癌患者的临床资料。结果显示,放疗后3~4个月未达到临床完全缓解的患者,近一半在6~9个月内达到完全缓解,两者的结局无显著差异,说明延迟缓解并不是不良预后的因素,放疗后6~9个月内延迟反应是安全的,无需进行挽救性再程放疗,以避免严重的晚期毒副反应。这一结论与Sham等[18]和Zhang等[19]学者在早期研究中得出的结果一致。

4. NPC局部残留的治疗选择

4.1. 放疗选择

挽救性放疗包括近距离放射治疗(brachytherapy, BT)、外照射治疗(external beam radiation therapy, EBRT)及立体定向放射治疗(stereotactic radiation therapy, SRT)。对于无法行手术或其他治愈手段治疗的残留NPC患者,放疗仍是一种重要的治疗手段[20]。同其他头颈部肿瘤和复发性NPC患者相比,残留NPC患者的挽救性放疗局部控制效果较为理想。然而,在选择放疗技术时,需要全面评估不同放射治疗技术的特点、疗效及不良反应,以为患者制定个性化的精准放疗策略。

4.1.1. BT

BT包括腔内近距离放射治疗(ICB)和组织间插值近距离放射治疗(ISB)。BT利用放射源释放的射线来破坏肿瘤细胞的DNA,进而抑制或杀灭肿瘤细胞。由于放射源直接置于或靠近肿瘤,因此可以最大限度地贴近肿瘤组织,使肿瘤组织得到有效的杀伤。其特点是适形性好,剂量衰减迅速,靶区剂量高而周围正常组织剂量低等。研究指出,放疗后给予BT加强剂量照射有助于降低局部复发率,但BT治疗范围有限,通常适用于鼻咽腔内浅表的肿瘤、放疗后腔内较浅表的残留病灶或鼻咽复发的局部肿瘤[21] [22]。Leung等[23]采用ICB给予照射剂量为22.5~24 Gy (3次/周)治疗87例鼻咽癌残留患者,并将其治疗结果与仅接受EBRT治疗后完全缓解的患者进行比较,他们发现,两者具有相同的局部控制率(80%~95%),因此作者认为ICB可能有效补偿初次治疗的不足,但T分期晚的患者局部控制和生存率较差,这也凸显了再程放疗前重新分期的重要性。Law等[24]研究显示,对32例局部残留患者提供25~50 Gy/4~7 d的ICB增强治疗后,完全缓解率达97%,5年局部控制率为90%,但存在显著不良反应,如听力损伤(30%)、持续性黏膜坏死(48%)、内分泌紊乱(13%)以及牙关紧闭(22%)等。Teo [25]等向71例初次体外照射放疗后残留的患者给予24 Gy/3 F/15 dICB治疗,结果显示完全缓解率93%,5年局部控制率74%,5年总生存率68%,主要不良反应包括慢性放射性溃疡(7%)和弥漫性慢性血管扩张(5%),无脑坏死。对比Law等[24]和Teo等[25]的研究发现,缩短放疗时间并提高剂量可提升5年局部控制率,但晚期毒副作用也显著增加。Kwong等[26]将106例NPC残留和复发的患者给予60 GyISB治疗后的结果进行对比,结果显示5年局部控制率和生存率分别为87% vs. 63%及79% vs. 54%,但主要不良反应包括头疼(28%)、瘘管形成(19%)、黏膜坏死(16%)及中枢神经系统病变(12%)。综合大量临床研究数据可发现,BT主要适用于浅表或复发病灶[21] [24] [25] [27]。近年来,随着医疗技术的发展,内窥镜引导下的组织间调强近距离放疗(IMBT)为治疗较深部位残留肿瘤提供了新的可能。在Zhang [28]等和Wan [29]等的研究报道中,他们指出,对于残留部位较深的患者,在内窥镜引导下给予不同剂量IMBT治疗后,患者均获得良好的治疗效果,且随访期间未观察到复发。因此,他们认为,IMBT加强治疗也许是未来治疗深部残留肿瘤的一种有效策略。

4.1.2. EBRT

EBRT是通过外部放射源对肿瘤进行照射,利用放射线的穿透能力破坏肿瘤细胞的DNA,从而达到杀灭肿瘤细胞的目的,其治疗范围广,适用于不同大小和位置的肿瘤,但可能对正常组织造成一定的损伤,需要精确的计划和控制。调强适形放疗(IMRT)可以根据肿瘤的具体形状及体积给予足够的照射剂量,进一步提高肿瘤靶区覆盖率,减少周围正常组织结构的损伤,例如脑干、脊髓、视神经及视交叉等,提高患者的局部控制率[30]-[32]。一项meta分析研究结果表明,与传统的二维、三维放疗(2D-RT、3D-RT)相比,IMRT能显著提高患者的局部控制率,降低患者的晚期毒副作用,如口干症、牙关紧闭及颞叶神经病变等;IMRT对NPC患者5年OS (OR = 1.70; 95% CI: 1.36~2.12)、5年LRFS (OR = 2.08; 95% CI: 1.82~2.37)和5年PFS (OR = 1.40; 95% CI: 1.26~1.56)的有效性更优[33]。多数研究者对鼻咽癌放疗后局部残留的患者尝试进行局部追加EBRT治疗。Liang等[34]对206例IMRT治疗后局部残留的NPC患者进行研究分析,将其分为未接受加强照射治疗组162例和加强照射治疗组44例,结果显示接受与未接受加强照射治疗组的NPC患者5年局部区域无复发生存率(LRRFS)分别为95.3%和83%,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),两组的OS、无远处转移生存率(DMFS)无统计学差异。多变量研究分析结果证实加强照射是LRRFS的独立预后因素。该研究的局限性在于未提及加强照射治疗的剂量问题及治疗后是否会带来严重的毒副作用。随后,为了进一步证实这些问题,Fei等人[35]对398例根治性IMRT治疗后局部残留的患者进行回顾性分析,通过评估加强剂量对T4期鼻咽癌残留患者的疗效和毒性,分2~3次向残余病灶提供4~6.75 Gy加强剂量照射,结果显示未加强放疗组与加强放疗组患者的3年总生存率(OS)和局部无复发生存率(LRFS)分别为72.7% vs. 86.6% (P < 0.022),83.5% vs. 93.4% (P < 0.022),晚期毒副反应可接受,主要是口干、溃疡及听力障碍等,且两组的发生率无显著差异,由此得出给予增强剂量EBRT可获得良好的肿瘤控制率和生存率。一些早期的研究数据已表明这一观点[36]-[38]。Lu等人[36]报道,49例NPC患者接受IMRT高剂量(68~70 Gy)再照射后,局部区域控制率为100%,急性毒性较低。然而,这些研究样本数量少且随访时间太短,无法明确IMRT再照射的疗效和治疗引起的不良反应。尽管如此,Chen等人在2021年基于108项相关研究,结合了中国临床肿瘤学会(CSCO)和美国临床肿瘤学会(ASCO)联合指南,并建议对于在IMRT结束时通过MRI检测到残留肿瘤的患者,分1~2次额外给予2~4 Gy补充照射,疗效更好[39]。IMRT追量治疗有望成为残余肿瘤的良好治疗方法,未来需要开展更多相关研究去证实其疗效。

4.1.3. SRT

SRT是利用高精度、高剂量的射线对肿瘤靶区进行适形照射,使射线剂量在非靶区组织内迅速降低,从而实现对肿瘤的有效杀灭,同时减少对正常组织的损伤。SRT根据分割方式可分为单次立体定向放射治疗(SSRT)和分次立体定向放射治疗(FSRT),其特点是定位精准、靶区适形度好,剂量集中,靶区周围组织受照射剂量少等。大多数关于SRT治疗残留疾病的研究都是回顾性的,一般是基于那些无法近距离放射治疗或鼻咽手术切除的患者,但如若有涉及到颈动脉或海绵窦的残余病变或肿瘤坏死则是SRT加强治疗的禁忌症[40]。适于SRT治疗的主要是初次放疗的NPC患者在足量外照射后咽旁间隙有肿瘤残存或伴有颅底侵蚀或眼眶侵犯或颅内扩张的肿瘤病变以及NPC残留或复发的小体积(直径 ≤ 4 cm)肿瘤[41]。对于大体积或广泛转移的肿瘤,SRT无法达到理想的治疗效果。Liu [42]等人报道,FSRT治疗T1-3期残留疾病的完全缓解率和3年局部控制率高达100%,且毒副作用可接受,主要为3%轻度神经病变、6%脑坏死,无溃疡或出血。随后Liu等[43]进行另一项研究,评估FSRT对136例放疗后有残留病灶患者的疗效和毒性,结果再次证明FSRT为残留NPC患者提供了极好的局部控制,严重晚期毒性的发生率较低可接受。Chua等[44]在配对队列分析中比较了SSRT和FSRT的治疗结果,按残留疾病与复发、rT分期和肿瘤体积这些因素单独匹配,结果FSRT在3年局部无失败生存率效果更好,特别是对于复发和鼻咽外生长的肿瘤(T2-4)。残留疾病的亚组分析显示,SSRT和FSRT均无显著益处。

4.2. 化学治疗

对于一些残留病变过于广泛而无法采取手术和追量放疗等局部治疗的NPC患者,辅助化疗通常可以取得较好的效果。化疗不仅能够杀灭局部残留的肿瘤细胞,还能够作用于全身,减少远处转移的风险。通过杀灭全身亚临床的转移灶,化疗有助于延长患者的生存期。Imjai等[45]进行了一项随机试验,在175例中晚期NPC患者中比较卡铂CCRT与卡铂CCRT加卡铂与5-FU辅助化疗,结果表明加卡铂与5-FU辅助化疗可提高患者的2年无瘤生存率,且治疗相关的严重副作用很少。辅助化疗相关的不良反应主要为5%急性黏膜炎、10%白细胞减少症等,其长期疗效和副作用仍需要长时间随访。中山大学肿瘤医院的研究团队对406例高危LANPC患者的临床数据进行研究,将其随机分配到节拍卡培他滨辅助治疗组(n = 204)或同步放化疗治疗组(n = 202),研究发现,在放疗后加入节拍式卡培他滨辅助化疗可显著提高LANPC高危亚组患者的无失败生存率,且安全性可靠[46]。节拍式化疗是指采用化疗药物常规剂量的1/10~1/3,持续性或高频率(1~3次/周)给药,以肿瘤内活化细胞为治疗靶点的化疗模式。该模式的优点是安全性良好,严重不良反应发生率低、耐药性低等。卡培他滨相关的主要不良反应为9%手足综合征、< 1%中性粒细胞减少等,患者可耐受。上述学者的研究均证实了节拍式辅助化疗能显著提高患者的生存获益[45] [46]。对于残留的NPC患者,具有更高的复发和转移风险,为高危组,卡培他滨辅助治疗可以帮助改善其预后。

4.3. 免疫和靶向治疗

近年来,随着对NPC发病机制相关信号通路研究的深入,针对NPC细胞不同信号通路的分子靶向及免疫治疗途径也日新月异。免疫及靶向治疗的引入,为残留肿瘤的控制提供了新的可能。免疫治疗能使残留NPC患者获益。免疫治疗尤其适合于高风险或毒性反应较重的残留患者,如EBV DNA水平升高或存在免疫微环境;靶向治疗适合于有明确靶点(如EGFR、VEGFR等)的患者。免疫治疗及靶向治疗毒性较化疗低,患者耐受性较好。Cao及其同事[47]开展一项单臂2期试验,以评估特瑞普利单抗联合卡培他滨治疗残留NPC的疗效,纳入23名患者,每3周接受6个周期的特瑞普利单抗加卡培他滨治疗,结果显示13例患者(56.5%)完全缓解,9例患者(39.1%)部分缓解,客观缓解率为95.7% (95% CI 78.1~99.9),其中有21例发生与治疗相关的不良反应,最常见的是手足综合征。该试验表明,特瑞普利单抗与卡培他滨联合使用对残留鼻咽癌患者可能具有良好的抗肿瘤活性和可控的安全性。特瑞普利单抗联合卡培他滨治疗残余鼻咽癌的3期试验值得调查。Mai等[48]的研究显示,与单独使用吉西他滨联合顺铂化疗方案相比,在此基础上加入特瑞普利单抗治疗可显著改善患者的无进展生存期,并且安全性可控。为评估阿帕替尼治疗难治性转移性或复发性NPC患者的疗效及安全性,Ruan等人[49]开展了一项多中心、单臂、2期试验,对33名符合标准的患者进行研究。结果表明,血管内皮生长因子受体(VEGFR)靶向治疗提高了转移性或复发性NPC的疗效,且毒性可控。研究表明[50],抗EGFR靶向治疗的西妥昔单抗联合放疗也能显著提高NPC的局部控制率,尤其是在EGFR高表达的患者中基于这些临床试验结果,抗PD-1等免疫治疗和节拍式辅助化疗可能是治疗残留鼻咽癌的一个有前途的选择。

5. 鼻咽癌放疗后局部残留的预后现状

NPC放疗后局部残留患者的预后受多种因素影响,但多个研究均表明了局部残留患者较无残留患者预后更差[4] [47] [51]。为了评估NPC放疗后肿瘤残留的预后价值,Lv等[13]回顾性分析664例NPC患者的临床资料,根据IMRT治疗后是否存在残留将其分为非残留组和残留组,研究显示非残留组和残留组的5年生存率分别为:OS (93.8% vs. 76.6%, P < 0.001)、PFS (84.7% vs. 67.9%, P = 0.006)、LRFS (93.4% vs. 80.4%, P = 0.002)和DMFS (90.3% vs. 87.9%, P = 0.305),最终得出结论,治疗后3个月MRI检测到的残留肿瘤是NPC患者的独立阴性预后因素。同时,他们发现,治疗后3个月检测到的血浆EBV-DNA水平与肿瘤残留显著相关,且这一类患者预后更差。在He等人[52]的报道中也指出了IMRT治疗后肿瘤残留的存在是OS、LRFS和DFS的显著独立不良预后因素。为了进一步探讨NPC放射治疗后残留肿瘤对患者预后的影响因素分析,Xu等[53]回顾性分析162例IMRT治疗后局部残留的NPC患者,结合残留病灶的大小与临床相关因素,构建了一个预测预后的列线图模型,该研究结果表明年龄、化疗、N分期和淋巴结坏死是影响残留肿瘤 NPC患者的独立预后因素。此外,该研究建立的列线图模型还可作为一个预测预后的工具,帮助对放疗后残留的患者进行预后风险分层,指导临床决策。上述学者的研究均统一证实IMRT治疗后肿瘤残留可作为判断预后的一个指标这一说法。

6. 总结与展望

近年来,随着新的医疗放射技术手段的发展,应用不同治疗方式治疗局部残留鼻咽癌取得良好的效果,且正常组织损伤小,并发症少,患者可耐受,为临床医师提供了一种有效的治疗手段。但鼻咽癌放疗后局部残留仍是临床上一个复杂的问题,对患者的预后和生活质量产生严重不良影响,我们需要在合适的时机对肿瘤局部残留进行评估并干预。然而,对于这一类残留的患者,其实除了行再程放疗外,还可以联合其他治疗手段如手术、化疗、免疫及分子靶向等,尤其是免疫治疗,其在多种恶性肿瘤中已展现了显著疗效,成为当前癌症治疗领域的一个研究热点,鼻咽癌也不例外。具体采取何种再程放疗方式及何种联合治疗手段,需要充分结合患者的实际情况,如残留病灶的部位、体积大小、与周围组织浸润情况、可行性以及不良反应的发生风险等,从而为患者提供一个个性化的治疗方案。在未来的研究中,仍需要大量的临床数据及长期随访、同时要不断探索新的治疗方式,以提高患者的生存率及生活质量。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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