纳米材料在脑胶质瘤免疫治疗中的应用与发展

Application and Development of Nanomaterials in Immunotherapy of Gliomas of the Brain

摘要: 脑胶质瘤是一种起源于神经胶质细胞的肿瘤，是最常见的原发性颅内肿瘤。手术是治疗脑胶质瘤最有效的方法，但术后常常留下残余的肿瘤病灶，不可避免地导致其复发。复发性肿瘤经常出现放疗和/或化疗耐药，同时术后口服化疗药物难以避免出现的血液学副作用(包括恶心和呕吐)，剂量限制性药物毒性和骨髓抑制的副反应。面对脑胶质瘤患者低生存率，低手术成功率，生存质量差的困境，免疫治疗为脑胶质瘤病人的生存带来了改变和希望。但是由于其肿瘤微环境富集的免疫抑制因子和匮乏的细胞毒性的T淋巴细胞形成的“冷”肿瘤环境，制约了脑胶质瘤的免疫治疗效果。纳米材料因其具有高摄取率、高负载率、高响应性，成为免疫治疗的优选项，从而为治疗脑胶质瘤提供新的思路。

Abstract: Glioma, a tumour originating from glial cells, is the most common primary intracranial tumour. Surgery is the most effective treatment for gliomas, but it often leaves residual tumour lesions after surgery, which inevitably leads to their recurrence. Recurrent tumours are frequently radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy resistant, along with haematological side effects (including nausea and vomiting), dose-limiting drug toxicity and myelosuppressive side effects that are difficult to avoid with postoperative oral chemotherapeutic agents. Faced with the dilemma of low survival rate, low surgical success rate and poor quality of life of patients with glioma, immunotherapy has brought change and hope to the survival of patients with glioma. However, the “cold” tumour environment formed by the enrichment of immunosuppressive factors and the lack of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes in the tumour microenvironment restricts the effect of immunotherapy on glioma. Nanomaterials, due to their high uptake rate, high loading rate and high responsiveness, are preferred options for immunotherapy, thus providing new ideas for the treatment of gliomas.