经支气管针吸活检术联合建隧活检在临床中的应用价值
The Application Value of Transbronchial Needle Aspiration Biopsy Combined with Tunnel Biopsy in Clinical Practice
DOI: 10.12677/jcpm.2025.41071, PDF, HTML, XML,    科研立项经费支持
作者: 徐可燚, 徐龙辉, 倪广帅, 王法腾:济宁医学院临床医学院(附属医院),山东 济宁;曹新娜:济宁医学院附属医院呼吸内镜室,山东 济宁;李 钊*:济宁医学院附属医院呼吸与危重症医学科,山东 济宁
关键词: 经支气管针吸活检术建隧活检经支气管镜超声引导针吸活检术Conventional Trans-Bronchial Needle Aspiration Tunnel Biopsy Endobronchial Ultrasound-Guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration
摘要: 目的:探讨经支气管针吸活检术联合建隧活检在临床中的应用价值。方法:回顾性分析济宁医学院附属医院呼吸与危重症学科在2023年1月至2024年10月期间胸部CT/胸部增强CT示有肺门/纵隔淋巴结肿大和(或)肺周围病变的病例患者的临床资料分3组,53例行C-TBNA检查的患者为1组、31例行C-TBNA联合建隧活检检查的患者为2组、324例行EBUS-TBNA检查的患者为3组,收集上述3组患者的病理学检查结果、穿刺部位,计算敏感度、特异度、准确率。结果:行C-TBNA诊断的敏感度为79%,特异度为100%,诊断准确率为80.8%;行C-TBNA联合建隧活检诊断的敏感度为95.4%,特异度100%,准确率96.7%;行EBUS-TBNA诊断的敏感度为93.5%,特异度100%,准确率95%;3组准确率相比差异有统计学意义(χ2 = 11.532, P = 0.002, P < 0.05)。1组与2组(P = 0.045, P < 0.05)及1组与3组(P = 0.001, P < 0.05)准确率相比有统计学差异,但2组与3组的准确率无统计学差异(P = 1.00, P > 0.05)。结论:C-TBNA联合建隧活检诊断率高于C-TBNA,且不劣于EBUS-TBNA相比,该项技术可以用于纵隔和肺门淋巴结的诊断评估。
Abstract: Objective: To investigate the clinical value of transbronchial needle aspiration biopsy combined with tunnel biopsy. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data of patients with hilar/mediastinal lymphadenopathy and/or peripulmonary lesions on chest CT/chest contrast- enhanced CT from January 2023 to October 2024, including 1 group of 53 patients who underwent C-TBNA, 2 groups of 31 patients who underwent C-TBNA combined with tunnel biopsy, and 3 groups of 324 patients who underwent EBUS-TBNA. The pathological examination results and puncture sites of the above three groups were collected, and the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were calculated. Results: The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of C-TBNA were 79%, 100%, and 80.8%. The sensitivity and specificity of C-TBNA combined with tunnel biopsy were 95.4%, the specificity was 100%, and the accuracy was 96.7%. The sensitivity and specificity of EBUS-TBNA were 93.5%, the specificity was 100%, and the accuracy was 95%. There was a statistically significant difference in accuracy between the three groups (χ2 = 11.532, P = 0.002, P < 0.05). There were statistically significant differences in the accuracy between group 1 and group 2 (P = 0.045, P < 0.05) and group 1 and group 3 (P = 0.001, P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference in accuracy between group 2 and group 3 (P = 1.000, P > 0.05). Conclusions: Compared with EBUS-TBNA, this technique can be used for the diagnostic evaluation of mediastinal and hilar lymph nodes.
文章引用:徐可燚, 曹新娜, 徐龙辉, 倪广帅, 王法腾, 李钊. 经支气管针吸活检术联合建隧活检在临床中的应用价值[J]. 临床个性化医学, 2025, 4(1): 478-485. https://doi.org/10.12677/jcpm.2025.41071

1. 引言

肺癌是全世界第二大常见、死亡率最高的恶性肿瘤[1],位居我国恶性肿瘤发病率及死亡率首位[2],肺门/纵隔淋巴结受累是定义治疗路径的最重要指标,决定患者是否可以进行治愈性的手术至关重要[3]。肺门/纵隔淋巴结主要引流肺部及纵隔结构内的淋巴液,位置隐蔽,常规支气管镜检查难以明确诊断。常规经支气管针吸活检术(Conventional Trans-Bronchial Needle Aspiration, C-TBNA)是第一个用于肺癌诊断/分期的肺门/纵隔淋巴结采样程序。2003年经支气管镜超声引导针吸活检术(Endobronchial Ultrasound-Guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration, EBUS-TBNA)被引入临床实践[4],在临床工作中发现C-TBNA联合建隧活检可以提高诊断阳性率,然而目前少见相关文献报道。本研究旨在比较C-TBNA、C-TBNA联合建隧活检及EBUS-TBNA诊断疾病的敏感度、特异度、准确性,并评估C-TBNA联合建隧活检在临床应用中的诊断率和安全性。现报道如下。

2. 资料与方法

2.1. 资料收集

选自2023年1月至2024年10月就诊于济宁医学院附属医院呼吸科的患者。53例行C-TBNA检查者中,男25例,女28例,年龄27~71岁;31例行C-TBNA联合建隧活检检查者中,男21例,女10例,年龄32~80岁;324例行EBUS-TBNA检查的患者208名男性,116名女性,年龄25~81岁。

2.2. 排纳标准

① 纳入标准:1) 胸部CT/增强CT提示肺门/纵隔淋巴结肿大或支气管周围病变或肺内肿块。2) 术前行常规检查如(血常规,肝肾功,凝血功能、心电图等)、肿瘤标志物(SCC、CEA、NSE、proGRP、细胞角蛋白19片段)等检查,心肺功能能耐受此项检查。3) 所有患者术前签署知情同意书。

② 排除标准:1) 活动性大咯血。2) 严重的高血压如收缩压 ≥ 160 mmHg和/或舒张压 ≥ 100 mmHg,或高血压患者血压控制不稳、波动较大。3) 严重心、肺功能障碍例如如恶性心律失常、不稳定心绞痛、严重肺动脉高压、主动脉夹层、主动脉瘤。新近发生的心肌梗死或有不稳定型心绞痛发作史。4) 颅内高压、急性脑血管事件、严重精神疾病以及全身极度衰竭等。5) 不能纠正的出血倾向如凝血功能严重障碍、尿毒症等[5]

2.3. 操作过程

2.3.1. C-TBNA

术前必须进行胸部增强CT检查,使用标准电子支气管镜(models BF-T160; Olympus; Tokyo, Japan)和王氏MW-319常规TBNA穿刺针进行C-TBNA,检查在仅使用咪达唑仑和自主呼吸的最低程度镇静下进行,针头通过次数从3到5次不等,直到获得满意穿刺标本。

2.3.2. C-TBNA联合建隧活检

术前必须进行胸部增强CT检查,可选用王氏MW-319常规TBNA穿刺针,利用穿刺进针印记,连续穿刺3~5针,不同次穿刺的针孔应彼此紧邻或部分重叠,直至MW-319针鞘管能通畅没入黏膜下层,以期形成(建立)能允许1.8 mm标准活检钳通过的隧道对肺进行取材。每次取材均应伴随ROSE操作,并根据ROSE结果对取材位置进行必要调整。活检取材操作完成后观察建隧开口,确认无明显出血等并发症后,结束本次系列操作。

2.3.3. EBUS-TBNA

术前必须进行胸部增强CT检查,EBUS-TBNA (BF-UC 260 FW, Olympus, Tokyo, Japan)在超声识别淋巴结肿大后,使用的针头为专门设计的21或22号活检EBUS器械针,并通过气管支气管壁进行穿刺,每组淋巴结至少进行3次针刺,直到获得满意穿刺标本。

将上述操作中获得的样品涂抹在干净的载玻片上,并在95%乙醇中固定。然后对样本进行处理以进行明确的细胞学诊断。

2.4. 穿刺结果评判标准:

1) 能明确恶性肿瘤细胞即为恶性;2) 能明确肉芽肿性病变或其他良性病理类型者即为良性;3) 穿刺结果见异型细胞等可疑恶性肿瘤细胞,结合临床表现高度怀疑肺癌的,后行CT肺穿刺、手术等其他方法取得病理结果为恶性,认为最终诊断结果为恶性。

2.5. 统计学方法

统计患者的病理结果,分别计算三组检查的敏感度、特异度与准确率如下:① 敏感度 = 真阳性/(真阳性 + 假阴性) × 100%;② 特异度 = 真阴性/(真阴性 + 假阳性) × 100%;③ 准确率 = (真阳性 + 真阴性)/总例数 × 100%。采用SPSS21.0统计学软件进行统计分析。采用χ2检验,P < 0.05表示差异具有统计学意义。

3. 结果

3.1. 使用C-TBNA对肺部疾病的诊断

在此队列中,53名患者中34名患者被诊断为恶性病变,包括腺癌(n = 10)、鳞状细胞癌(n = 7)、小细胞肺癌(n = 15)、神经内分泌癌(n = 1)、转移癌(n = 1);良性病变4例,包括肺脓肿(n = 1)、结节病(n = 1)、肺结核(n = 1)、正常/单纯淋巴结肿大(n = 1);检查结果未见明显异常但仍高度怀疑恶性肿瘤(n = 9),9名患者后行CT引导下肺穿刺、超声支气管镜等其他检查最终诊断为肺癌,其中腺癌3例,鳞癌4例,小细胞肺癌1例,肺癌1例;未明确诊断(n = 4)。见表1

Table 1. Pathological diagnosis results using C-TBNA

1. 使用C-TBNA的病理诊断结果

C-TBNA诊断

病理诊断

合计

恶性

良性

恶性

34

0

34

良性

9

4

13

合计

43

4

47

3.2. 使用C-TBNA联合建隧活检对肺部疾病的诊断

在此队列中,31名患者中21名患者被诊断为恶性病变,包括腺癌(n = 6)、鳞状细胞癌(n = 4)、小细胞肺癌(n = 9)、肉瘤样癌(n = 1)、低分化癌(n = 1);良性病变9例,包括肺脓肿(n = 2)、结节病(n = 2)、正常/单纯淋巴结肿大(n = 5)、检查结果未见明显异常但仍高度怀疑恶性肿瘤(n = 1),后行CT引导下肺穿刺或其他检查最终诊断为肺癌。见表2

Table 2. Pathological diagnostic results of C-TBNA combined with tunnel biopsy

2. 使用C-TBNA联合建隧活检的病理诊断结果

C-TBNA联合建隧活检诊断

病理诊断

合计

恶性

良性

恶性

21

0

21

良性

1

9

10

合计

22

9

31

3.3. 使用EBUS-TBNA对肺部疾病的诊断

在该队列中,324名患者中186名患者被诊断为恶性病变,包括腺癌(n = 86)、鳞状细胞癌(n = 36)、小细胞肺癌(n = 42)、神经内分泌癌(n = 5)、低分化癌(n = 9)、未分化癌(n = 4)、肉瘤样癌(n = 3)、腺鳞癌(n = 1);良性病变109例,包括肺炎(n = 9)、肺结核(n = 8)、结节病(n = 33)、正常/单纯淋巴结肿大(n = 44)、结果未见明显异常但仍高度怀疑恶性肿瘤(n = 15),13例患者进行其他部位肺活检或于外科行手术或纵隔镜取病理活检证实均为恶性肿瘤,其中腺癌症4例,鳞癌2例,小细胞癌2例,腺鳞癌1例,低分化癌2例,肉瘤样癌2例。此外,未明确诊断(n = 31)。见表3

Table 3. Pathological diagnosis results using EBUS-TBNA

3. 使用EBUS-TBNA的病理诊断结果

EBUS-TBNA

病理诊断

合计

恶性

良性

恶性

186

0

186

良性

13

94

107

合计

199

94

293

3.4. 三组检查敏感度、特异度、并发症及穿刺部位比较

三组对比,1组敏感度79%,特异度100%;2组敏感度95.4%,特异度100%;3组敏感度93.5%,特异度100% (见表4)。

Table 4. Comparison of sensitivity, specificity, complications, and puncture sites among three groups

4. 三组检查敏感度、特异度、并发症及穿刺部位比较

分组

敏感度

特异度

并发症

穿刺部位

1组(n = 53)

79% (34/43)

100%

14/53

7、4R、4L、11R、11L

2组(n = 32)

95.4% (21/22)

100%

13/32

7、4R、4L、11R、11L

3组(n = 324)

93.5% (186/199)

100%

100/324

7、2R、4R、4L、10R、10L、11R、11L、12R

3.5. 三组检查准确率比较

3组数据准确率存在着统计差异(χ2 = 11.532, P < 0.05)。1组与2组存在着统计差异(P = 0.045, P = 0.05);1组与3组准确率相比有统计学差异(P = 0.001, P < 0.05);2组与3组准确率相比无统计学差异(P = 1.000, P > 0.05)。C-TBNA联合建隧活检及EBUS-TBNA对疾病诊断的准确率明显高于C-TBNA (见表5)。

Table 5. Comparison of accuracy of three groups of inspections

5. 三组检查准确率比较

分组

合计(例)

有效(例)

无效(例)

准确率

χ2

P值

1组

47

38

9

80.8%

11.532

0.002

2组

31

30

1

96.7%

3组

293

280

13

95%

4. 讨论

鉴于肺周围病变及纵隔和肺门位置和结构的特殊性,对于该区域病变的诊断一直是呼吸内科及胸外科诊断的难点。尽管一些无创检查(如CT,PET)可以识别可疑病灶,极大地改善了肺癌的检测和评估,但这些非侵入性方法不能提供明确的疾病确认,并且在肺癌分期上存在局限性。因此,准确的分期对于评估最合适的治疗和肺癌的预后至关重要[6] [7]。EBUS-TBNA其通过多普勒模式实现了实时监测下淋巴结和肿瘤肿块的样本的穿刺,现成为诊断各种原因引起的纵隔和肺门淋巴结病疾病的主要检查手段[8] [9]。cTBNA和EBUS-TBNA都有各自独特的优缺点。

常规经支气管穿刺活检术(C-TBNA)一直被认为是一种廉价且安全的肺癌患者纵隔分期手术,TBNA是基于解剖位置和静态CT,直接通过支气管镜进行引导,对于右肺旁和隆突下淋巴结效果最好,特别是 > 2 cm的淋巴结[10] [11]。C-TBNA具有更方便、更便宜的优势,可以选择更多类型的常规支气管镜[12];但TBNA唯一的一大缺陷是它的“盲目性”[13],导致其诊断率较低。在很大程度上,操作者的对解剖位置的熟悉程度和完整系统的训练能力会影响抽吸结果,导致C-TBNA的诊断率在已发表的文献中差异很大,美国胸科医师学会在2013年指南(ACCP)报告指出,C-TBNA对肺癌的平均敏感性为76%,范围为14%~100% [10] [14] [15]。虽然在肺门/纵隔病变具有较高的诊断价值,对淋巴结活检的“盲目性”是其主要限制[12] [16]-[18]。该项研究结果显示C-TBNA对诊断肺门/纵隔病变的准确率为80.8%。

C-TBNA通常是一种安全的手术,据报道并发症发生率低,其潜在的并发症是出血、气胸或纵隔气肿。在Holty等人的荟萃分析中,总体主要并发症发生率为0.26% [19]。该项研究中,C-TBNA (14/53)及C-TBNA联合建隧活检(13/32)仅有少量患者有局部少量出血,个别患者出血量较多,给予稀释肾上腺素及冰盐水镜下止血后出血停止,无大出血及术后出血。未出现气胸,纵膈血肿﹑纵膈感染等严重并发症。

支气管内超声引导下经支气管针吸术(EBUS-TBNA)是一种微创超声引导下的活检,通过多普勒模式,既可以在穿过支气管壁时进行针头可视化,也可以对纵隔结构进行采样,实时对病灶的血供情况及周围血管进行观察,引导穿刺针进入病灶,显示穿刺路径,使临床医生能够避开主要血管和其他关键部位,从而降低严重出血的风险并提高取样的准确性。可为诊断不明原因的肺门/纵隔淋巴结、肺和纵隔肿块以及肺和肺外肿瘤的淋巴结分期和再分期[20]-[22]。EBUS-TBNA几乎可以对所有纵隔和肺门淋巴结(小至4 mm)进行采样[23] [24]。可进入气管旁上部(2R和2L站)、气管下部(4R和4L站)、隆突下(7站)、肺门(10R和10L站)、肺叶间(11R和11L站)、肺叶(12R)淋巴结,扩大了检查区域[25]-[28]。该研究显示在2R、10R、10L、12组淋巴结更多应用EBUS-TBNA;另外,在处理位于4L区域等困难位置的较小淋巴结时有更大优势。但其也有自身的局限性。

由于超声支气管镜(EBUS)增加了超声探头,操作灵活性较差,并且支气管镜医生需要学习如何准确识别和解释不同淋巴结的超声图像,不正确使用器械会增加并发症的风险[29]-[31]。该手术与软式支气管镜检查不同,需要更长的学习时间,并且需要更多的培训[32] [33]。EBUS-TBNA需要其特殊的CP-EBUS设备,这些设备成本高昂,这也限制了EBUS在某些领域的更广泛应用,因此无法在所有支气管镜检查中心常规使用[19]

C-TBNA联合建隧活检,包括TBNA、建隧和活检钳取材3个步骤[34],C-TBNA穿刺针连续穿刺3~5针,建立一条纤细的隧道,使活检钳得以通过并取得适量、合适的标本。C-TBNA+建隧活检是操作难度及费用相对较低,如遇复杂病例亦可联合超声定位,还可以增加标本量,从而提升活检的阳性率。现很少有报道指出关于C-TBNA联合建隧活检对疾病的诊断性。我们的研究表明C-TBNA联合建隧活检的诊断的敏感性、诊断性均高于C-TBNA,但与EBUS-TBNA相比无统计学意义。

综上所述,C-TBNA联合建隧活检技术在灵敏度、准确性均高于C-TBNA;且不劣于EBUS-TBNA。另外与EBUS-TBNA相比,C-TBNA联合建隧活检技术在设备需求、学习曲线及患者费用方面也具有优势。故C-TBNA联合建隧活检技术可以作为肺门/纵膈肿大淋巴结肿大的优选诊断技术。该研究也存在一定局限性,为单中心研究,且C-TBNA联合建隧活检技术入组患者较少,期待该项技术推广后多中心大规模研究。

利益冲突

所有作者声明无利益冲突。

作者贡献声明

徐可燚:采集/数据数据、分析/解释数据、文章撰写;曹新娜:论文审阅;徐龙辉:收集数据;倪广帅:论文审阅;王法腾:论文审阅;李钊:研究指导、论文审阅、经费支持。

致 谢

感谢本次科研及论文协作过程中导师及科室同事的指导和大力支持。

基金项目

济宁市科技局(2022YXNS053)。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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