血液透析患者发生肺动脉高压的危险因素
Risk Factors for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in Hemodialysis Patients
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2025.152416, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 郑智鑫:内蒙古医科大学第一临床医学院,内蒙古 呼和浩特;赵建荣*:内蒙古医科大学附属医院肾脏内科,内蒙古 呼和浩特
关键词: 血液透析肺动脉高压危险因素Hemodialysis Pulmonary Hypertension Risk Factors
摘要: 肺动脉高压(Pulmonary hypertension, PH)是血液透析(Hemodialysis, HD)患者渐进发展的、严重的心血管并发症。但对于血液透析患者发生PH的机制却并不清楚。肺动脉高压在血压透析患者中有着较高的发病率。但由于PH的发生较为隐匿,容易被人们忽视,因此本文就HD患者发生PH的危险因素做一综述,从而协助PH诊断,改善HD患者死亡率及预后。
Abstract: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a progressive and severe cardiovascular complication in hemodialysis (HD) patients. But the mechanism of PH occurrence in hemodialysis patients is not clear. Pulmonary hypertension has a high incidence rate in patients with blood pressure dialysis. However, due to the hidden occurrence of PH, it is easily overlooked by people. Therefore, this article provides a review of the risk factors for PH in HD patients, in order to assist in the diagnosis of PH, and improve the mortality rate and prognosis of HD patients.
文章引用:郑智鑫, 赵建荣. 血液透析患者发生肺动脉高压的危险因素[J]. 临床医学进展, 2025, 15(2): 845-851. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2025.152416

1. 维持性血液透析与肺动脉高压

近年来,慢性肾脏病(Chronic kidney disease, CKD)患者数量逐渐增多,维持性血液透析(Maintenance hemodialysis, MHD)在CKD及终末期肾病(End-stage renal disease, ESRD)患者中广泛应用。大多数维持性血液透析患者因为透析不充分或液体超负荷会反复出现水肿及体循环淤血。液体超负荷是血液透析患者出现的严重问题,会导致心肺、心血管和肌肉骨骼等各种系统的严重并发症,其中心血管并发症是MHD患者主要的死亡原因[1]。PH作为血液透析心血管相关并发症之一,发生率高达68% [2],并且PH患者死亡率也很高[3]。因此,对于MHD患者来说早期诊断PH对于开始适当的治疗和避免其严重后果非常重要。

PH诊断金标准是右心导管插入术(Right heart catheterization, RHC) [4] [5]。2022年欧洲心脏病学会(ESC)和欧洲呼吸病学会联合发布《肺动脉高压诊断与治疗指南》提出静息状态下肺动脉平均压力 > 20 mmHg (同时要求肺动脉楔压(Pulmonary artery wedge pressure, PAWP) ≤ 15 mmHg)才能诊断为PH [6]。但由于其侵入性,在日常临床实践中很难进行或重复。因此,超声心动图被广泛用于PH的初步筛查,因为它是一种简单、可重复、廉价的技术,并且其测量结果与RHC高度相关[7]。当多普勒超声心动图提示PH至少为中等严重程度(>40 mmHg)时,这种相关性显著[8]。因此,当肺动脉收缩压(Pulmonary artery systolic pressure, PASP)超过40 mmHg时即可采用超声心动图诊断PH [9]

肺动脉高压共分为五类,慢性肾脏病引起的PH归于第五类[10]。血液透析作为CKD患者普遍选择的治疗方式和ESRD患者的最终治疗方案,有10%~50%的MHD患者患有PH并发症[11]

2. 肺动脉高压发生的相关危险因素

2.1. 动静脉瘘

良好的血管通路是充分有效透析的前提,自体动静脉内瘘( arteriovenous fistula, AVF)是透析患者的最佳血管通路。但是,经动静脉瘘血管通路行血液透析的患者PH发生率高达40%~56% [12]。AVF对血液透析患者PH发展的影响取决于AVF的类型、使用时间和AVF的血流量。多项研究表明AVF有最佳血流量范围,低于这一范围,AVF容易发生血栓,也无法充分透析;超过这一范围,造成的心血管系统的负担和风险也越大。Havlucu等人的一项回顾性分析48例慢性肾衰竭(Chronic renal failure, CRF)患者血管通路血流量与肺动脉收缩压(Pulmonary arterial systolic pressure, PASP)的关系,发现伴有PH与不伴PH两组动静脉通路平均血流量差异有统计学意义[13],经多因素回归分析,AVFB与PASP呈正相关,Dagli研究证实了上述结论[14]。Beigi等人的研究发现伴有PH组患者平均动静脉瘘流量分别为2750 ml/min,不伴PH组血流量为1322 ml/min,两组间差异有统计学意义[15]。曹丽娜等人的一项关于MHD患者的回顾性研究表明动静脉瘘口直径(arteriovenous fistula diameter, AVFD)和动静脉内瘘口血流量(arteriovenous fistula blood flow, AVFB)在PH组和无PH组之间有显著性差异(P < 0.05),进一步证实了PH组的AVFD和AVFB偏高,分析得出PH与AVFB的升高有关[16]。AVFB的大小与动静脉瘘建立的位置有关,上臂较前臂的血管通路流量大[14]。Paneni等进行的一项回顾性队列研究表示血管通路的位置与PH发生相关,不同位置的血管通路通过影响AVFB,最终影响PH的严重程度[17]

因此,选择合适的血管通路对于维持性血液透析患者而言尤为重要,正确管理动静脉瘘也是改善预后及生存率的重要方法。欧洲血管外科学会(European Society of Vascular Surgery)建议对于通道流量大于1500 ml/min的透析患者,应注意对于AVF的保护及定期进行流量测量,并监测超声心动图以及评估心力衰竭的临床体征等[18]

2.2. 心脏结构及功能改变

心脏舒张功能障碍可能通过诱导左房压升高而促进PH的发展。进行性液体超载伴舒张功能障碍可增加肺毛细血管楔压,导致PH升高,而PH本身可能由左心疾病诱发和/或加重[19]。此外,与PH相关的另一个因素是收缩功能障碍,左心衰竭的PH病理生物学复杂且高度异质性,主要是由于左心室收缩或舒张功能障碍导致左侧充盈压力升高从而导致PH [20]。动静脉瘘在一定程度上也会导致心功能障碍,从而导致PH。一项包含143例14~80岁MHD治疗的回顾性研究发现,PH患者有较大的左心房(Left atrium, LA)、右心房(Right atrium, RA)、室间隔(Interventricular septum, IVS)直径和较低的左室射血分数(Left ventricular ejection fraction, LVEF),并且LVEF和RA直径是PH的独立决定因素[21]。Miller等人研究报道在LVEF降低的患者中,通过RHC评估的PH患病率在40%~75%之间[22],Merita等人的研究结果与其一致,同样发现LVEF是PH的独立危险因素[23]。在早期PH中,右心室(Right ventricular, RV)处于代偿期,在更晚期,RV收缩功能不能与后负荷保持匹配,扩张逐渐发展。肺动脉血管阻力升高对RV造成压力,患者死于右心室衰竭[19] [24]

2.3. 肺血管钙化

据报道,过量甲状旁腺激素(Parathormone, PTH)可能诱导肺钙化和PH发生[25]。Kumbar等针对PD患者进行的一项研究表明肺动脉压力(Pulmonary arterial pressure, PAP)值直接与血清磷水平、钙磷乘积水平及PTH水平相关[26]。然而,有研究表明甲状旁腺激素活性和钙磷产物在PH患者和非PH患者之间没有显著差异[27]-[29]。Amin等人研究发现肺血管钙化和继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进与PH无关[30]。这可能与实验设计和实验分组等因素相关,因而关于肺血管钙化对于PH影响还需进一步研究。

2.4. 内皮功能障碍

内环境代谢紊乱会导致内皮功能障碍。主要表现为血管收缩物质失衡,如内皮素-1与舒张物质如一氧化氮(Nitric oxide, NO)等。有研究表明,对于MHD患者来说,伴有PH患者产生的一氧化氮较不伴有PH患者少,而PH患者透析诱导的一氧化氮增加更为明显[31]。另外,内源性一氧化氮合酶抑制剂——不对称二甲基精氨酸(Asymmetric dimethyl arginine, ADMA)与PASP水平独立相关。充血性心力衰竭继发肺动脉高压小鼠出现内皮功能障碍,胆碱引起血管舒张,内皮素-1受体阻滞剂诱导血管舒张增强[32]。内皮功能障碍与血管钙化相关,并且对于MHD患者来说,内环境障碍时有发生,各种因素相互作用,最终导致PH。

2.5. 缺氧

肺动脉高压形成的最重要因素是缺氧。缺氧时血管中血小板活化因子、白三烯、血管紧张素II等收缩血管活性物质增多,促进肺血管收缩,增高血管壁张力,同时缺氧时患者肺内会产生多种生长因子,使血管平滑肌细胞对钙离子的通透性增高,使肺血管平滑肌收缩、痉挛,肺血管中胶原纤维和内膜弹力纤维也会受其影响增生,以上因素共同作用导致患者肺血管重构及肺循环血流动力障碍,从而发生肺动脉高压[33]。此外,缺氧还使肾小动脉缩,醛固酮增加,减少肾血流量,加重透析患者水、钠潴留,血容量增多,导致PASP升高。有研究表明,MicroRNA (miRNA)表达失控参与了缺氧介导的细胞凋亡和增殖[34]。在野百合碱诱导的动物实验中发现,PH大鼠模型与PH患者均出现miR-405水平上调、miR-21水平下调[34] [35]。在缺氧状态下,这些表达异常的miRNA使肺动脉平滑肌细胞外钙内流、调控肺动脉平滑肌细胞和内皮细胞之间的血管收缩因子,增强肺动脉平滑肌细胞迁移和增殖能力,进而促进肺动脉的收缩[36]。这种DNA损伤机制最终会导致肺动脉外膜重构从而导致PH的形成[37]

2.6. 炎症介质及免疫紊乱

PTX3主要由血管内皮细胞、巨噬细胞等在白细胞介素-1 (interleukin-1, IL-1)、白细胞介素-6 (interleukin-6, IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α (tumor necrosis factor, TNF-α)等作用下分泌[38] [39]。Shen S等的研究证实PTX3是MHD患者发生PH的危险因素[40],高PTX3水平可能通过诱导左心病变参与MHD患者PH的发病。Yu MT一项纳入97名患者的单中心横断面研究表明MHD的PH患者血清白细胞介素-1β (Interleukin-1, IL-1β)、白细胞介素-6 (Interleukin-6, IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α (Tumor necrosis factor, TNF-α)水平升高,慢性炎症对于PH发生有着重要作用[41]。陈荣毅等研究表明MHD患者外周血CD8T细胞、CD8CD69T细胞比率下降是PH发生的独立危险因素,提示CD8T细胞可能参与PH的发生[42]。但对于MHD患者来说,感染发生率偏高,体内炎症因子水平也相对较高,除了进行血液透析外,还会间断进行血液灌流。

2.7. 容量负荷

对于晚期CKD患者来说,慢性液体负荷过重可能加重舒张功能障碍。Unal等发现细胞内液与细胞外液变化与PAP之间存在直接相关性,推测容量负荷过重可引起肺损伤[43]。容量负荷过重还会加重患者心脏负担,进而导致左心衰及右心衰,这些共同的影响最终导致PH。Behzadnia等人的研究则表示大多数HD患者的PH属于PH的第2组。认为任何解决慢性容量超载和治疗左心室收缩和舒张功能障碍的尝试都可能改善PH [44]。He Y等人的研究采用多变量逐步logistic回归分析表明透析间期体重增长是MHD患者PH的独立危险因素[45]。对于MHD患者来说,定期测量干体重并且限制水的摄入,一定程度上能够降低PH的发生。

2.8. 营养因素及严重贫血

Unal等研究发现相比于AVF创建前,AVF创建后血红蛋白和血清白蛋白水平显著升高,可能与红细胞生成素(Erythropoietin, EPO)的使用和因尿毒症引起的胃肠道症状得到纠正相关[46]。Yoo等认为低白蛋白血症可导致血容量增多及胶体渗透压降低,进而导致PH [47]。Mousavi等对62例MHD患者进行分析发现PH患者的血红蛋白和白蛋白水平明显降低[27]。He Y等人的研究发现肺动脉压与血红蛋白浓度呈负相关,并且采用多变量逐步logistic回归分析表明透析间期体重增长和血红蛋白水平是MHD患者PH的独立危险因素[45]。王念华等研究表明透析患者Hb波动越大,发生PH的风险越高,进一步logistic回归分析证实Hb变异是发生PH的危险因素[48]。然而,国外的一些研究发现贫血或血红蛋白与PH无相关性[44] [49]。一些MHD患者营养状态较差,贫血及低蛋白血症时有发生,需使用药物来纠正贫血及低蛋白血症。国内外研究结果存在差异可能与中西方人种差异有关。

3. 结论

由于血液透析患者中PH的高患病率,随着透析时间的延长,HD患者发生PH的风险增加,有必要筛查这种疾病并减少其影响。然而,PH的发生是多种因素共同参与的结果,又因研究设计不同或因样本选择差异,PH的发病机制及影响因素尚未明确。虽然有关于MHD与PH的研究逐渐增多,仍需要大量研究进一步证实。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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