煤矿地表沉陷及其环境影响：研究进展与防治对策

Surface Subsidence Induced by Underground Coal Mining and Its Environmental Impacts: Research Progress and Mitigation Measures

摘要: 煤矿地表沉陷是矿区及周边地区遭遇的重大环境问题，本文回顾了煤矿开采导致地表沉陷的成因、生态环境影响及监测与防治技术。采煤产生的采空区和上覆岩层的失稳，造成地表沉降，进而引发裂缝、滑坡等地质灾害，并对土壤、地下水和生态系统产生长期负面影响。沉陷引起的水文变化和土壤损害，往往导致农田破坏、植被退化和水资源流失。在监测技术方面，现代遥感技术与地面监测手段的结合显著提高了沉陷监测的精度与时效性，为矿区沉陷的预警和防治提供了重要数据支持。防治策略包括强化沉陷预警系统、采用工程加固措施以及实施生态修复和土地恢复，以减少煤矿开采对环境的负面影响。未来研究应聚焦于如何平衡煤矿开采与生态环境保护，特别是在开采持续性与生态修复之间的协调，推动煤矿地区的可持续发展。

Abstract: Surface subsidence induced by underground coal mining is a major environmental issue in mining areas and their surrounding regions. This paper reviews the causes of surface subsidence due to coal mining, its ecological and environmental impacts, as well as monitoring and mitigation technologies. The creation of goafs and the instability of overlying strata resulting from coal extraction lead to surface subsidence, which can trigger geological hazards such as cracks and landslides, and cause long-term negative effects on soil, groundwater, and ecosystems. Hydrological changes and soil degradation caused by subsidence often result in the destruction of farmland, vegetation degradation, and water loss. In terms of monitoring technologies, the integration of modern remote sensing techniques with ground-based monitoring methods has significantly enhanced the precision and timeliness of subsidence monitoring, providing vital data support for early warning and mitigation of mining-induced subsidence. Mitigation strategies include strengthening early warning systems for subsidence, implementing engineering reinforcement measures, and carrying out ecological restoration and land reclamation to reduce the environmental impacts of coal mining. Future research should focus on balancing coal mining with ecological protection, especially in terms of coordinating mining sustainability with ecological restoration, to promote the sustainable development of mining regions.