1. 引言
2. 雌激素及雌激素受体的生物学概述
2.1. 雌激素概述
2.2. 雌激素受体的概述
2.3. 雌激素及雌激素受体生物学
3. 雌激素及雌激素受体的作用途径
3.1. 雌激素基因组型途径
3.2. 雌激素非基因组型途径
4. SPID-CPP发病的炎性机制
5. 雌激素及雌激素受体在炎症信号通路中的机制
5.1. 雌激素及雌激素受体在MAPK信号通路中的机制
丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase, MAPK)是真核细胞用来将胞外信号转导为胞内反应的四大信号系统之一,作为细胞生存、增殖、凋亡和分化等过程中的重要调节因子,MAPK有三个主要亚家族:细胞外信号调节激酶(ERK 1/2);c-jun NH2端激酶或应激蛋白激活激酶(JNKs/SAPKs)和p38 MAPK [35]。ERK与肿瘤相关,当ERα介导雌激素非核效应,能募集MAPK各信号分子,在乳腺癌、直肠癌、骨细胞中激活ERK1/2,在血管平滑肌及肺成纤维细胞中抑制ERK1/2活化。JNK和p38 MAPK主要由促炎刺激激活,研究表明,JNK、p38 MAPK信号通路的异常均与盆腔炎性疾病的发生相关,相关炎症因子通过磷酸化JNK/p38通路蛋白扩大炎症反应,同时介导TGF-β1致纤维化过程,破坏基质金属蛋白酶(MMPs)/组织金属蛋白酶抑制剂(TIMPs)平衡,引起ECM过度沉积,加重组织纤维粘连,引起炎症损伤。在内皮细胞中,E2通过迅速激活p38的抗凋亡的β异构体(p38β),同时抑制凋亡前蛋白p38α,而阻止细胞死亡,促进血管生成。这一过程可以增加MAPK活化的蛋白激酶2的表达和hsp27的磷酸化,以阻止张力纤维的形成和膜的解聚,防止低氧诱发的凋亡,引发内皮细胞迁移和新生毛细血管的形成[36]。研究表明,在乳腺癌细胞系中,E2与ERα结合迅速诱导Shc磷酸化和Shc-Grb2 (生长因子受体结合蛋白2)-Sos复合物的形成,引发下游的Ras、Raf、和MAPK的活化[37]。在前列腺癌和乳腺癌细胞研究中,E2的作用使得ERα的酪氨酸537位磷酸化位点与Src的同源结构域相作用,引起Src-Ras-ERK信号通路的活化[38]。本课课题组在前期研究亦发现:薏苡附子败酱散加味可能通过改善血液流变学指标,降低促炎症因子水平,提高抗炎症因子水平,调控机体氧化-抗氧化系统平衡,以抑制介导炎症反应的JNK/p38信号通路表达而达到治疗SPID作用[39]。此外,刘鑫、唐挺等人[40]通过动物实验发现,抑制JNK/p38 MAPK通路的激活,组织中IL-1β、TNF-α、Caspase-3、Bax表达水平明显降低(P < 0.05, P < 0.01),能够减轻炎症反应。
5.2. 雌激素及雌激素受体在NF-κB信号通路中的机制
6. 结语
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