鲁西北平原典型农业县土壤质量评价分析

Soil Quality Evaluation and Analysis of Typical Agricultural Counties in the Northwest Plain of Shandong Province

摘要: 土壤养分和重金属是影响耕地质量的重要因素，探究宁津县土壤质量空间分布特征及其影响因子，为高质量农田建设提供理论依据。以2020年宁津县耕地208个样地土壤养分和重金属为研究对象，采用模糊数学法对土壤养分进行肥力评价、内梅罗指数法对土壤重金属进行污染风险评价，结合Topsis法对土壤质量进行评价。结果表明，土壤pH值的均值为8.28，整体呈碱性；有机质、全氮的平均含量分别为17.37 g∙kg⁻¹、1.03 g∙kg⁻¹，相对缺乏；有效磷、速效钾、缓效钾的平均值含量分别为51.76 mg∙kg⁻¹、158.83 mg∙kg⁻¹、808.71 mg∙kg⁻¹，相对丰富；土壤综合肥力指数的平均值为0.48，整体属于较低水平。土壤重金属铬、镉、铅、砷、汞的平均浓度分别为63.54 mg∙kg⁻¹、0.21 mg∙kg⁻¹、22.97 mg∙kg⁻¹、13.40 mg∙kg⁻¹、0.05 mg∙kg⁻¹，均低于标准值。土壤质量的空间分布结果表明：县城周边区域土壤质量偏低，土壤质量整体处于中等水平。通过阐述宁津县土壤质量的空间分布特征，掌握土壤质量现状，并根据其现状提出改善的合理性建议，进行土壤资源的精确管理。

Abstract: Soil nutrients and heavy metals are important factors affecting the quality of arable land. Exploring the spatial distribution characteristics and influencing factors of soil quality in Ningjin County provides a theoretical basis for the construction of high-quality farmland. Taking the soil nutrients and heavy metals of 208 cultivated land plots in Ningjin County in 2020 as research objects, the fuzzy mathematics method was used to evaluate the fertility of soil nutrients, the Nemerow index method was used to evaluate the pollution risk of soil heavy metals, and the Topsis method was combined to evaluate the soil quality. The results showed that the average pH value of the soil was 8.28, indicating an overall alkaline state; The average contents of organic matter and total nitrogen are 17.37 g∙kg⁻¹ and 1.03 g∙kg⁻¹, respectively, indicating a relative deficiency; The average contents of available phosphorus, available potassium, and slow-release potassium are 51.76 mg∙kg⁻¹, 158.83 mg∙kg⁻¹, and 808.71 mg∙kg⁻¹, respectively, which are relatively abundant; The average value of the comprehensive soil fertility index is 0.48, which is generally at a relatively low level. The average concentrations of heavy metals chromium, cadmium, lead, arsenic, and mercury in the soil were 63.54 mg∙kg⁻¹, 0.21 mg∙kg⁻¹, 22.97 mg∙kg⁻¹, 13.40 mg∙kg⁻¹, and 0.05 mg∙kg⁻¹, respectively, all of which were lower than the standard values. The spatial distribution of soil quality shows that the soil quality in the surrounding areas of the county is relatively low, and the overall soil quality is at a moderate level. By elaborating on the spatial distribution characteristics of soil quality in Ningjin County, grasping the current status of soil quality, and proposing reasonable suggestions for improvement based on its current situation, precise management of soil resources can be carried out.