内蒙古乌海地区幽门螺杆菌感染临床特征调查分析
Investigation and Analysis of Clinical Characteristics of Helicobacter pylori Infection in Wuhai of Inner Mongolia
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2025.153638, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 温 智, 陈 平*:内蒙古医科大学附属医院消化内科,内蒙古 呼和浩特;温 婷:北京市通州区漷县镇人民政府经济发展办公室(统计所),北京;杜永哲, 朱建斌:内蒙古乌海市人民医院消化内科,内蒙古 乌海
关键词: 幽门螺杆菌(H. pylori)感染率内蒙古乌海市慢性萎缩性胃炎消化性溃疡胃癌Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) Infection Rate Wuhai Inner Mongolia Chronic Atrophic Gastritis Peptic Ulcer Gastric Cancer
摘要: 背景:幽门螺杆菌(Helicobacter pylori, H. pylori)是一种常见的胃黏膜感染性疾病,全球超过半数人口感染,与胃癌等多种胃部疾病有显著相关性。目的:本研究旨在分析内蒙古乌海地区幽门螺杆菌感染的临床特征及其与慢性胃炎、十二指肠球炎、消化性溃疡、胃癌的相关性。方法:研究选取了2023年1月至12月期间就诊于内蒙古乌海市人民医院门诊及体检中的896名患者,通过电子胃镜和碳13呼气试验进行检测,采用R × C列联表资料的χ2检验,对不同群体的幽门螺杆菌感染率进行分析。结果:本地区幽门螺杆菌感染率为45.4%,不同年龄段感染率存在显著性差异,青中年感染率高。感染者中,消化性溃疡、慢性萎缩性胃炎、胃癌的感染率分别为62.7%、58.3%、42.1%,均显著高于其他疾病。慢性萎缩性胃炎、消化性溃疡发展为胃癌的可能性较大。结论:内蒙古乌海地区青中年、慢性萎缩性胃炎、消化性溃疡、胃癌人群幽门螺杆菌感染风险高,应当进行幽门螺杆菌检测及治疗。研究结果为制定检测和治疗策略、预防胃癌发生提供参考。
Abstract: Background: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a common infectious disease of the gastric mucosa that infects more than half of the world’s population, and is positively correlated with a variety of gastric diseases, including gastric cancer. Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical characteristics of H. pylori infection and its correlation with chronic gastritis, duodenal bulb inflammation, peptic ulcer, and gastric cancer in western Inner Mongolia. Methods: Eight hundred and ninety-six patients who attended outpatient clinics and physical examinations at The People’s Hospital of Wuhai in Inner Mongolia between January and December 2023 were selected for the study and tested by gastroscopy examination and carbon 13 breath test. χ2 tests of R × C contingency tables were used to analyze the H. pylori infection rates among different groups. Results: The results showed that the infection rate of H. pylori in this region was 45.4%, with significant differences in the infection rate among different age groups, and a high infection rate among young and middle-aged people. The infection rates of peptic ulcer, chronic atrophic gastritis, and gastric cancer were 62.7%, 58.3%, and 42.1%, respectively, which were significantly higher than those of other diseases. Chronic atrophic gastritis and peptic ulcer were more likely to develop into gastric cancer. Conclusion: The risk of Helicobacter pylori infection is high among young and middle-aged, chronic atrophic gastritis, peptic ulcer, and gastric cancer populations in Wuhai of Inner Mongolia, who should be tested and treated for Helicobacter pylori. The results of the study provide a reference for the development of detection and treatment strategies and the prevention of gastric cancer.
文章引用:温智, 温婷, 杜永哲, 朱建斌, 陈平. 内蒙古乌海地区幽门螺杆菌感染临床特征调查分析[J]. 临床医学进展, 2025, 15(3): 466-476. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2025.153638

1. 引言

幽门螺杆菌(Helicobacter pylori, H. pylori)是一种发生在人胃黏膜上的感染性疾病[1],全球超过半数人口发生感染[2],感染后发生胃癌的概率是未感染普通人群的3~6倍[3]。研究表明[4]-[6],幽门螺杆菌感染与慢性活动性胃炎、萎缩性胃炎、十二指肠球炎、消化性溃疡及胃癌的发生呈正相关。其感染与年龄、地域、卫生条件有关[5] [7]

为进一步探寻内蒙古西部地区人群中幽门螺杆菌感染与慢性胃炎、十二指肠球炎、消化性溃疡、胃癌的相关性,本研究将分析内蒙古乌海地区幽门螺杆菌感染情况及临床特征,以期为人群中检测和治疗策略、预防胃癌发生提供参考依据。

2. 资料与方法

2.1. 一般资料

选取2023年1月至2023年12月期间就诊于内蒙古自治区乌海市人民医院门诊及体检中同时进行电子胃镜及碳13呼气试验者896名患者,其中男性428人,女性468人,年龄14~86岁,平均年龄53.47岁。排除标准:① 既往胃或十二指肠切除术,胃结石、胃潴留、食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血、排胶溃疡、门脉高压性胃病、食管溃疡、食管癌患者;② 既往进行过HP根除治疗或近期使用过抗生素、抑酸剂、胃黏膜保护剂等药物者;③ 拒绝或不能配合胃镜检查和/或碳13呼气试验者。所有患者均签署知情同意书。

2.2. 方法

1、入选者均经过电子胃镜(奥林巴斯GIF-HQ290)进行上消化道全面系统检查,检查者为3名具有丰富经验的内镜医师完成,存疑病例进行双人复核讨论决定。

1) 慢性非萎缩性胃炎(曾用名:慢性浅表性胃炎)内镜下表现:普通白光内镜下胃黏膜呈均匀的粉红色、有光泽,可见点片状发红、黏膜粗糙伴/不伴肿胀、充血渗出,可有糜烂灶、出血或胆汁反流等表现,无特异性。幽门螺杆菌感染后可出现胃体–底部黏膜点状发红、弥漫性发红、RAC消失、皱襞异常、增生性息肉、鸡皮样黏膜等改变[8]

2) 慢性萎缩性胃炎内镜下表现:黏膜菲薄、失去光泽,红白相间,以白为主,皱襞扁平甚或消失,部分黏膜下血管透见,可伴有黏膜颗粒或结节状改变[8]

3) 十二指肠球炎内镜下表现:十二指肠球部失去光泽,斑片状红斑或点状发红,或出现一处或多处糜烂,水肿[8]

4) 消化性溃疡内镜下表现:包括胃溃疡和十二指肠溃疡,内镜下分为三个时期、六个阶段。活动期可见溃疡表覆厚白苔,周围黏膜充血水肿;愈合期白苔变薄,周围黏膜充血水肿减轻或消失,可见新生上皮;瘢痕期则可见红色或白色瘢痕改变。

5) 胃癌内镜下表现:进展期癌符合Borrmann II~IV型改变;早期癌根据2002年巴黎分型进行判别,同期进行放大内镜观察、利用VS分类系统进行描述。本文所获得胃癌均由病理医师根据WHO分类证实为腺癌、弥漫性胃癌。

2、同期在空腹或禁食6小时后完成碳13呼气试验(海德威HCBT-01型碳13呼气试验检测仪,13C-UBT),DOB值 > 4.0为阳性结果,反之为阴性。

3、有症状者表现为以下一项或多项非特异性消化系统症状,即上腹痛、反酸、烧心、呃逆、恶心、呕吐、腹胀、呕血、黑便等;无明显不适症状者记为无症状。

4、同一患者观察期间多次胃镜和/或幽门螺杆菌检查者仅入选一次结果,胃镜检查以最严重诊断计入,呼气试验以阳性结果计入;胃镜检查结果多项诊断者以其最严重诊断定为最终诊断(严重程度:胃癌 > 消化性溃疡 > 十二指肠球炎 > 慢性萎缩性胃炎 > 慢性非萎缩性胃炎)。

2.3. 统计学方法

采用SPSS 27.0统计软件进行数据分析。本研究涉及的计量资料除年龄以外均为定性变量,使用列联表分析,年龄变量符合正态分布,采用( x ¯ ±s )表示,组间比较采用R × C列联表资料的χ2检验,以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

3. 结果

3.1. 人群基本情况

表1所示,本研究共入选896人,其中男性468人,女性428人。研究者年龄为14~86岁,平均53.47 ± 13.33岁。按照年龄段分区显示20岁以下及81岁以上入选样本量小,总计14人。51~60岁年龄段人数最多,共275人,幽门螺杆菌感染者各种疾病中也显示该年龄组人数最多,如图1所示。研究人群中无消化系统症状者合计698人,超过3/4总人数。

Table 1. Basic characterization of the population

1. 人群基本特征描述

项目

慢性非萎缩性胃炎

慢性萎缩性胃炎

十二指肠球炎

消化性溃疡

胃癌

合计

总计

505

192

97

83

19

896

性别

266

105

52

37

8

468

239

87

45

46

11

428

年龄(岁)

<20

3

1

1

1

0

6

21~30

20

10

2

1

3

36

31~40

74

22

13

6

4

119

41~50

112

35

14

25

2

188

51~60

165

55

25

26

4

275

61~70

97

44

29

18

3

191

71~80

31

21

12

6

3

73

>81

3

4

1

0

0

8

消化系统症状

431

144

69

46

8

698

74

48

28

37

11

198

碳13呼气试验

阴性

294

80

73

31

11

489

阳性

211

112

24

52

8

407

Figure 1. Age distribution of Helicobacter pylori infected persons with different diseases

1. 幽门螺杆菌感染者不同疾病年龄分布情况

幽门螺杆菌感染(即C13呼气试验阳性) 407人,整体感染率为45.4%,其中男性46.7%,女性44.2%,男女感染比例无显著性差异,见表2。21~30岁年龄段幽门螺杆菌感染率最高(55.6%),其次是51~60岁年龄段(51.3%)和31~40岁年龄段(50.4%),71~80岁年龄段感染率最低(31.5%)。各年龄段幽门螺杆菌感染率存在显著性差异,60岁以下感染率随年龄增长而增加,61岁以上感染率随年龄增长而降低,如图2所示。

消化系统症状方面无症状感染者与有症状感染者存在显著性差异,有症状感染者占比高(51.5%)。内镜诊断与幽门螺杆菌感染率由高到低分别是:消化性溃疡(62.7%)、慢性萎缩性胃炎(58.3%)、胃癌(42.1%)、慢性非萎缩性胃炎(41.8%)、十二指肠球炎(24.7%),病种间的幽门螺杆菌感染率存在显著性差异,见表2

3.2. 内镜诊断与临床症状的相关性

表3所示,慢性萎缩性胃炎、消化性溃疡、胃癌均与有消化系统症状存在显著性差异。慢性萎缩性胃炎有症状者占比(31.1%)明显高于慢性非萎缩性胃炎有症状者占比(17.7%)。消化性溃疡有症状者49.0%,显著高于非消化性溃疡有症状者的占比18.8%。胃癌患者中有症状的占比为57.9%,而非胃癌患者中绝大多数(78.7%)则为无症状者。

Table 2. Comparison of infection rates by subgroup

2. 感染率分组比较

项目

HP阳性人数

感染率(%)

χ²值

P

总计

407

45.4%

性别

0.563

>0.05

200

46.7%

207

44.2%

年龄(岁)

17.352

<0.05

<20

2

33.3%

21~30

20

55.6%

31~40

60

50.4%

41~50

86

45.7%

51~60

141

51.3%

61~70

72

37.7%

71~80

23

31.5%

>81

3

37.5%

消化系统症状

3.804

0.050

305

43.7%

102

51.5%

内镜诊断

42.365

<0.05

胃癌

8

42.1%

消化性溃疡

52

62.7%

十二指肠球炎

24

24.7%

慢性萎缩性胃炎

112

58.3%

慢性非萎缩性胃炎

211

41.8%

Figure 2. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection by age (%) and its trend

2. 各年龄段幽门螺杆菌感染率(%)及其趋势

Table 3. Relationship between endoscopic diagnosis and clinical symptoms [n (%)]

3. 内镜下诊断与临床症状的关系[n (%)]

项目

有消化系统症状

χ2

Ρ

慢性胃炎类型

20.719

˂0.05

慢性萎缩性胃炎

204 (68.9)

92 (31.1)

慢性非萎缩性胃炎

494 (82.3)

106 (17.7)

疾病种类

46.188

˂0.05

非消化性溃疡

648 (81.2)

150 (18.8)

消化性溃疡

50 (51.0)

48 (49.0)

疾病种类

14.449

˂0.05

非胃癌

690 (78.7)

187 (21.3)

胃癌

8 (42.1)

11 (57.9)

3.3. 慢性萎缩性胃炎/消化性溃疡与胃癌的相关性分析

表4所示,慢性萎缩性胃炎与胃癌存在相关性,胃癌合并慢性萎缩性胃炎发生率为4.8%,明显高于胃癌不伴有慢性萎缩性胃炎者(0.8%)。消化性溃疡合并胃癌发生率为15.3%,明显高于单纯胃癌者(0.5%),提示消化性溃疡与胃癌有相关性。

Table 4. Correlation between chronic atrophic gastritis/peptic ulcer and gastric cancer [n (%)]

4. 慢性萎缩性胃炎/消化性溃疡与胃癌的相关性[n (%)]

项目

同时诊断胃癌

χ2

P

慢性萎缩性胃炎

15.248

<0.05

602 (99.2)

5 (0.8)

275 (95.2)

14 (4.8)

疾病种类

92.171

<0.05

非消化性溃疡

794 (99.5)

4 (0.5)

消化性溃疡

83 (84.7)

15 (15.3)

4. 讨论

幽门螺杆菌在全世界范围内呈现普遍易感性[2],它是一种革兰染色阴性,螺旋状,有鞭毛,微需氧的微生物[9]。它多见于胃窦幽门前区,在胃内定植数年甚或数十年,不同于结核分枝杆菌感染宿主后大多呈休眠或潜伏状态,幽门螺杆菌直接接触胃上皮细胞并诱导细胞因子释放,随后持续产生炎症反应[10]。这些反应通过一系列癌前病变阶段(胃炎、萎缩、肠上皮化生和异型增生)发展[11]。感染者中,约10%会发展成消化性溃疡,1%~3%发展成胃癌[12]。也有研究表明幽门螺杆菌感染可能与某些消化道以外疾病相关[13]-[16]。因此幽门螺杆菌的筛查及治疗显得尤为重要[5]

该研究显示本地区幽门螺杆菌感染率为45.4%,以往无相关研究报道,该数值接近我国的幽门螺杆菌总感染率(44.2%),低于全球幽门螺杆菌感染率(48.5%) [17],明显低于邻近宁夏回族自治区石嘴山市(50.84%) [18]。本研究中心为当地门诊、体检最大就诊量单位,研究数据可代表该地区人群情况,上述结果考虑与该地区常住人口城镇化率高,人口较集中,幽门螺杆菌危害在人群中普及率高,自然人群对幽门螺杆菌重视程度高有关。然而幽门螺杆菌的患病率主要来源于自愿参与人群,可能对整体区域感染率评估存在偏倚。性别间感染率差异不显著,与相关文献报道一致[19] [20]

本研究揭示了我地区不同年龄段人群幽门螺杆菌感染的流行病学特征。结果显示,儿童组感染率为33.3%,与既往全国性流行病学研究数据(25%~64%)基本吻合[21],但需注意该结论受限于样本量较小,需更大规模队列研究验证。值得注意的是,菌株毒力因子差异可能影响感染结局,携带CagA+/VacA s1型高毒力菌株的感染者更易发展为消化性溃疡,这或可解释部分地区儿童感染后症状明显的现象[22]。青年及中年人群感染率显著升高(55.8%),这一趋势与全年龄段横断面研究结果一致[23]。除已知的行为学因素(如聚餐频繁、分餐意识薄弱)外,宿主遗传易感性可能发挥关键作用。IL-1β基因多态性可增强促炎反应,促进胃酸分泌抑制,从而创造更利于幽门螺杆菌定植的微环境[24]。此外,HLA-DQA1等位基因变异可能通过改变免疫应答效率影响感染进程[25]。老年人群感染率降低(28.4%)的现象具有多重机制解释:一方面,胃黏膜萎缩导致的低酸环境可能抑制幽门螺杆菌定植[26];另一方面,长期抗生素暴露可能引起菌群失调及耐药菌株选择性清除[27]。值得注意的是,老年感染者更易发展为肠上皮化生等癌前病变,这可能与累积的基因损伤及端粒酶活性改变相关[28],提示该人群即使感染率降低仍需加强监测。

几乎所有感染幽门螺杆菌者都会出现不同程度的慢性活动性胃炎[5],80%人群不会有症状[29]。有证据显示幽门螺杆菌感染与胃黏膜萎缩发生、发展密切相关[4],文献报道根除幽门螺杆菌可阻止或延缓胃黏膜萎缩和肠化的发生,甚至部分可出现逆转现象[30]。一项大规模根除幽门螺杆菌感染的研究提到根除幽门螺杆菌后可减少胃萎缩发生率的有效性为77.2% (95% Cl: 72.3%~81.2%) [31]。幽门螺杆菌感染与大部分消化性溃疡呈正相关,根除幽门螺杆菌可使绝大部分消化性溃疡得以根治[4] [32] [33],美国休斯敦共识(2018版) [34]、世界胃肠病学组织全球指南(2021版) [35]、我国第六次全国幽门螺杆菌感染处理共识[36]均指出胃或十二指肠溃疡患者均需接受幽门螺杆菌检测的重要性。老年人群使用非甾体类抗炎药物和(或)小剂量阿司匹林比例相对较高,这将增加幽门螺杆菌感染者消化性溃疡的发生风险,在拟用NSAIDs药物之前根除幽门螺杆菌可明显获益[37]。在一项全球前瞻性研究中显示幽门螺杆菌感染每增加10%,胃癌的发生率将增加25%,死亡率增加18% [38],这说明幽门螺杆菌感染是胃癌的重要危险因素,在我国胃癌给患者及其家庭带来了很高的负担[39]。幽门螺杆菌阳性胃癌患者的一级亲属患胃癌的风险是其阴性且无胃癌家族史者的5倍以上[40]。另有数据显示[41],年轻人中根除幽门螺杆菌可预防每4-6例胃癌患者中一例受益,具有成本效益。从致病机制层面,幽门螺杆菌通过毒力因子网络(如CagA转位、VacA空泡毒素)破坏胃上皮屏障,诱导慢性炎症微环境[42]。其中CagA阳性菌株可激活NF-κB通路,促进IL-8等促炎因子释放,显著增加胃癌风险[25]。而宿主TLR4多态性可能调节这些炎症反应强度,形成感染–基因交互作用[28]。此外,胃微生物组失衡可能协同促进疾病进展,幽门螺杆菌感染可导致胃内共生菌丰度降低,削弱黏膜保护功能[43]

研究显示本地区慢性萎缩性胃炎、消化性溃疡及胃癌患者消化系统症状相对突出,慢性萎缩性胃炎、消化性溃疡与胃癌存在相关性,提示存在胃癌前病变的患者罹患胃癌的风险较大[44],在该类人群中进行幽门螺杆菌检测可减少幽门螺杆菌的流行和感染率[45]。同时根除幽门螺杆菌可适时降低慢性萎缩性胃炎通过Correa级联反应向胃癌的演变进程[46]。加强公众对幽门螺杆菌危害的认识,意识到根除幽门螺杆菌可以预防胃癌,这有助于推动胃癌的预防[47]

上述发现对临床实践具有重要启示:在制定防控策略时,不仅需考虑流行病学特征,还应整合菌株分型、宿主遗传背景及胃微生态特征,构建个体化风险评估模型。未来研究应着重探讨:1) 地域特异性毒力菌株分布规律;2) 关键宿主SNPs与疾病表型的剂量效应关系;3) 微生态调节在根除治疗中的辅助价值。这些方向将为精准医学在幽门螺杆菌相关疾病管理中的应用奠定理论基础。该研究属于单中心回顾性研究,均为症状较轻的门诊及体检人群,排除了近期使用质子泵抑制剂治疗或者需禁食水无法完成碳13呼气试验的消化性溃疡及胃癌患者,这是消化性溃疡及胃癌患者占比率低的原因,也可能对人群的整体感染率、疾病的发生率评估失之偏颇。如对萎缩性胃炎、消化性溃疡、胃癌患者行幽门螺杆菌病理相关染色扩大样本量,针对幽门螺杆菌阳性者根据药敏试验进行根除治疗,并做该类人群长期随访或可获得该类疾病与幽门螺杆菌更详细且持续性发展的相关研究,更能印证CORREA胃癌的发展历程[11]及根除幽门螺杆菌获益情况。

综上所述,内蒙古乌海地区青中年、慢性萎缩性胃炎、消化性溃疡、胃癌人群幽门螺杆菌感染风险高,应当进行幽门螺杆菌检测及治疗。未来的愿景是为所有人提供一个没有幽门螺杆菌感染的健康胃,预期幽门螺杆菌的发病率降至可自发清除的程度,然而这种预期不太现实,自然人群中尽可能多地进行幽门螺杆菌普查可能为预防癌前病变的发生发展作出卓越贡献。

利益冲突

所有作者声明无利益冲突。

作者贡献

温智:实验设计、文章撰写;温婷:数据整理、统计分析;杜永哲、朱建斌:实验设计、诊断审核;陈平:研究指导、论文审阅。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

参考文献

[1] Warren, J.R. and Marshall, B. (1983) Unidentified Curved Bacilli on Gastric Epithelium in Active Chronic Gastritis. The Lancet, 321, 1273-1275.
[2] Thung, I., Aramin, H., Vavinskaya, V., Gupta, S., Park, J.Y., Crowe, S.E., et al. (2015) Review Article: The Global Emergence of Helicobacter pylori Antibiotic Resistance. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 43, 514-533.
https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.13497
[3] Helicobacter and Cancer Collaborative Group (2001) Gastric Cancer and Helicobacter pylori: A Combined Analysis of 12 Case Control Studies Nested within Prospective Cohorts. Gut, 49, 347-353.
https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.49.3.347
[4] Asaka, M., Sugiyama, T., Nobuta, A., Kato, M., Takeda, H. and Graham, D.Y. (2001) Atrophic Gastritis and Intestinal Metaplasia in Japan: Results of a Large Multicenter Study. Helicobacter, 6, 294-299.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-5378.2001.00042.x
[5] Malfertheiner, P., Camargo, M.C., El-Omar, E., Liou, J., Peek, R., Schulz, C., et al. (2023) Helicobacter pylori Infection. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 9, Article No. 19.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-023-00431-8
[6] Smyth, E.C., Nilsson, M., Grabsch, H.I., van Grieken, N.C. and Lordick, F. (2020) Gastric Cancer. The Lancet, 396, 635-648.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31288-5
[7] Hooi, J.K.Y., Lai, W.Y., Ng, W.K., Suen, M.M.Y., Underwood, F.E., Tanyingoh, D., et al. (2017) Global Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori Infection: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Gastroenterology, 153, 420-429.
https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2017.04.022
[8] Tytgat, G.N.J. (1991) The Sydney System: Endoscopic Division. Endoscopic Appearances in Gastritis/Duodenitis. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 6, 223-234.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1746.1991.tb01469.x
[9] Marshall, B. and Warren, J.R. (1984) Unidentified Curved Bacilli in the Stomach of Patients with Gastritis and Peptic Ulceration. The Lancet, 323, 1311-1315.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(84)91816-6
[10] Peek, R.M. and Blasser, MD, M.J. (1997) Pathophysiology of Helicobacter pylori-Induced Gastritis and Peptic Ulcer Disease. The American Journal of Medicine, 102, 200-207.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9343(96)00273-2
[11] Correa, P. (1992) Human Gastric Carcinogenesis: A Multistep and Multifactorial Process—First American Cancer Society Award Lecture on Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention. Cancer Research, 52, 6735-6740.
[12] De Falco, M., Lucariello, A., Iaquinto, S., Esposito, V., Guerra, G. and De Luca, A. (2015) Molecular Mechanisms of Helicobacter pylori Pathogenesis. Journal of Cellular Physiology, 230, 1702-1707.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.24933
[13] Robinson, K. and Atherton, J.C. (2021) The Spectrum of Helicobacter-Mediated Diseases. Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease, 16, 123-144.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pathol-032520-024949
[14] Fisher, L., Fisher, A. and Smith, P.N. (2020) Helicobacter pylori Related Diseases and Osteoporotic Fractures (Narrative Review). Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9, Article 3253.
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9103253
[15] Etchegaray-Morales, I., Jiménez-Herrera, E.A., Mendoza-Pinto, C., Rojas-Villarraga, A., Macías-Díaz, S., Osorio-Peña, Á.D., et al. (2021) Helicobacter pylori and Its Association with Autoimmune Diseases: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Rheumatoid Arthritis and Sjögren Syndrome. Journal of Translational Autoimmunity, 4, Article 100135.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtauto.2021.100135
[16] Wang, L., Cao, Z., Zhang, L., Dai, X., Liu, Z., Zeng, Y., et al. (2022) Helicobacter pylori and Autoimmune Diseases: Involving Multiple Systems. Frontiers in Immunology, 13, Article 833424.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.833424
[17] Ren, S., Cai, P., Liu, Y., Wang, T., Zhang, Y., Li, Q., et al. (2021) Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori Infection in China: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 37, 464-470.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jgh.15751
[18] 苏小明, 祁海龙, 王小云, 等. 宁夏石嘴山地区590例志愿者幽门螺杆菌感染、耐药情况调查分析[J]. 山东医药, 2023, 63(17): 15-20.
[19] Porras, C., Nodora, J., Sexton, R., Ferreccio, C., Jimenez, S., Dominguez, R.L., et al. (2012) Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori Infection in Six Latin American Countries (SWOG Trial S0701). Cancer Causes & Control, 24, 209-215.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-012-0117-5
[20] Adlekha, S., Chadha, T., Krishnan, P. and Sumangala, B. (2013) Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori Infection among Patients Undergoing Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy in a Medical College Hospital in Kerala, India. Annals of Medical and Health Sciences Research, 3, 559-563.
[21] 张万岱, 胡伏莲, 萧树东, 等. 中国自然人群幽门螺杆菌感染的流行病学调查[J]. 现代消化及介入诊疗, 2010, 15(5): 265-270.
[22] Ying, J.J., Shu, X., Long, G. and Jiang, M. (2023) The Association between Helicobacter pylori Virulence Factor Genotypes and Gastroduodenal Diseases in Children. Chinese Journal of Pediatrics, 61, 827-832.
https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn112140-20230328-00216
[23] Wang, X., Shu, X., Li, Q., Li, Y., Chen, Z., Wang, Y., et al. (2021) Prevalence and Risk Factors of Helicobacter pylori Infection in Wuwei, a High‐Risk Area for Gastric Cancer in Northwest China: An All‐Ages Population‐Based Cross‐sectional Study. Helicobacter, 26, e12810.
https://doi.org/10.1111/hel.12810
[24] Canzian, F., Rizzato, C., Obazee, O., Stein, A., Flores‐Luna, L., Camorlinga‐Ponce, M., et al. (2020) Genetic Polymorphisms in the Cag Pathogenicity Island of Helicobacter pylori and Risk of Stomach Cancer and High‐Grade Premalignant Gastric Lesions. International Journal of Cancer, 147, 2437-2445.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.33032
[25] Braunschweig, I., Nilius, I., Peitz, U., et al. (1998) Inhibits Secretory Leukocyte Protease Inhibitor-mRNA (SLPI) in Gastric Epithelial Cells Helicobacter pylori Infection? Gut, 43, A29.
[26] Pilotto, A. and Malfertheiner, P. (2002) An Approach to Helicobacter pylori Infection in the Elderly. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 16, 683-691.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2036.2002.01226.x
[27] 田宏扬, 严华芳, 乔春萍, 等. 上海市浦东新区南部体检人群幽门螺杆菌感染情况及相关因素分析[J]. 复旦学报(医学版), 2022, 49(5): 720-725, 732.
[28] Malfertheiner, P., Megraud, F., O’Morain, C.A., Gisbert, J.P., Kuipers, E.J., Axon, A.T., et al. (2016) Management of Helicobacter pylori Infection—The Maastricht V/Florence Consensus Report. Gut, 66, 6-30.
https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2016-312288
[29] Liou, J.M., Liou, J.M., Liou, J.M., et al. (2020) Screening and Eradication of Helicobacter pylori for Gastric Cancer Prevention: The Taipei Global Consensus. Gut, 69, 2093-2112.
https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2020-322368
[30] 王江滨. 老年幽门螺杆菌感染者根除治疗的获益/风险评价及抗生素应用相关问题[J]. 中华医学杂志, 2020, 100(30): 2343-2345.
[31] Lee, Y., Chen, T.H., Chiu, H., Shun, C., Chiang, H., Liu, T., et al. (2012) The Benefit of Mass Eradication of Helicobacter pylori Infection: A Community-Based Study of Gastric Cancer Prevention. Gut, 62, 676-682.
https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2012-302240
[32] Ford, A.C., Gurusamy, K.S., Delaney, B., Forman, D. and Moayyedi, P. (2016) Eradication Therapy for Peptic Ulcer Disease in Helicobacter pylori-Positive People. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, No. 4, CD003840.
https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd003840.pub5
[33] Huang, J., Sridhar, S. and Hunt, R.H. (2002) Role of Helicobacter pylori Infection and Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Peptic-Ulcer Disease: A Meta-Analysis. The Lancet, 359, 14-22.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(02)07273-2
[34] El-Serag, H.B., Kao, J.Y., Kanwal, F., Gilger, M., LoVecchio, F., Moss, S.F., et al. (2018) Houston Consensus Conference on Testing for Helicobacter pylori Infection in the United States. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 16, 992-1002.E6.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2018.03.013
[35] Fernández Salazar, L. and Valle Muñoz, J. (2022) 2021 Guidelines on Helicobacter pylori. Coincidences and Divergences between the Spanish and World Gastroenterology Organisation (WGO) Guidelines. Revista Española de Enfermedades Digestivas, 114, 129-132.
https://doi.org/10.17235/reed.2022.8693/2022
[36] 中华医学会消化病学分会幽门螺杆菌学组. 第六次全国幽门螺杆菌感染处理共识报告(非根除治疗部分) [J]. 胃肠病学, 2022, 27(5): 289-304.
[37] Hernández-Díaz, S. and García Rodríguez, L.A. (2006) Cardioprotective Aspirin Users and Their Excess Risk of Upper Gastrointestinal Complications. BMC Medicine, 4, Article No. 22.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-4-22
[38] The EUROGAST Study Group (1993) Epidemiology of, and Risk Factors for, Helicobacter pylori Infection among 3194 Asymptomatic Subjects in 17 Populations. Gut, 34, 1672-1676.
https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.34.12.1672
[39] Chen, W., Zheng, R., Baade, P.D., Zhang, S., Zeng, H., Bray, F., et al. (2016) Cancer Statistics in China, 2015. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 66, 115-132.
https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21338
[40] Shin, C.M., Kim, N., Yang, H.J., Cho, S., Lee, H.S., Kim, J.S., et al. (2010) Stomach Cancer Risk in Gastric Cancer Relatives: Interaction between Helicobacter pylori Infection and Family History of Gastric Cancer for the Risk of Stomach Cancer. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, 44, e34-e39.
https://doi.org/10.1097/mcg.0b013e3181a159c4
[41] Zhang, D.H., Zhou, L.Y., Lin, S.R., et al. (2009) Recent Changes in the Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori Infection among Children and Adults in High-or Low-Incidence Regions of Gastric Cancer in China. Chinese Medical Journal, 122, 1759-1763.
[42] Wroblewski, L.E. and Peek, R.M. (2016) Helicobacter pylori, Cancer, and the Gastric Microbiota. In: Jansen, M. and Wright, N., Eds., Stem Cells, Pre-Neoplasia, and Early Cancer of the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract, Springer International Publishing, 393-408.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41388-4_19
[43] Siavoshi, F., Heydari, S., Shafiee, M., Ahmadi, S., Saniee, P., Sarrafnejad, A., et al. (2019) Sequestration Inside the Yeast Vacuole May Enhance Helicobacter pylori Survival against Stressful Condition. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 69, 127-133.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2019.01.029
[44] de Vries, A.C., van Grieken, N.C.T., Looman, C.W.N., Casparie, M.K., de Vries, E., Meijer, G.A., et al. (2008) Gastric Cancer Risk in Patients with Premalignant Gastric Lesions: A Nationwide Cohort Study in the Netherlands. Gastroenterology, 134, 945-952.
https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2008.01.071
[45] O’Connor, A., O’Morain, C.A. and Ford, A.C. (2017) Population Screening and Treatment of Helicobacter pylori Infection. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 14, 230-240.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nrgastro.2016.195
[46] Piazuelo, M.B., Bravo, L.E., Mera, R.M., Camargo, M.C., Bravo, J.C., Delgado, A.G., et al. (2021) The Colombian Chemoprevention Trial: 20-Year Follow-Up of a Cohort of Patients with Gastric Precancerous Lesions. Gastroenterology, 160, 1106-1117.E3.
https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2020.11.017
[47] Wu, Y., Su, T., Zhou, X., Lu, N., Li, Z. and Du, Y. (2020) Awareness and Attitudes Regarding Helicobacter pylori Infection in Chinese Physicians and Public Population: A National Cross‐Sectional Survey. Helicobacter, 25, e12705.
https://doi.org/10.1111/hel.12705