新型脂肪因子在多囊卵巢综合征中的研究进展
Research Progress of Novel Adipokines in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2025.153715, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 顾雯方*, 陈梦晴, 张 锐:黑龙江中医药大学研究生院,黑龙江 哈尔滨;匡洪影#:黑龙江中医药大学附属第一医院妇科二科,黑龙江 哈尔滨
关键词: 多囊卵巢综合征脂肪因子MetrnlChemerinApelin胰岛素抵抗Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Adipokines Metrnl Chemerin Apelin Insulin Resistance
摘要: 多囊卵巢综合征(Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, PCOS)是育龄期女性最常见的生殖内分泌疾病之一,全球发病率约为15%~20%。其核心特征包括高雄激素血症、排卵障碍、卵巢多囊样改变,常伴随胰岛素抵抗(Insulin Resistance, IR)、肥胖及糖脂代谢紊乱。脂肪组织分泌的脂肪因子(Adipokines)作为重要的信号分子,在调控糖脂代谢和卵巢微环境中发挥关键作用。近年来,Metrnl、Chemerin、Apelin、Vaspin等新型脂肪因子的发现为解析PCOS异质性提供了新视角。文章聚焦上述因子,梳理其作用机制、临床关联及研究进展,以期为PCOS的临床诊疗提供新思路。
Abstract: Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common reproductive endocrine diseases in women of childbearing age, with a global incidence of about 15% to 20%. Its core features include hyperandrogenism, ovulation disorder, and polycystic ovarian changes, which are often accompanied by Insulin Resistance (IR), obesity, and disorder of glucose and lipid metabolism. Adipokines secreted by adipose tissue, as an important signal molecule, play a key role in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism and the ovarian microenvironment. In recent years, the discovery of new fat factors such as Metrnl, Chemerin, Apelin, and Vaspin provides a new perspective for analyzing PCOS heterogeneity. This paper focuses on the above factors and combs their mechanism of action, clinical relevance, and research progress in order to provide new ideas for clinical diagnosis and treatment of PCOS.
文章引用:顾雯方, 陈梦晴, 张锐, 匡洪影. 新型脂肪因子在多囊卵巢综合征中的研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2025, 15(3): 1084-1090. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2025.153715

1. 引言

多囊卵巢综合征(Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, PCOS)是一种常见的生殖内分泌代谢性疾病,指女性卵巢多囊样改变、高雄激素血症、排卵功能障碍,常伴有一系列代谢紊乱,如胰岛素抵抗、血脂异常、2型糖尿病和代谢综合征等,发病率高达15%~20% [1]。尽管目前PCOS的病理生理机制尚不明确,但越来越多的证据表明脂肪组织功能障碍与PCOS密切相关[2]

脂肪组织是重要的内分泌器官,脂肪组织合成和释放的大量细胞因子、激素及细胞外基质蛋白等生物活性因子被统称为脂肪因子[3],脂肪因子参与糖脂代谢、胰岛素敏感性、能量稳态、免疫炎症反应和心脑血管功能的调节[4]。若脂肪因子的表达异常,可引起代谢紊乱、炎症等病理过程[5],进而参与PCOS的发生发展。随着相关研究的不断深入,越来越多的新型脂肪因子被发现,可能为PCOS患者的治疗提供新方向。

2. Metrnl

2.1. Metrnl的结构及生物学功能

Metrnl是Li等[6]通过基因检测和生物学信息分析发现的一种新型脂肪因子,与神经因子Meteorin具有40%的氨基酸同源性,但其表达谱显著不同。Metrnl在白色脂肪组织、活化巨噬细胞及屏障组织(如皮肤、肠道黏膜)中高表达[7],其分泌受运动、寒冷刺激、高脂饮食和炎症因子(如TNF-α、LPS)调控,并且在神经营养、胰岛素敏感性调节和免疫炎症调节等方面发挥重要作用[6]

2.2. Metrnl与PCOS

肥胖是PCOS的核心特征,约50%~80%的PCOS患者超重或肥胖。研究显示,血清Metrnl水平与肥胖指标(BMI、腰围)的关系存在争议:任小胖等[8]发现PCOS患者血清Metrnl与BMI呈负相关,而Wang等[9]在超重人群中观察到正相关。这种矛盾可能与Wang等纳入了诊断为2型糖尿病的患者有关,结果的准确性可能受胰岛素使用的影响。此外,Du等[10]提出,内脏脂肪肥胖(VFA ≥ 100 cm2)患者的血清Metrnl水平显著降低,提示内脏脂肪堆积可能更直接关联Metrnl分泌异常。

PCOS患者普遍存在胰岛素抵抗(Insulin Resistance, IR),而Metrnl通过双重机制改善糖代谢。在脂肪组织层面,Metrnl通过激活PPAR-γ信号通路促进脂肪细胞分化,增强胰岛素介导的AKT磷酸化,抑制高脂饮食诱导的IR [11]。在骨骼肌层面,Metrnl通过激活AMPKα2/PGC1α通路,促进葡萄糖转运蛋白4膜转位,增强葡萄糖摄取,改善糖耐量[12]。动物实验表明,脂肪细胞特异性Metrnl基因敲除小鼠在高脂喂养后IR加重,而Metrnl基因过表达小鼠则表现出显著的胰岛素敏感性提升[13]。另外,在寒冷或运动条件下Metrnl可通过诱导嗜酸性粒细胞释放IL-4/IL-13,激活M2型巨噬细胞,刺激白色脂肪组织褐变,增加能量消耗[14]

除了代谢调控,Metrnl还可能通过炎症途径间接影响生殖功能。高雄激素环境与慢性炎症加剧脂肪细胞功能障碍,而Metrnl可能通过抑制雄激素介导的炎症反应发挥作用。Fouani等[15]发现PCOS患者血清Metrnl与游离睾酮负相关,但其具体调控机制尚不明确。PCOS患者血清hs-CRP、同型半胱氨酸水平升高,Metrnl通过抑制NLRP3炎症小体减轻卵巢局部炎症,可能改善卵母细胞质量[16]。此外,Metrnl可抑制核因子κB核易位、抑制NF-κB抑制蛋白α磷酸化及抑制促炎因子(如TNF-α、IL-6)表达,同时上调抗炎因子IL-10和TGF-β,改善慢性炎症状态[16]

另外,Metrnl水平降低与PCOS患者生育力下降密切相关。陈佩佩等[17]发现,PCOS-IR组患者血清及卵泡液Metrnl水平显著低于非IR组,且与受精卵裂数正相关。Metrnl通过改善胰岛素抵抗和抑制炎症可能间接影响子宫内膜功能,但其对胚胎着床的直接作用仍需进一步的动物实验验证。

3. Chemerin

3.1. Chemerin的结构及生物学功能

Chemerin最初于1997年在银屑病研究中被发现,因其受视黄酸诱导而被称为他扎罗汀诱导基因2蛋白(TIG2) [18]。后续研究证实,Chemerin是一种由脂肪组织分泌的脂肪因子,在不同生理环境下形成大量具有不同生物活性的蛋白质亚型[19],可通过与三种受体(CMKLR1、GPR1、CCRL2)结合发挥作用。CMKLR1是Chemerin的主要功能受体,介导下游信号通路参与调控代谢、生殖和免疫等多种生理功能。

3.2. Chemerin与PCOS

与健康受试者相比,PCOS患者血清及卵巢组织中Chemerin水平显著升高[20],其通过代谢、生殖和炎症三条核心通路加剧疾病进程。

近年研究表明,过量的胰岛素可诱导卵泡液和黄体化颗粒细胞中Chemerin高表达,Chemerin通过抑制胰岛素受体底物(IRS-1)磷酸化、干扰Akt/GSK3通路,损害颗粒细胞葡萄糖摄取能力,最终加重IR,形成恶性循环[21]。而在黄体化颗粒细胞中敲除Chemerin的受体CMKLR1后,IRS1/2和Akt磷酸化降低,IRS1磷酸化增强,促进GLUT4转位,能有效改善机体胰岛素敏感性[22]。同时多项临床研究证实Chemerin与胰岛素抵抗指数、体重指数呈正相关。[23]

在生殖方面,Chemerin可减少胰岛素样生长因子-1诱导的孕酮和雌二醇分泌[24],抑制芳香化酶和细胞色素P450的表达,并上调如caspase-3、Bax等促凋亡因子和下调XIAP、P-Akt等抗凋亡因子,导致卵泡停滞及无排卵[25]。Estienne等[26]研究表明,PCOS患者黄体化颗粒细胞中Chemerin过表达,且靶向敲除CMKLR1则可使黄体化颗粒细胞中孕酮水平恢复正常,证实Chemerin与受体CMKLR1结合在激素调控中的关键作用。另外Bongrani [27]等人的研究发现,Chemerin水平与促黄体生成素、脱氢表雄酮和睾酮等雄激素的分泌存在显著的正相关,可通过促进高雄激素血症形成参与PCOS的发生发展。

在卵巢颗粒细胞、卵母细胞和卵泡细胞中均有Chemerin受体,Chemerin可引发慢性炎症破坏卵巢微环境。Chemerin通过募集M1型巨噬细胞、激活NF-κB通路,诱导IL-6、TNF-α分泌,引发卵巢局部炎症,加速颗粒细胞凋亡[26]。此外动物实验表明,DHT处理的小鼠卵巢中Chemerin高表达,伴随巨噬细胞极化失衡及卵泡闭锁[25]。证明高雄激素血症能促进Chemerin及其受体CMKLR1的表达,募集单核巨噬细胞,在炎症水平加剧PCOS [28]

4. Apelin

4.1. Apelin的结构及生物学功能

Apelin最初由Tatemoto等[29]于1998年从牛胃分泌物中提取并命名,后被Boucher等[30]证明Apelin是一种脂肪因子,其前体肽由77个氨基酸残基组成,经酶切生成多种蛋白质亚型,主要的生物活性形式是Apelin-36和Apelin-13 [31],通过G蛋白偶联受体(G Protein-Coupled Apelin Receptor, APJ)发挥作用。APJ广泛分布于心脏、脑、卵巢及脂肪组织等[32],参与调节能量代谢、体液平衡、血管生成及生殖等功能。[33]

4.2. Apelin与PCOS

Apelin通过激活AMPK和PI3K/AKT信号通路,在糖脂代谢中发挥关键作用。脂代谢方面Apelin通过AMPK通路抑制脂肪分解,减少游离脂肪酸释放,改善肥胖相关脂代谢紊乱。但肥胖患者Apelin表达增加,可能通过促进脂肪组织血管生成加剧脂肪积累。糖代谢方面Apelin通过AMPK和PI3K/AKT通路增强骨骼肌葡萄糖摄取,改善IR;同时胰岛素可通过PI3K/PKC通路刺激Apelin分泌,形成双向调控环路[34]

多项研究显示,PCOS患者血清及卵泡液中Apelin水平显著升高,且与体重指数(BMI)、HOMA-IR正相关[35] [36]。例如,Gören等[35]发现PCOS患者血浆Apelin水平较健康对照组升高30%,并与IR程度呈显著正相关。在PCOS患者中的高Apelin水平可能为胰岛素抵抗的代偿性升高[37]。蔡玉等[38]发现PCOS肥胖患者血清Apelin水平显著高于非肥胖组,且与腰臀比、甘油三酯水平呈正相关,提示Apelin在肥胖相关代谢异常中的核心作用。然而,亦有研究报道非肥胖PCOS患者Apelin水平低于对照组,可能与低孕酮导致的APJ受体表达下调有关[39]。这种矛盾结果或源于人群异质性(如种族、BMI分层)及检测方法差异(如针对不同Apelin亚型)。

此外,Bongrani等[40]研究表明PCOS患者卵巢卵泡液中Apelin浓度及颗粒细胞中Apelin及APJ的mRNA表达均较正常对照组升高,且Apelin及APJ浓度均与窦卵泡的数量呈正相关,提示其可能参与PCOS的生殖与代谢异常。Shirasuna等[41]发现孕酮水平下降导致APJ受体表达减少,抑制血管生成,引发黄体早衰及不孕。Roche等[42]研究发现重组人型Apelin-13及Apelin-17能增加基础及胰岛素样生长因子1 (Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1, IGF-1)介导的卵巢雌孕激素的分泌。同一项研究还表明,APLN通过增加羟基类固醇脱氢酶(HSD-3b)蛋白表达以及激活MAPK3/1和Akt途径增加了人初级黄素化颗粒细胞中IGF1诱导的类固醇生成,这表明Apelin在卵泡发育中的作用。同时有研究发现Apelin/APJ位于血管内皮生长因子VEGF上游,协同促进卵巢间质血管增生,导致多囊卵巢形态和卵泡停滞。[37]

5. Vaspin

5.1. Vaspin的结构及生物学功能

Vaspin是Hida等[43]于2005年在2型糖尿病大鼠中发现的一种新型脂肪因子,是丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂家族的一员,主要由内脏和皮下脂肪组织分泌,被认为与脂质代谢和IR密切相关。[43]

5.2. Vaspin与PCOS

Vaspin具有调节糖代谢作用,在糖代谢受损或胰岛素敏感性降低时存在代偿性升高[44]。多项研究表明,PCOS患者的循环Vaspin水平升高,并在PCOS患者的IR过程中发挥作用[44]-[48]。Tan等人[45]发表了第一项关于PCOS女性Vaspin的研究,表明PCOS女性的循环Vaspin和网膜脂肪组织中Vaspin的转录本以及翻译水平显著升高。在同一项研究中,体外实验表明葡萄糖刺激网膜脂肪组织中Vaspin的分泌,以及二甲双胍治疗6个月后PCOS女性的血清Vaspin水平明显下降。李文君等[46]、Koiou等[47]报道指出PCOS患者血清Vaspin水平明显升高,且超重PCOS患者中Vaspin水平更高,Vaspin水平与体重、HOMA-IR、TC水平呈正相关。Liu等[48]研究发现Vaspin干预后的高脂饮食喂养大鼠其外周组织中p-Akt/Akt值和Glut2、Glut4表达较未干预的大鼠增加,而p-IκBα与IκB的比值、TNF-α和IL-6 mRNA水平在Vaspin干预后水平降低。提示Vaspin可通过干预PI3K/Akt/Glut信号途径来改善大鼠外周组织的胰岛素敏感性,通过抑制NF-κB信号通路以改善慢性炎症状态。此外,Heiker等[49]将人激肽释放酶7 (hK7)鉴定为Vaspin的第一个蛋白酶靶标,在人血浆中检测到Vaspin-hK7复合物。同时体外数据表明,人胰岛素代表hK7的底物,在A链和B链中具有切割位点,并且胰岛素的hK7切割位点与主要胰岛素降解酶的切割位点相同。因此Heiker等提出Vaspin参与IR的另一种机制,即作为靶向人激肽释放酶7的抑制性蛋白酶,裂解胰岛素。[49]但目前关于Vaspin的研究结果多为队列研究,其与IR及PCOS相关的生物学机制仍需进一步探索。

6. 小结

近些年来,随着脂肪因子与PCOS关系的研究不断深入,发现了更多与PCOS相关的新型脂肪因子。脂肪因子作为连接代谢与生殖调控的关键分子,在改善胰岛素抵抗、调节脂质代谢、改善卵巢功能障碍、调节免疫炎症反应方面具有重要作用,有望为PCOS的治疗提供新的思路,开拓新的治疗靶点。但其具体机制研究有限,以及部分实验的矛盾结果表明仍需更多的动物实验和临床研究深入探索。

NOTES

*第一作者。

#通讯作者。

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