化生性乳腺癌的研究进展
Research Progress on Metaplastic Breast Cancer
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2025.153742, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 邓求生*:承德医学院研究生院,河北 承德;韩 猛#:秦皇岛市第一医院乳腺外科,河北 秦皇岛
关键词: 乳腺癌化生性癌治疗预后Breast Cancer Metaplastic Carcinoma Treatment Prognosis
摘要: 化生性乳腺癌(Metaplastic Breast Cancer, MBC)是乳腺癌的一种极少见亚型,发病率极低。化生性乳腺癌影像学可表现为类似良性肿物,鉴别诊断困难,病理学是诊断MBC的金标准。文章详细介绍了该疾病的流行病学特点、病理学分类、临床表现、诊断方法以及治疗策略。同时,探讨了当前治疗面临的挑战和未来研究方向,旨在为临床医生提供全面的诊疗参考。
Abstract: Metaplastic breast cancer (MBC) is a rare subtype of breast cancer with a very low incidence. Metaplastic breast cancer imaging may present as a similar benign mass, differential diagnosis is difficult, and pathology is the gold standard for the diagnosis of MBC. In this paper, the epidemiological characteristics, pathological classification, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, and treatment strategies for the disease are introduced in detail. At the same time, the challenges faced by current treatment and future research directions are discussed in order to provide clinicians with a comprehensive diagnosis and treatment reference.
文章引用:邓求生, 韩猛. 化生性乳腺癌的研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2025, 15(3): 1302-1307. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2025.153742

1. 引言

乳腺化生性癌(MBC)是一组具有明显异质性的罕见的乳腺侵袭性肿瘤,占所有乳腺癌的0.20%~5.00%,通常侵袭性极强,临床结局比传统的三阴性浸润性乳腺癌(Triple-Negative Breast Cancer, TNBC)差[1]-[3]。在这种情况下,本文就伴骨化生性乳腺癌研究进展做一综述,希望为临床医师及病理医师提供参考,避免漏诊。

2. MBC的简介及流行病学

乳腺的基本结构为乳腺小叶及导管,当除导管及小叶上皮直接发生的各型乳腺癌外,乳腺上皮和肌上皮细胞向不同形式分化而导致产生的一组异质性肿瘤,称为乳腺化生性癌(MBC) [4]。其特点是肿瘤细胞具有向非腺上皮方向分化的能力,表现出鳞状、梭形、软骨或骨等异源性成分。这种独特的病理学特征使得化生性乳腺癌在诊断和治疗上都面临着巨大挑战。MBC是一种罕见的侵袭性乳腺癌,国外文献报道其发病率占乳腺癌发病率的0.20%~5.00% [5]。其频数波动如此大,是由于不同的作者对该肿瘤的定义不同。若仅考虑伴间叶化生的肿瘤,化生性乳腺癌占浸润性乳腺癌的比例约1% [6]。在发展中国家,晚期疾病的发病率似乎更高[7]

3. MBC的分类

Wargoty等[8]-[10]将化生性乳腺癌分成5型:① 骨或软骨基质生成型癌;② 梭形细胞癌;③ 癌肉瘤;④ 导管原发性鳞状细胞癌;⑤ 伴有骨巨细胞的化生性癌。阙秀等[4]报道,伴有骨巨细胞的化生性癌的形态学特点是在导管内癌或浸润性癌附近或其中混有梭形细胞间质或肉芽样间质,在间质中存在常常成群出现的骨多核巨细胞,另外该类型常有骨样或软骨样组织(59%)。基质生成型癌虽然也可有骨或软骨样成分,但无梭形细胞,而伴骨巨细胞化生性癌、梭形细胞癌、癌肉瘤中均可有梭形细胞成分,由此可鉴别[4]。此外,伴有骨巨细胞的化生性癌与其他类型的乳腺化生性癌的区别在于其他类型很少产生多核巨细胞,但凡有此多核巨细胞者,即归属此型[4]。2019年第五版乳腺肿瘤WHO分类[11]将化生性乳腺癌分为:① 低级别腺鳞癌;② 纤维瘤病样化生性癌;③ 鳞状细胞癌;④ 梭形细胞癌;⑤ 伴有间叶分化的癌(包括伴有软骨分化的癌、伴有骨分化的癌和伴有其他类型的间叶分化);⑥ 混合化生性癌。伴间叶分化的化生性乳腺癌通常由间叶成分及癌性区域混成构成,间叶成分包括软骨、骨、横纹肌甚至是神经胶质分化,癌性区域可见腺管形成、实行丛状或灶状鳞状分化[6]。伴有间叶分化的癌表现出各种模式和组合,其中软骨和骨分化的混合物最为常见,可以注意到从良性到明显恶性特征的异型性,其中伴有骨分化的乳腺癌是乳腺化生性癌最罕见亚型[12]。尽管不常见,但一些肿瘤可能表现出破骨细胞型巨细胞,常见于邻近基质出血区域[13]

4. MBC的临床特征及诊断

MBC的临床症状记录甚少,就诊时通常可触及大于2.0 cm的肿块,且就诊时的中位年龄为48~59岁[14]。它有一些独特的影像学特征,使其更难诊断,因为它经常表现出隐藏其恶性性质的良性特征。有相关研究表明[15]-[17],MBC大多表现为局限性圆形或椭圆形大肿块并伴后方声影增强,而不是在其他恶性乳腺癌中证实的不规则形状和后方声影减弱。MBC在乳腺X射线摄影中表现出肉眼可见的致密钙化,而彩色多普勒血流显像可以显示出富含血液的病变[18] [19]。总之,局限性肿块和粗钙化可酷似良性纤维腺瘤伴玻璃样钙化或外伤伴营养不良性钙化,但是快速生长史和高度临床怀疑将有助于鉴别MBC和其他良性乳腺疾病[20]。由于其侵袭性强,诊断时往往已处于较晚期,增加了治疗难度。此外,多模态成像(包括乳腺MRI)有助于定义疾病的范围,CT成像有助于排除转移[20]。因此,化生性乳腺癌可能表现为类似良性肿物的影像学特征,需引起专科医师的关注。

MBC的诊断不能单纯依靠影像学特征,病理诊断是确诊该病的金标准。粗针穿刺活检和抽吸细胞学检查可能有助于术前诊断,但由于采样不充分或穿刺区域选择不当,存在出血或坏死时可能导致粗针穿刺活检和细针抽吸细胞学检查误诊,而充分的采样有助于发现导管原位癌(DCIS)成分,这强烈支持化生性癌的诊断[17] [21]。我们只要能够在病理切片中看到乳腺上皮和肌上皮细胞向不同形式分化而导致产生的一组异质性肿瘤,即可诊断MBC。切除活检无疑是金标准,应在术前用于所有患者。

5. MBC的分子特征及免疫组化

在MBC中观察到血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)和程序性细胞死亡配体1 (PD-L1)的显著表达[22] [23]。Salisbury的研究中也发现[24],在各种PD-L1平台和临界标准中检查了42例初治MBC的PD-L1状态,发现PD-L1表达存在于大多数MBC中。Thomas的研究分析发现[7],MBC具有潜在疾病靶标的过度表达,包括DNA修复缺陷、PIK3/AKT/mTOR和WNT通路改变的特征。而在最新的研究中[25],淋巴增强子结合因子1在癌症相关成纤维细胞中的表达介导人乳腺癌肿瘤生长和向鳞状细胞癌的转分化。

MBC免疫组化研究显示,>90%的化生性癌ER、PR以及HER2阴性,表达CK5/6、CK14及EGFR [6] [26]。需要使用不止一种免疫组化标记物来确认化生性乳腺癌的上皮分化[6]。根据乳腺肿瘤WHO分类报道[6] [11],化生性乳腺癌通常使用免疫组化标记物为高分子量角蛋白,特别是AE1/AE3和MNF116 (75%~85%的病例呈阳性),34βE12、CK5/6及CK14 (70%~75%的病例呈阳性);低分子量角蛋白如CK8/18、CK7及CK19通常阴性;超过90%的MBC表达p63,是确认这些肿瘤及其向其他梭形和间叶恶性分化的有用的标志物。总之,在单纯的梭形细胞病变中,只要出现高分子量角蛋白和(或) p63阳性区域,都应该诊断为化生性癌,特别强调对病变进行足量取材[6]。该病诊断困难,需临床医师及病理医师时刻警惕该病的可能性,避免漏诊。

6. MBC的治疗

鉴于MBC的罕见性,尚无随机对照试验专门比较MBC患者的治疗方式或多模式联合治疗。与浸润性导管癌(IDC)一样,手术、化疗和放疗是MBC的主要治疗方法,但MBC的无瘤生存期和总生存期较其他类型的浸润性癌明显缩短表明传统的治疗方法对化生性乳腺癌治疗效果不甚理想[3]。由于大多数MBC的三阴性性质,对激素治疗或靶向治疗反应差,因此可手术MBC的手术治疗是首选[12] [27]。但PIK3CA和PI3K-AKT-mTOR通路的其他成员以及RTK-MAPK信号通路改变的强烈富集似乎表明这些通路是MpBC的合理治疗靶点[22]。Chen等[28]的回顾性研究发现MBC患者对系统化疗的反应仍然较差并且在他们的系列研究中发现MBC对新辅助化疗的反应相当差,所以在可手术的大肿瘤MBC患者中,应建议立即手术而不是新辅助化疗。此外,Jun Hu等[29]的研究发现化疗与更好的预后无关并且分子亚型(ER和PR−/HER2−;ER和PR−/HER2+、ER/PR+和HER2+;ER/PR+和HER2−)与更好的生存期无关。但是,放疗可改善三阴性(而非HR阳性或HER2阳性)MBC肿瘤患者的生存期[29]。Tseng等[30]认为如果联合放疗,手术切除肿瘤有很大益处,并且在乳房切除术和乳房肿块切除术患者中均观察到总生存期改善,特别是在肿瘤肿块较大或腋窝淋巴结转移的患者中。总之,目前MBC最有效且可接受的治疗是手术切除联合化疗或放疗,我们还需要对MCB患者进行探索创新或试验性治疗。

7. MBC的预后

MBC的结局往往令人沮丧,比TNBC更差。在Praveen Polamraju等[1]的一项大型研究中,比较5000例MBC和50000例TNBC患者,MBC患者的5年总生存率(OS)为55.8%,而TNBC患者为72.0% (P < 0.001)。另外,在Lee等[31]的一项研究中,比较67例MBC和520例TNBC患者,MBC患者的5年OS率为53.7%,TNBC患者为84.6%,5年无病生存率(DFS)为45.6%,TNBC患者为81.6% (均为P < 0.001)。总之,MBC患者的OS通常比TNBC患者更差。其中预示5年OS和无进展生存期(PFS)较差的特征包括肿瘤大小大于5 cm、淋巴结受累和高Ki67 [32]。Praveen Polamraju等[1]的研究也发现与淋巴结阳性疾病的MBC患者相比,T3-T4N0 MBC患者的OS较差(5年OS 33.1% vs 42.7%)。同样,El Zein等[2]发现T4 MBC患者的5年DFS率为40%,5年OS率为40%,而T分期较低的患者5年DFS率为78.9%,5年OS率为73.1%。此外,对MBC患者的其他大型回顾性审查表明,肿瘤大小T分期是预测OS较差的重要变量[33] [34]。这表明,与大多数乳腺癌病例不同,T分期可能是MBC比淋巴结状态更稳健的预测因子。

8. 总结和展望

MBC是一种非常罕见的乳腺癌类型,结局往往比TNBC更差。MBC通常表现为快速生长的伴有钙化的局限性肿块,影像学可表现为边界清楚的肿物,鉴别诊断困难;病理学是诊断MBC的金标准,常用的免疫组化标记物为高分子量角蛋白(特别是AE1/AE3和MNF116)和P63。大多数MBC作为一种三阴性乳腺癌,现有的治疗选择有限,手术切除联合化疗或放疗是目前最有效和可接受的治疗方案。MBC预后较差,T分期可能是预测肿瘤预后的重要变量。MBC的临床研究近年来尽管有所进展,但其发病机制仍不完全清楚,未来研究应着重于阐明其发病机制,开发更有效的分子靶向药物,并探索个性化治疗策略以改善患者预后。

NOTES

*第一作者。

#通讯作者。

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