功能性内镜及上颌窦前壁开窗在上颌窦异物取出术中的应用进展
Application Progress of Functional Endoscopy and Maxillary Sinus Anterior Wall Fenestration in the Removal of Maxillary Sinus Foreign Bodies
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2025.153791, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 田峰:重庆医科大学口腔医学院,重庆;张富贵*:重庆医科大学附属口腔医院口腔颌面外科,重庆
关键词: 上颌窦异物内镜上颌窦前壁开窗Maxillary Sinus Foreign Body Endoscope Maxillary Sinus Anterior Wall Fenestration
摘要: 上颌窦的解剖结构特性导致异物易进入窦腔内形成上颌窦异物。大部分上颌窦异物为医源性和外伤性,如断根、移位牙种植体、牙科充填材料等。上颌窦异物若不及时取出,可能会引起上颌窦炎、眶底感染甚至颅内感染。目前,针对上颌窦异物存在多种手术取出方式,如上颌窦前壁开窗术,内镜联合鼻内或口内入路探查取出术等。本研究总结了功能性内镜及上颌窦前壁开窗在上颌窦异物取出术中的应用进展及其优缺点,为临床应用提供参考。
Abstract: The anatomical characteristics of the maxillary sinus make it easy for foreign bodies to enter the sinus cavity and form maxillary sinus foreign bodies. Most maxillary sinus foreign bodies are iatrogenic and traumatic, such as fractured tooth roots, displaced dental implants, dental fillings, etc. If the foreign body in the maxillary sinus is not removed in time, it may cause maxillary sinusitis, orbital floor infection, and even intracranial infection. At present, there are various surgical methods for removing foreign bodies in the maxillary sinus, such as maxillary sinus anterior wall fenestration, endoscopic combined nasal or oral approach exploration and removal, etc. This study summarizes the application progress and advantages and disadvantages of functional endoscopy and maxillary sinus anterior wall fenestration in maxillary sinus foreign body removal surgery, providing a reference for clinical application.
文章引用:田峰, 张富贵. 功能性内镜及上颌窦前壁开窗在上颌窦异物取出术中的应用进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2025, 15(3): 1679-1684. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2025.153791

1. 引言

上颌窦是位于上颌骨内的鼻窦之一,为内含气体的空腔。上颌窦前壁上界为眶下缘,下界移行于牙槽突,表面标志有眶下孔和尖牙窝;后壁为颞下面;上壁为眶面,构成眶下壁的大部;内壁为鼻面,通过上颌裂孔与中鼻道相通。发生颌面部外伤以及行口腔颌面部手术操作时,易因骨质破坏,与外界形成瘘口,导致异物进入上颌窦内部而存留。目前,上颌窦异物60%来自于医疗操作[1],如种植手术后牙种植体移位,拔牙时暴力操作致断根进入上颌窦[2]等。而上颌窦腔空间较大,异物进入后易发生移位,导致自原瘘口探查取出异物难度大。而上颌窦内异物长期残留易引起上颌窦炎、眶底感染、甚至是颅内感染[3],故上颌窦异物应当及时取出。

目前上颌窦内异物取出方式有冲洗法、牙槽窝扩大法、上颌窦前壁开窗法(即尖牙窝开窗术、Caldwell-Luc入路)等;其中上颌窦前壁开窗法应用较为广泛。而随着功能性内镜技术的出现及逐渐成熟,功能性内镜在上颌窦异物取出术中的运用日渐普及。与传统手术方式相比,功能性内镜可帮助定位窦腔内异物,提高手术准确率,缩短手术时间。

因此,本研究拟探讨上颌窦异物取出术中,功能性内镜技术、上颌窦前壁开窗技术及其联合应用的进展,分析其优缺点,为临床工作者在上颌窦异物取出术的方法选择中提供参考。

2. 上颌窦异物

据报道,上颌窦医源性异物中,口腔印模材料、根管充填材料、残根、牙种植体是最常见的口腔牙科手术来源异物[4] (见图1)。由于与外伤来源的异物不同,医源性异物大多无明显急性症状,通常在很长一段时间内未被注意到。长期留存的医源性异物通常在偶然的影像学检查中被发现[5]。经久不去的异物易刺激上颌窦内黏膜等组织,引起鼻窦炎、眼眶蜂窝组织炎甚至颅内感染[6] [7]。因此,当异物进入上颌窦时,应当优先考虑手术取出,从而避免并发症的发生[8]

Figure 1. (a): Implant displacement into the maxillary sinus resulting in a maxillary sinus foreign body; (b): Root fragment displacement into the maxillary sinus resulting in a maxillary sinus foreign body; (c): Dental filling material entering the maxillary sinus resulting in a maxillary sinus foreign body

1. (a):种植体移位进入上颌窦形成上颌窦异物;(b):残根移位进入上颌窦形成上颌窦异物;(c):牙科充填材料进入上颌窦形成上颌窦异物

Huang [9]等根据异物移动与否将上颌窦医源性异物分为三类:① 可移动型,即异物位于上颌窦腔内部,可随体位变化移动;② 固定型A类,即异物位于上颌窦黏膜与骨质之间[10];③ 固定型B类,即异物在上颌窦腔内,但嵌入黏膜无法移动。三类异物需采用不同的取出手法:移动型异物需器械进入上颌窦后将其取出;固定型A类异物在术中需抬起上颌窦黏膜,器械在影像学提示的异物位置探查,取出异物;固定型B类异物在术者探查到异物后,需使用器械将异物自黏膜或骨面上取下,如果直接取下较为困难,则需将其松解后使其变为可移动型异物后,再将异物取出。部分研究指出[11],异物进入上颌窦未及时取出,多会引起上颌窦组织炎症,此时应当同期清除炎症组织,行口内或下鼻道引流,促进上颌窦炎症消退[12]

3. 上颌窦前壁开窗术

上颌窦前壁开窗术,又称尖牙窝开窗术或Caldwell-Luc入路,手术者于上颌尖牙区前庭沟浸润麻醉后,于前庭沟切开,全层翻开黏骨膜瓣,暴露尖牙窝骨质,此即为上颌窦前壁。避开上方眶下神经,使用高速涡轮机或超声骨刀去除上颌窦前壁骨质进入上颌窦。手术结束后,可视情况复位凿开的上颌窦前壁骨质。行前壁开窗后,术者可在直视下探查上颌窦内容物,并自开窗处探查取出异物。在某些情况下,为了扩大直视范围或异物体积较大,术者可向外侧扩展开窗口,但破坏骨质较多,不符合微创理念。本案例介绍在影像学指导下,在异物同样水平稍上方3~5 mm,稍前方3~5 mm,切除上颌窦部分外侧壁约6~8 mm,这样开窗即可直视异物,可以轻易将异物取出(见图2)。上颌窦前壁开窗术的适应症主要为:上颌窦炎性病变、上颌窦囊肿、上颌窦异物等。

上颌窦前壁开窗术优点在于:① 可以使术者直视上颌窦腔,于开窗处探查及取出异物;② 该手术可在局麻下进行,操作简单,时间短,术后反应较轻;③ 术中复位骨盖后,因周围血管丰富,据术后随访,上颌窦前壁或前外侧壁骨质可无明显吸收;④ 相较于牙槽窝扩大法,该术式可保留牙槽骨,避免造成上颌窦瘘,有利于后期牙列修复;⑤ 冲洗法难以取出已经嵌入上颌窦黏膜的异物,开窗法更具优势,且可避免冲洗时发生的感染;⑥ 对于较大的异物,优势更加明显。

然而,该术式仍存在不足之处:① 开窗部位临近眶下神经,术后可能出现面部感觉异常或麻木感;② 开窗术可造成上颌窦区域软组织肿胀和淤血,术区邻近的牙会疼痛或麻木,严重者可能出现牙髓活力消失等;③ 若术中术后预防感染措施不当,复位的骨质可能出现吸收,甚至发生感染,掉落窦腔,造成二次异物。

Figure 2. (a): CBCT cross-sectional view of a case with a foreign body in the maxillary sinus; (b): CBCT localization of the same case with a foreign body in the maxillary sinus; (c): Intraoral localization of the foreign body; (d): Full-thickness elevation of the mucoperiosteum on the lateral wall of the maxillary sinus; (e): Bone window creation on the anterolateral wall of the maxillary sinus

2. (a):上颌窦异物病例CBCT断面;(b):同前上颌窦异物病例CBCT定位;(c):口内定位异物位置;(d):全层翻起上颌窦外侧壁黏骨膜;(e):上颌窦前外侧壁去骨开窗

4. 功能性内镜技术

随着微创外科的发展和科技的进步,功能性内镜技术在寻找位置隐蔽异物的优势突显,因此越来越多的内镜下微创手术逐渐取代了传统的手术方式,逐渐成为取出上颌窦异物的首选方式[13] [14]。由于上颌窦的解剖特征,内镜难以自上壁及下壁入路进入窦腔,故内镜手术入路多为上颌窦内侧壁(即鼻道入路)和前壁(即口内入路) [15]。目前内镜下上颌窦开窗术入路最常用的为以下几种[16]

4.1. 中鼻道入路

上颌窦内壁正常引流通道开口于中鼻道,因此,中鼻道入路上颌窦手术为最先应用的手术方式[17]。手术时,术者在收缩患者鼻腔后,切除钩图,咬除筛泡、扩大上颌窦自然开口,使用多角度内镜进入上颌窦,在内镜辅助下看清并取出异物。该手术方式又称中鼻道上颌窦开窗术(Middle Meatus Antrostomy,简称MMA),优点在于:① 术中术后并发症少,Matti等学者研究发现[18],在内镜下中鼻道开窗入路取出上颌窦内种植体,术后平均随访62个月,未发现明显术中术后并发症;② 该术式操作简单,容易掌握,成功率高。但随着手术的广泛开展,也暴露出该术式的缺陷。缺点在于:因内镜角度有限及上颌窦解剖复杂,使得内镜视野受限,泪前隐窝、齿槽隐窝等位置难以观察。

4.2. 下鼻道入路

下鼻道上颌窦入路即为下鼻道上颌窦开窗术(Inferior Meatus Antrostomy,简称IMA)。该手术入路需避开鼻泪管解剖结构,于下鼻道外侧切开黏骨膜,全层翻瓣,在下鼻道外侧骨壁开窗进入上颌窦内部。优点在于:① 由于下鼻道处无重要血管,因此下鼻道上颌窦开窗术安全性好[19];② 该术式不涉及上颌窦于中鼻道的自然引流口,不影响上颌窦–鼻道正常引流,下鼻道开窗后,可以建立良好的术后引流,有利于术后恢复。缺点在于[20]:① 下鼻道上颌窦开窗也存在过度扩张开窗口易损伤鼻泪管的风险;② 手术操作相对复杂,术中出血较明显,内镜视野不清楚。

临床上,当上颌窦异物无法单纯从中鼻道或下鼻道开窗取出时,常常需要联合中鼻道与下鼻道同时开窗取出异物。此时,内镜可以从两个开窗处进行观察,可以充分扩大手术视野,暴露上颌窦内异物。

4.3. 牙槽窝入路

牙槽窝入路是常见的取出进入上颌窦的牙种植体或上颌牙断根的手术方式。术者自上颌窦瘘口处使用内镜进入上颌窦腔探查取出上颌窦异物,必要时需扩大牙槽窝。优点在于:该手术方式无需辅助切口,手术时间较短,临床效果确切。缺点在于:① 在局麻下手术,相比于鼻内入路,牙槽窝入路手术患者体验更差,患者满意度更低[21];② 上颌窦瘘口可能长期无法愈合,进食流质从鼻腔流出,影响生活质量。

4.4. 上颌窦前壁开窗入路

内镜下上颌窦前壁开窗术,即联合应用功能性内镜技术及上颌窦前壁开窗术。手术于局麻下进行,术者于前庭沟或牙龈缘全层切开黏骨膜,翻瓣,暴露尖牙窝,即上颌窦前壁。使用穿刺套针穿孔,内镜可进入上颌窦后,探查异物所在位置;必要时扩大骨窗,或者使用超声骨刀、高速涡轮机直接截取上颌窦前壁骨质形成新骨窗。强力吸引器或蚊氏钳等器械取出异物。若是使用超声刀,钻针去除骨质,可在取出异物后复位截取下方的上颌窦前壁骨质,固定骨质后缝合创口。对于较小的异物,如牙根等,仅需形成直径1 cm左右的骨窗即可取出异物,此时术后直接缝合创口即可,术后多数患者恢复良好,有文献表明,88%的患者术后骨质及黏膜恢复良好,仅有少数术前即因异物感染致上颌窦炎的患者术后恢复较慢。

内镜联合上颌窦前壁开窗法的报道逐渐增加[22],优点在于:① 手术创伤较小,视野清晰,且在使用超声骨刀截骨还可有效保护软组织和神经,术中术后并发症发生率低;② 不需要损伤牙槽突骨质,有利于牙槽突的远期恢复和牙列修复治疗;③ 操作便捷,更易于口腔科医师操作和熟悉;④ 对于位置在上颌窦前部和下部的异物,如齿槽隐窝,泪前隐窝等,使用内镜联合上颌窦前壁开窗入路相较鼻内入路更易定位并去除[23];⑤ 由于手术入路及创口在口内前庭沟处,鼻道内可无创伤或引流口,患者术后上颌窦鼻内自然引流无影响;⑥ 对于较大异物,优势更加明显。目前已被认为是一种行之有效的上颌窦异物取出法[24]

然而,内镜联合上颌窦前壁开窗术同样也存在与传统Caldwell-Luc手术相同的弊端,如面部肿胀,眶下区感觉异常、术区相关牙的牙髓症状等。

5. 总结

综上所述,上颌窦异物中医源性异物较常见,及时发现并取出异物对于预防异物导致的并发症至关重要[25]。无内镜辅助的情况下,上颌窦前壁开窗术仍可作为常用的上颌窦异物取出术。在有内镜辅助的情况下,上颌窦前壁开窗术视野更清楚,操作更简便,术中术后并发症更少。相信随着内镜技术的不断发展,更小巧、镜头角度范围更大的新式内镜在口腔颌面部疾病诊断和口腔手术中的应用将不断普及。口腔医师将活用内镜技术以提高上颌窦异物等各类口腔手术的效率,减少术后并发症。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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