粪石性阑尾炎临床与病理特征分析
Analysis of Clinical and Pathological Features of Acute Appendicitis with Appendicolith
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2025.153812, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 张大玮*, 王胜强, 李世宽#, 刘 振:青岛大学附属医院急诊外科,山东 青岛;张 静:山东省第二医科大学附属医院影像科,山东 潍坊
关键词: 急性阑尾炎阑尾粪石计算机断层扫描回顾性研究Acute Appendicitis Appendicolith Computed Tomography Retrospective Studies
摘要: 目的:阑尾粪石(appendicolith)是急性阑尾炎的重要病因之一。目前,关于阑尾粪石与复杂性阑尾炎(complicated appendicitis)的关系尚无共识,对于合并阑尾粪石的阑尾炎治疗意见也存在分歧。本研究旨在确定阑尾粪石在急性复杂性阑尾炎中的意义,并评估与复杂性阑尾炎相关的阑尾粪石的特征和计算机断层扫描(computed tomography, CT)征象。方法:对2016年1月至2023年10月期间在青岛大学附属医院接受急性阑尾炎手术治疗的患者进行回顾性分析。根据CT检查结果、术中观察和术后组织病理学结果,将急性阑尾炎分为有阑尾粪石和无阑尾粪石两组,对两组患者的临床资料进行分析和比较。在有阑尾粪石组内,根据病理学发现进行进一步的亚组分析,比较阑尾粪石的位置、大小和数量,以及阑尾的长度、直径和CT特征。结果:在331例急性阑尾炎患者中,179例存在阑尾粪石,其中106例为复杂性阑尾炎,73例为非复杂性阑尾炎(uncomplicated appendicitis)。在152例不含阑尾粪石的患者中,44例为复杂性阑尾炎,108例为非复杂性阑尾炎。阑尾粪石与复杂性阑尾炎独立相关(比值比OR = 1.88, 95%置信区间(95% confidence interval, 95% CI): 1.04~3.40, P = 0.036)。在合并阑尾粪石的阑尾炎患者中,三个因素与复杂性阑尾炎独立相关,分别为:阑尾直径增大(OR = 1.20; 95% CI: 1.03~1.40)、中重度脂肪条束征(fat stranding) (OR = 17.61; 95% CI: 3.19~97.33)和阑尾周围气体影(OR = 9.78; 95% CI: 1.17~81.46)。结论:阑尾粪石与急性复杂性阑尾炎密切相关。阑尾直径、CT检查中的中重度脂肪条束征和阑尾周围气体影是识别合并阑尾粪石的急性阑尾炎中复杂性阑尾炎的重要指标。
Abstract: Purpose: Appendicoliths are one of the important causes of acute appendicitis. Currently, there is no consensus on the relationship between appendicoliths and complicated appendicitis, and opinions on the treatment of appendicolith-associated appendicitis vary. This study aims to determine the significance of appendicolith in acute complicated appendicitis and assess the characteristics of appendicoliths and computed tomography (CT) features associated with complicated appendicitis. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on patients who underwent surgical treatment for acute appendicitis at the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University from January 2016 to October 2023. Acute appendicitis was classified into two groups with and without appendicolith based on CT findings, intraoperative observations, and postoperative pathology. The clinical data of the two groups were analyzed and compared. Further subgroup analysis was performed within the appendicolith group based on pathological findings, comparing the location, size, and number of appendicoliths, as well as the length, diameter, and CT features of the appendix. Results: Among 331 patients with acute appendicitis, 179 had appendicolith, of which 106 were complicated appendicitis and 73 were uncomplicated appendicitis. Among 152 patients without appendicolith, 44 had complicated appendicitis and 108 had uncomplicated appendicitis. Appendicoliths were independently associated with complicated appendicitis (OR = 1.88, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.04~3.40, P = 0.036). In patients with appendicolith appendicitis, three factors were independently associated with complicated appendicitis: increased appendiceal diameter (OR = 1.20; 95% CI: 1.03~1.40), moderate-severe fat stranding (OR = 17.61; 95% CI: 3.19~97.33), and periappendiceal air (OR = 9.78; 95% CI: 1.17~81.46). Conclusion: Appendiceal appendicoliths are closely related to acute complicated appendicitis. The diameter of the appendix and moderate-severe fat stranding and periappendiceal air on CT are significant indicators for identifying complicated appendicitis in acute appendicitis with appendicolith.
文章引用:张大玮, 王胜强, 李世宽, 刘振, 张静. 粪石性阑尾炎临床与病理特征分析[J]. 临床医学进展, 2025, 15(3): 1839-1851. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2025.153812

1. 引言

急性阑尾炎是最常见的外科急症之一,年发病率为每10万人96.5~100人[1]。阑尾腔内梗阻[1]是阑尾炎最常见的病因之一,包括阑尾粪石梗阻[2]、淋巴滤泡增生[3]、寄生虫感染,以及较少见的阑尾或回盲部肿瘤。随着年龄的增长,淋巴滤泡会萎缩,因此淋巴滤泡增生在儿童中更为常见,而阑尾粪石梗阻在成年人中更为普遍。

阑尾粪石是指在影像学检查中观察到的阑尾内钙化物质。研究表明,约3%~4%的无症状患者在CT检查中偶然发现阑尾粪石。粘稠的粪便更容易形成阑尾粪石,而粪便中水分含量越高,阑尾粪石形成越少。饮食中的纤维含量是决定粪便水分含量和黏稠度的主要因素。一些研究者认为,发达国家较高的肥胖率和低纤维饮食与阑尾粪石形成有关。在低纤维饮食的人群中,阑尾粪石发展更快。高纤维饮食可加快粪便排泄时间,降低粪便黏稠度,抑制阑尾粪石形成[4]。一旦形成阑尾粪石,它可能会逐渐增大,随着物质不断进入阑尾腔内并粘附于粪石。原本微不足道的阑尾粪石的扩张最终可能会阻塞腔内通道,导致急性阑尾炎[2]。约20%~40%的急性阑尾炎患者在CT检查中发现阑尾粪石[2] [3] [5]

根据大体和显微镜检查结果,阑尾炎可分为急性腔内炎症、急性黏膜/黏膜下炎症、化脓性阑尾炎/阑尾蜂窝织炎、坏疽性阑尾炎、穿孔性阑尾炎和阑尾周围脓肿[1] [6]。临床上,阑尾炎根据阑尾是否穿孔或有穿孔风险,分为非复杂性和复杂性阑尾炎。非复杂性阑尾炎包括急性腔内炎症、急性黏膜/黏膜下炎症和化脓性阑尾炎。复杂性阑尾炎包括坏疽性阑尾炎、穿孔性阑尾炎和阑尾周围脓肿[1] [6]。手术切除是阑尾炎的传统治疗方法,尤其是保守治疗失败或怀疑存在坏疽或穿孔时。然而,抗生素治疗的非手术管理(nonoperative management, NOM)最近已成为非复杂性阑尾炎的替代治疗策略(即无坏疽或穿孔的情况) [7]。美国创伤外科协会、英国国家卫生医疗质量标准署(NICE)、世界急诊外科学会、美国外科医师协会等国际上大多数指南肯定了单纯应用抗生素治疗的可行性[8]-[10]。然而,对于合并阑尾粪石的非复杂性阑尾炎的治疗仍存在争议。

合并阑尾粪石的阑尾炎通常被认为与复杂性阑尾炎相关[3] [11]-[14]。阑尾粪石被视为非复杂性病例中非手术管理失败或复发的因素[15]-[18]。然而,对于许多个体而言,阑尾粪石是偶然发现的,在没有阑尾炎的患者中,CT和尸检中发现的比例各不相同(3%~25%) [5] [19] [20]。阑尾粪石是一个偶然发现,并不总是急性(未穿孔)阑尾炎或坏疽(穿孔)阑尾炎的主要原因[20]。尽管已有大量关于阑尾粪石的研究,但阑尾粪石变异性显著,对其特征的研究仍然有限。本研究比较了阑尾粪石组和无阑尾粪石组的患者的临床表现、实验室检查和组织病理学分类。进一步在阑尾粪石组内比较复杂性和非复杂性阑尾炎的特征,分析阑尾粪石在急性阑尾炎患者病情发展演变中的规律,以指导临床诊治。

2. 材料与方法

2.1. 研究设计和病例选择

本研究对2016年1月至2023年12月期间在青岛大学附属医院接受阑尾切除术的506例阑尾炎患者的临床和影像学数据进行了回顾性分析。图1展示了患者入组详情的流程图。本研究经本机构伦理委员会批准,由于研究为回顾性性质,豁免了知情同意。患者入组标准如下:1) 年龄 > 18岁;2) 经CT确诊并接受手术的阑尾炎患者;3) 资料完整(术前腹部CT、手术记录、病理等)。患者排除标准:1) 阑尾肿瘤;2) 未手术的阑尾周围脓肿患者;3) 慢性阑尾炎;4) 妊娠期阑尾炎;5) 临床资料不完整。

2.2. 临床特征、图像采集和CT定义

从电子病历中收集人口统计学资料、住院时长、症状体征、实验室数据、Alvarado评分以及手术和病理结果。

选取64排CT机(IQ on Spectral, Philips或Discovery CT750, GE Medical Systems等本中心CT扫描仪)进行扫描,所有患者均采取仰卧位,扫描范围为膈顶至髂前上棘平面。层间距为5 mm,管电流200~260 mA,管电压120 kV,矩阵512 × 512。

两名具有6年和10年经验的资深急诊普外科医师独立审阅所有患者的CT扫描,意见不一致时通过协商达成共识。CT征象包括阑尾/阑尾周围特征和阑尾粪石特征。阑尾/阑尾周围特征包括阑尾直径、阑尾长度、脂肪条束征、阑尾周围气体影、阑尾周围液体和小肠扩张。阑尾粪石特征包括阑尾粪石的数量、位置和最大直径。每项CT发现和测量的定义详见表1 [21]

Figure 1. Flowchart of the patients

1. 患者流程图

Table 1. CT findings and definition of measurements

1. CT表现和测量的定义

CT表现

定义

阑尾粪石

位于阑尾腔内或阑尾周围液体的直径 > 2毫米的高密度灶

脂肪条束征

阑尾周围脂肪组织密度增高,根据密度变化可分为:轻度(仅可察觉,厚度1~2毫米);中度到重度(明显的脂肪密度改变)

腔外积液

阑尾周围未被包裹的液体,根据液体范围可分为:微量阑尾周围液体(<5毫米);少量阑尾周围液体(5~20毫米);大量阑尾周围液体(>20毫米)

阑尾周围气体影

阑尾壁外呈现的黑色气泡影

小肠扩张

小肠管径大于2.5厘米

2.3. 定义

阑尾粪石的存在通过以下三种方法中的至少一种确定:术前CT扫描、术中识别或组织病理学报告。复杂性阑尾炎定义为伴有穿孔、坏疽和/或阑尾周围脓肿形成的阑尾炎。

2.4. 统计分析

采用描述性统计方法分析定性和定量数据。分类变量以数量或百分比表示,连续数据根据其正态或偏态分布分别以均值(标准差)或中位数(范围)报告。

采用推断统计方法比较两组之间的差异(无阑尾粪石患者vs有阑尾粪石患者,复杂性阑尾炎vs非复杂性阑尾炎)。分类变量使用Pearson卡方检验或Fisher精确检验,连续变量则分别采用独立样本t检验或Mann-Whitney U检验。进行了单变量和多变量分析,逻辑回归用于确定独立预测因子的比值比。

所有分析均使用IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows 26.0版本进行,并以p值小于0.05为统计学显著性标准。

3. 结果

本研究共纳入331名患者,分为有阑尾粪石组(n = 179)和无阑尾粪石组(n = 152),分析重点在于识别与阑尾粪石及复杂性阑尾炎相关的因素。CT特征的详细情况见表1,并在图2~7中展示。

Figure 2. Extraluminal appendicolith and fluid. Axial CT images of a 19-year-old woman presenting with right lower quadrant pain for 2 days, elevated white blood cell counts (22,100 cells/mm3) and neutrophilia (85.1%) show an enlarged appendix with periappendiceal appendicolith (arrow) and large periappendiceal fluid (asterisk). Perforated appendicitis was confirmed at surgery and histopathology

2. 腔外阑尾粪石及液体。一名19岁女性患者,因右下腹痛2天就诊,白细胞计数升高(22,100 cells/mm3)且中性粒细胞增多(85.1%),轴位CT图像显示阑尾增粗,阑尾周围有阑尾粪石(箭头)及大量阑尾周围液体(星号)。手术及组织病理学证实为穿孔性阑尾炎

Figure 3. Periappendiceal air and extraluminal fluid. Axial CT images of a 28-year-old woman presenting with right lower quadrant pain for 3 days, elevated white blood cell counts (9670 cells/mm3) and neutrophilia (88.2%) show an extraluminal air bubbles (arrow) mixed with fluid (asterisk) around the appendicolith. Perforated appendicitis was confirmed at surgery and histopathology

3. 阑尾周围气体及腔外液体。一名28岁女性患者,因右下腹痛3天就诊,白细胞计数升高(9670 cells/mm3)且中性粒细胞增多(88.2%),轴位CT图像显示阑尾粪石周围混杂有气体影(箭头)及液体(星号)。手术及组织病理学证实为穿孔性阑尾炎

Figure 4. Periappendiceal abscess. Axial CT images of an 85-year-old woman presenting with right lower quadrant pain for 1 month show periappendiceal abscess and extraluminal appendicolith inside the fluid collection (arrow)

4. 阑尾周围脓肿。一名85岁女性患者,因右下腹痛1个月就诊,轴位CT图像显示阑尾周围脓肿及液体积聚内的腔外阑尾粪石(箭头)

Figure 5. Moderate-severe fat stranding. Axial CT images of a 54-year-old man presenting with migration of right lower quadrant pain for 24 h, elevated white blood cell counts (13,760 cells/mm3) and neutrophilia (88%) show an enlarged appendix with appendicolith (arrow) and moderate-severe fat stranding (asterisk). Perforated appendicitis was confirmed at surgery and histopathology

5. 中度至重度脂肪条束征。一名54岁男性患者,因转移性右下腹痛24小时就诊,白细胞计数升高(13,760 cells/mm3)且中性粒细胞增多(88%),轴位CT图像显示阑尾增粗伴有阑尾粪石(箭头)及中度至重度脂肪条束征(星号)。手术及组织病理学证实为穿孔性阑尾炎

Figure 6. Obstructive appendicolith. Axial CT images of a 33-year-old woman presenting with migration of right lower quadrant pain for 11 h, show an obstructive appendicolith in the proximal of appendix (arrow). Suppurative appendicitis was confirmed at surgery and histopathology

6. 梗阻性阑尾粪石。一名33岁女性患者,因转移性右下腹痛11小时就诊,轴位CT图像显示阑尾根部有梗阻性阑尾粪石(箭头)。手术及组织病理学证实为化脓性阑尾炎

Figure 7. Complicated appendicitis. Axial CT images of a 36-year-old woman presenting with right lower quadrant pain for 4 days, elevated white blood cell counts (8580 cells/mm3) and neutrophilia (86.2%) show a dilated appendix with hyperattenuating foci located inside the appendiceal lumen (arrow) and moderate-to-severe periappendiceal fat stranding(asterisk). Perforated appendicitis was confirmed at surgery and histopathology

7. 复杂性阑尾炎。一名36岁女性患者,因右下腹痛4天就诊,白细胞计数升高(8580 cells/mm3)且中性粒细胞增多(86.2%),轴位CT图像显示阑尾扩张,阑尾腔内有高密度灶(箭头)及中度至重度阑尾周围脂肪条带(星号)。手术及组织病理学证实为穿孔性阑尾炎

在患者临床特征方面,阑尾粪石组和无阑尾粪石组的患者在年龄、性别、BMI、症状持续时间、住院天数、术后住院时间及手术方式上无统计学显著差异(表2)。

Table 2. Comparison of the clinical features of acute appendicitis with and without appendicoliths

2. 粪石与非粪石性阑尾炎临床特征对比

临床特征

总数

(n = 331)

非粪石性阑尾炎

(n = 152)

粪石性阑尾炎

(n = 179)

统计值

P

年龄(岁),Mean ± SD

43.93 ± 18.59

45.69 ± 18.90

42.44 ± 18.23

t = 1.59

0.113

性别,n (%)

χ2 = 0.25

0.617

153 (46.22)

68 (44.74)

85 (47.49)

178 (53.78)

84 (55.26)

94 (52.51)

BMI (Kg/m2), Mean ± SD

23.78 ± 3.54

24.05 ± 3.19

23.57 ± 3.80

t = 1.18

0.241

症状体征

转移性右下腹痛,n (%)

157 (47.72)

62 (41.06)

95 (53.37)

χ2 = 4.96

0.026

纳差,n (%)

278 (84.50)

122 (80.79)

156 (87.64)

χ2 = 2.92

0.087

恶心呕吐,n (%)

166 (50.46)

61 (40.40)

105 (58.99)

χ2 = 11.30

<0.001

右下腹压痛,n (%)

310 (94.22)

141 (93.38)

169 (94.94)

χ2 = 0.37

0.544

右下腹反跳痛,n (%)

220 (66.87)

95 (62.91)

125 (70.22)

χ2 = 1.97

0.160

体温(℃),Mean ± SD

37.25 ± 1.00

37.23 ± 1.03

37.27 ± 0.98

t = −0.40

0.692

症状持续时间(h),Mean ± SD

2.19 ± 1.88

2.18 ± 1.82

2.20 ± 1.93

t = −0.09

0.928

实验室检查(Mean ± SD)

白细胞计数(cells/mm3)

11800 ± 4610

10790 ± 4550

12660 ± 4500

t = −3.75

<0.001

中性粒细胞计数(cells/mm3)

9720 ± 4540

8570 ± 4520

10710 ± 4330

t = −4.39

<0.001

淋巴细胞计数(cells/mm3)

1410 ± 1020

1520 ± 1050

1320 ± 990

t = 1.80

0.073

中性粒细胞百分比(%)

80.34 ± 11.90

76.96 ± 13.68

83.21 ± 9.26

t = −4.78

<0.001

血红蛋白(g/L)

133.35 ± 15.99

134.25 ± 13.66

132.59 ± 17.73

t = 0.96

0.336

血小板(109/L)

222.77 ± 67.83

223.17 ± 73.49

222.44 ± 62.83

t = 0.10

0.923

降钙素原(ng/ml)

5.65 ± 11.09

6.24 ± 13.94

5.15 ± 7.93

t = 0.89

0.374

C-反应蛋白(mg/L)

59.49 ± 68.88

51.23 ± 60.44

66.50 ± 74.76

t = −2.05

0.041

碱性磷酸酶(U/L)

63.96 ± 22.37

64.81 ± 20.62

63.23 ± 23.79

t = 0.64

0.525

天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(U/L)

22.94 ± 13.04

24.49 ± 15.96

21.62 ± 9.76

t = 2.00

0.046

丙氨酸氨基转移酶(U/L)

24.67 ± 19.84

26.33 ± 25.33

23.26 ± 13.46

t = 1.41

0.160

总胆红素(μmol/L)

64.25 ± 717.45

23.01 ± 15.85

99.28 ± 975.38

t = −0.96

0.336

血钠(mmol/L)

139.61 ± 8.11

140.67 ± 2.85

138.71 ± 10.65

t = 2.20

0.028

血钾(mmol/L)

4.50 ± 7.45

4.07 ± 0.40

4.87 ± 10.13

t = −0.97

0.335

血氯(mmol/L)

103.73 ± 8.51

104.11 ± 8.89

103.41 ± 8.18

t = 0.74

0.458

白蛋白(g/L)

41.65 ± 7.47

42.51 ± 6.51

40.93 ± 8.14

t = 1.97

0.050

D-二聚体(ng/ml)

771.29 ± 1228.86

816.39 ± 1592.78

732.99 ± 802.65

t = 0.61

0.539

C-反应蛋白/白蛋白

1.70 ± 2.26

1.42 ± 2.05

1.94 ± 2.41

t = −2.10

0.037

NLR

10.76 ± 9.51

9.31 ± 10.29

11.98 ± 8.62

t = −2.57

0.011

Alvarado评分,Mean ± SD

6.69 ± 2.18

6.14 ± 2.13

7.16 ± 2.12

t = −4.31

<0.001

住院天数(days),Mean ± SD

4.63 ± 4.01

4.51 ± 3.98

4.73 ± 4.05

t = −0.51

0.610

术后住院天数(days),Mean ± SD

4.23 ± 3.91

3.90 ± 3.73

4.51 ± 4.05

t = −1.41

0.159

病理,n (%)

χ2 = 30.39

<0.001

非复杂性阑尾炎

181 (54.68)

108 (71.05)

73 (40.78)

复杂性阑尾炎

150 (45.32)

44 (28.95)

106 (59.22)

手术方式,n (%)

χ2 = 3.15

0.208

腹腔镜

209 (63.53)

103 (68.67)

106 (59.22)

开腹

79 (24.01)

31 (20.67)

48 (26.82)

腹腔镜转开腹

41 (12.46)

16 (10.67)

25 (13.97)

注:t:t检验,χ2:卡方检验,SD:标准差,BMI:身高体重指数,NLR:中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值。

转移性右下腹痛在阑尾粪石组中显著多于无阑尾粪石组的患者(53.37% vs 41.06%, χ2 = 4.96, P = 0.026)。阑尾粪石组的患者出现恶心和呕吐的频率较高(58.99%)相比于无阑尾粪石的患者(40.40%) (χ2 = 11.30, P < 0.001)。在实验室检查中,阑尾粪石组的患者白细胞计数(12.66 ± 4.50 vs. 10.79 ± 4.55, P < 0.001)和中性粒细胞计数(10.71 ± 4.33 vs. 8.57 ± 4.52, P < 0.001)均较高。C反应蛋白(CRP)水平在阑尾粪石组的患者中较低(21.62 ± 9.76 vs. 24.49 ± 15.96, P = 0.046)。谷草转氨酶(AST)水平在阑尾粪石组的患者中较高(284.28 ± 96.31 vs. 263.49 ± 87.17, P = 0.045)。血清钠离子水平在阑尾粪石组的患者中较低(138.71 ± 10.65 vs. 140.67 ± 2.85, P = 0.028)。CRP/白蛋白比值(CRP/Albumin)和中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值(NLR)在阑尾粪石组的患者中较高(分别为P = 0.037、P = 0.011)。在病理方面,复杂性阑尾炎在阑尾粪石组的患者中显著更为常见(59.22% vs 28.95%, χ2 = 30.39, P < 0.001)。

因为白细胞计数、中性粒细胞计数、中性粒细胞百分比、NLR、Alvarado评分等因素存在共线性,为主观性评价指标,我们在多因素Logistic回归分析中剔除了白细胞计数、中性粒细胞计数、NLR、Alvarado评分这4个变量。最终表3发现4个独立因素与阑尾粪石相关,包括恶心或呕吐(OR = 1.71, 95% CI: 1.03~2.83, P = 0.037)、较低的钠离子水平(OR = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.84~0.99, P = 0.041)、复杂性阑尾炎(OR = 1.88, 95% CI: 1.04~3.40, P = 0.036)以及较高的中性粒细胞比例(NEU%) (OR = 1.03, 95% CI: 1.01~1.05, P = 0.031)。

Table 3. Univariable and multivariable Logistic regression analysis of acute appendicitis with appendicoliths

3. 粪石性阑尾炎临床特征的单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析

临床特征

单因素分析

多因素分析

β

S.E.

Z

P

OR (95% CI)

β

S.E.

Z

P

OR (95% CI)

转移性右下腹痛

0.50

0.22

2.22

0.026

1.64 (1.06~2.55)

0.42

0.26

1.63

0.102

1.52 (0.92~2.51)

恶心呕吐

0.75

0.23

3.34

<0.001

2.12 (1.36~3.30)

0.54

0.26

2.08

0.037

1.71 (1.03~2.83)

血钠

−0.13

0.04

−3.35

<0.0001

0.88 (0.81~0.95)

−0.09

0.04

−2.04

0.041

0.91 (0.84~0.99)

天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶

−0.02

0.01

−1.89

0.059

0.98 (0.96~1.00)

−0.02

0.01

−1.43

0.153

0.98 (0.96~1.01)

病理

非复杂性阑尾炎

1.00 (Reference)

1.00 (Reference)

复杂性阑尾炎

1.27

0.23

5.41

<0.001

3.56 (2.25~5.65)

0.63

0.30

2.09

0.036

1.88 (1.04~3.40)

C-反应蛋白/白蛋白

0.11

0.05

2.03

0.042

1.11 (1.01~1.23)

−0.07

0.06

−1.10

0.271

0.93 (0.82~1.06)

中性粒细胞百分比

0.05

0.01

4.57

<0.001

1.05 (1.03~1.07)

0.03

0.01

2.16

0.031

1.03 (1.01~1.05)

注:OR:比值比,CI:置信区间。

表4揭示了阑尾粪石组患者中与复杂性阑尾炎相关的三个独立危险因素,包括阑尾直径(OR = 1.20; 95% CI: 1.03~1.40)、中度至重度脂肪条束征(OR = 17.61; 95% CI: 3.19~97.33)以及阑尾周围气体影(OR = 9.78; 95% CI: 1.17~81.46)。

Table 4. Univariable and multivariable Logistic regression analysis of CT signs associated with complicated appendicitis between patients of acute appendicitis with appendicoliths

4. 粪石性阑尾炎患者中与复杂性阑尾炎相关CT征象的单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析

CT征象

单因素分析

多因素分析

β

S.E

Z

P

OR (95% CI)

β

S.E

Z

P

OR (95% CI)

阑尾直径

0.25

0.07

3.52

<0.001

1.28 (1.12~1.47)

0.18

0.08

2.33

0.020

1.20 (1.03~1.40)

阑尾长度

0.20

0.12

1.73

0.083

1.22 (0.97~1.53)

阑尾粪石直径

0.13

0.05

2.51

0.012

1.14 (1.03~1.27)

0.05

0.07

0.75

0.455

1.05 (0.92~1.20)

粪石位置

根部

1.00

中部

0.17

0.46

0.36

0.721

1.18 (0.48~2.93)

远端

0.73

0.65

1.13

0.259

2.08 (0.58~7.46)

粪石数目

单发

1.00

多发

−0.29

0.47

−0.62

0.537

0.75 (0.30~1.87)

泥沙样

−0.45

0.55

−0.83

0.406

0.63 (0.22~1.86)

脂肪条束征

1.00

1.00

轻度

1.88

0.80

2.35

0.019

6.53 (1.36~31.36)

1.52

0.82

1.87

0.062

4.59 (0.93~22.70)

中重度

3.63

0.85

4.28

<0.001

37.62 (7.13~198.42)

2.87

0.87

3.29

0.001

17.61 (3.19~97.33)

腔外积液

1.00

微量

1.09

0.52

2.09

0.036

2.99 (1.07~8.33)

−0.31

0.68

−0.45

0.651

0.74 (0.20~2.78)

少量

2.69

0.76

3.53

<0.001

14.72 (3.31~65.41)

0.82

0.88

0.93

0.353

2.26 (0.40~12.65)

大量

3.19

1.04

3.06

0.002

24.32 (3.15~187.88)

1.93

1.12

1.73

0.084

6.90 (0.77~61.82)

阑尾周围气体影

2.89

1.04

2.76

0.006

17.94 (2.32~138.96)

2.28

1.08

2.11

0.035

9.78 (1.17~81.46)

小肠扩张

1.70

1.09

1.57

0.117

5.49 (0.65~46.08)

注:OR:比值比,CI:置信区间。

4. 讨论

先前的研究表明,约20%~40%的急性阑尾炎患者在CT扫描中发现阑尾粪石[2] [3] [5]。在本研究中,331例急性阑尾炎患者中有179例存在阑尾粪石,阑尾粪石相关阑尾炎的比例为54%,高于先前的研究。我们分析,本研究中阑尾粪石的诊断包括影像数据、术中发现和术后病理结果,因此检测率较高。另外,这可能与大多数阑尾炎病例为急诊入院有关,患者表现出更严重的病情和更长的症状持续时间。此外,本研究仅纳入了接受手术的患者,这可能也反映了外科医生主观上认为阑尾粪石的存在需要手术干预。

大多数研究发现,伴有阑尾粪石的阑尾炎表现出更严重的临床症状、更高的阑尾穿孔率和更严重的病理发现,且更倾向于复杂性阑尾炎[13] [18] [21] [22]。本研究发现,有阑尾粪石的患者中复杂性阑尾炎的发生率约为无阑尾粪石患者的两倍,且病理发现更为严重(P < 0.001),这一结果与Kaewlai等人的研究结果相似[23]

多因素Logistic回归分析确定了几项与阑尾粪石存在显著相关的因素。恶心和呕吐、较低的钠水平、复杂性阑尾炎以及较高的中性粒细胞比例都是显著的独立预测因子。这些症状,加上中性粒细胞计数的升高和复杂性阑尾炎的存在,表明伴有阑尾粪石的患者可能具有更强的炎症反应和更严重的临床表现。较低的钠水平也与阑尾粪石相关,可能与呕吐引起的电解质紊乱有关,其临床相关性仍需进一步研究。这些临床体征的高发率强调了在这些患者中需要提高临床怀疑度,并可能需要更积极的管理策略。

对于许多个体而言,阑尾粪石是偶然发现的[5] [19] [20]。先前的报告显示,在组织学确认的非复杂性阑尾炎中,阑尾粪石的患病率范围为13.8%~44.0% [17] [21] [23]。本研究发现,在181例非复杂性阑尾炎患者中有73例(40.3%)存在阑尾粪石,类似于先前的研究。非复杂性阑尾炎中阑尾粪石的检测率并不低,这凸显了识别伴有阑尾粪石的阑尾炎临床严重性的必要性。

因此,我们在阑尾粪石组内比较了复杂性和非复杂性阑尾炎患者的阑尾特征、阑尾粪石及某些CT特征。在有阑尾粪石的患者中,若干因素与复杂性阑尾炎相关。阑尾直径增大、中度至重度脂肪条束征以及阑尾周围气体影均为复杂性阑尾炎的独立预测因子。这些风险因素的存在应促使临床医生考虑早期手术干预以预防并发症。

阑尾直径是评估阑尾炎的重要方法,直径超过6~7毫米通常提示阑尾炎。阑尾炎导致阑尾管腔扩张,阑尾壁显著充血和水肿,因此阑尾炎的严重程度与阑尾直径相关。在一项对81例接受非手术治疗的急性非复杂性阑尾炎患者的回顾性研究中[15],经人口统计学、合并症、入院生命体征和入院实验室值调整后的Logistic回归模型显示,阑尾直径为13 mm或更大的患者单独使用抗生素治疗失败的可能性更高(OR值为17.55, 95% CI: 1.30~237.28)。在我们的研究中,阑尾直径增大是有阑尾粪石患者复杂性阑尾炎的独立风险因素(OR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.03~1.40, P = 0.02),阑尾直径的cut off值为13.1毫米,与之前的研究一致。

然而,仅凭阑尾直径无法确定阑尾炎的严重程度。当阑尾穿孔时,腔内压力急剧下降,导致分泌物溢出,可能会使阑尾直径变细。阑尾周围气体是阑尾穿孔的常见CT表现,也是一个重要的独立危险因素。另外,在我们的研究中,中度至重度脂肪条束征是识别复杂性阑尾炎的独立风险因素,这与其他研究的发现一致[24]

先前的研究表明,阑尾粪石的大小和位置与复杂性阑尾炎相关[13] [25]-[27]。本研究还分析了阑尾粪石的大小、位置和数量,然而并未发现这些因素与复杂性阑尾炎的高风险相关。在多因素Logistic回归分析中,阑尾粪石的位置(近端与远端)与复杂性阑尾炎之间无显著关联,表明其他因素在复杂性阑尾炎的发展中起更关键的作用。尽管阑尾粪石的直径在研究中未发现其意义,但多数研究显示粪石大小仍可能在临床结果中发挥作用,值得进一步研究。

因此,我们发现阑尾粪石的基本特征通常与复杂性阑尾炎无关,提示需要其他CT影像学发现来确定伴有阑尾粪石的阑尾炎的临床严重性。此外,应结合临床表现和实验室检查以排除非复杂性阑尾炎,这将是我们下一步研究的内容。

本研究的发现具有若干重要的临床意义。首先,比较有阑尾粪石和无阑尾粪石阑尾炎的关键临床和实验室预测因子,可以提高诊断准确性并为临床决策提供依据。其次,识别伴有阑尾粪石的患者中与复杂性阑尾炎相关的因素,可以指导管理策略,潜在地促使更早期和更积极的干预以预防阑尾穿孔。

本研究存在若干局限性。首先,本研究设计存在选择偏倚,并且回顾性研究限制了建立因果关系的能力。其次,研究在单一中心进行,单中心研究限制了研究结果的普适性,不同医院的患者人群、诊疗方案和CT扫描参数等都可能存在差异,需要更大规模、多中心的研究来验证研究结果。第三,许多阑尾炎患者由于使用了其他诊断方法,如术前超声或外院CT,或因直接接受手术而被排除在外。这些因素可能影响复杂性阑尾炎和非复杂性阑尾炎患者的比例。第四,混杂因素难以控制。许多因素可能同时影响阑尾炎的严重程度和CT影像学表现,例如患者的年龄、免疫状态、病程进展等,研究难以完全排除这些混杂因素的影响。未来的研究应旨在在更大规模的多中心队列研究中验证这些发现,并进一步探讨阑尾粪石特征与复杂性阑尾炎之间联系的潜在机制,同时应该考虑根据其他病因(如淋巴滤泡增生)对非粪石性阑尾炎进行分层分析,以更清晰地揭示阑尾粪石的独特作用。

5. 结论

本研究发现阑尾粪石与复杂性阑尾炎密切相关,在粪石性阑尾炎患者中,阑尾直径、中重度脂肪条束征和阑尾周围气体影是识别复杂性阑尾炎的重要指标。

声 明

该病例报道已获得病人的知情同意。

NOTES

*第一作者。

#通讯作者。

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