左半结肠癌伴肠梗阻患者支架置入后的短期疗效分析
Analysis of Short-Term Efficacy after Stent Placement in Patients with Left-Sided Colon Cancer Complicated by Intestinal Obstruction
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2025.153815, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 颜 鑫, 肖 逸, 王亚旭*:重庆医科大学第二附属医院胃肠外科,重庆
关键词: 左半结肠癌肠梗阻支架术后并发症Left-Sided Colon Cancer Intestinal Obstruction Stent Postoperative Complications
摘要: 目的:研究左半结肠癌伴肠梗阻患者肠道支架置入后的短期疗效。方法:采用回顾性队列研究方法,纳入重庆医科大学附属第二医院2015-01至2019-08期间确诊收治左半结肠癌伴肠梗阻手术的患者,分析左半结肠癌伴肠梗阻患者置入肠道支架后限期手术的短期疗效,主要终点为术后并发症发生率,次要终点为术中淋巴结清扫数目、肠造口率、术中失血量、术后感染指标、术后住院时间等。结果:共收集111名患者,分别为支架组41例,急诊组70例。两组在术后并发症发生率方面,支架组明显少于急诊组(P < 0.05),且支架组在术后住院时间、术中淋巴结清扫数目、肠造口率、术中失血量、术后感染指标方面同样优于急诊组(P < 0.05)。结论:左半结肠癌伴梗阻患者行支架置入后可及时缓解肠梗阻症状,并可行腹腔镜一期切除吻合,与急诊开腹手术相比,术后并发症发生率明显减少。
Abstract: Objective: To investigate the short-term efficacy of intestinal stent placement in patients with left-sided colon cancer complicated by intestinal obstruction. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted, including patients diagnosed and treated for left-sided colon cancer with intestinal obstruction at The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from January 2015 to August 2019. The short-term outcomes of elective surgery after intestinal stent placement in patients with left-sided colon cancer complicated by intestinal obstruction were analyzed. The primary endpoint was the incidence of postoperative complications, and secondary endpoints included the number of intraoperatively dissected lymph nodes, stoma formation rate, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative infection markers, and postoperative hospital stay. Results: A total of 111 patients were included, comprising 41 cases in the stent group and 70 cases in the emergency surgery group. In terms of the incidence of postoperative complications between the two groups, the stent group demonstrated significantly lower postoperative complication rates compared to the emergency group (P < 0.05). Additionally, the stent group showed advantages over the emergency group in postoperative hospital stay, number of lymph nodes dissected, stoma formation rate, intraoperative blood loss, and postoperative infection markers (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Stent placement in patients with left-sided colon cancer complicated by obstruction effectively alleviates intestinal obstruction symptoms and enables subsequent laparoscopic primary resection and anastomosis. Compared to emergency laparotomy, this approach significantly reduces postoperative complication rates.
文章引用:颜鑫, 肖逸, 王亚旭. 左半结肠癌伴肠梗阻患者支架置入后的短期疗效分析[J]. 临床医学进展, 2025, 15(3): 1865-1872. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2025.153815

1. 引言

结直肠癌(CRC)是第三大最常见的恶性肿瘤,也是癌症相关死亡的第二大原因[1],约占全球每年诊断的所有癌症和癌症相关死亡的10% [2]。据报道,急性肠梗阻是15%至20%的结直肠癌的首要症状[3]。与右结肠相比,左结肠的肠腔相对狭窄,大部分的肠道内容物在此被吸收,所以它通常是在半固态或固态,而且左半结肠的肿瘤性质往往是侵入性的,使它相较于右半结肠更容易发生肠梗阻[4]

被诊断为结肠癌并伴有梗阻的患者通常需要紧急手术来减轻梗阻。然而,与急诊手术相关的术后并发症和死亡率面临重大挑战。此外,许多患者无法进行一期吻合,导致对肠造口术和后续手术的依赖性增加,最终影响了患者的生活质量。对于伴有梗阻的左结肠癌患者,肠道支架的应用相比于传统的急诊手术体现出一些优势。肠道支架可有效缓解梗阻,为手术准备和患者全身状况综合评估提供了宝贵的时间。这种方法还允许考虑其他治疗方案,如从紧急开放手术过渡到微创手术,导致更小的腹部切口等。近年来,结肠支架作为结肠癌急性梗阻患者术前移行治疗,已被证明能有效降低肠造口率、术后疼痛和伤口并发症,具有良好的短期效果[5]

然而,放置肠道支架可能会导致潜在的风险,如穿孔、疼痛、肿瘤细胞脱落和种植转移[6]。我们研究了术前行肠道支架置入的患者手术后的短期疗效。

2. 资料与方法

1、研究对象:本文纳入了重庆医科大学附属第二医院胃肠肛肠外科自2015-01至2019-08期间确诊左半结肠癌伴肠梗阻后行支架置入的患者41例,纳入标准:1) 有腹痛、腹胀、呕吐、肛门停止排气排便等一种或多种症状;2) 无需急诊手术;3) 影像学检查提示左半结肠肿瘤伴梗阻。排除标准:1) 有明显腹膜炎体征,需急诊手术;2) 术前检查为右半结肠肿瘤伴梗阻或直肠肿瘤伴梗阻;3) 因炎症、粘连、肠道外压迫等非肿瘤因素导致的梗阻;4) 术前检查发现远处器官转移。另选取同期行急诊手术的左半结肠癌伴肠梗阻患者共70例。

2、研究方法:患者入院后经体格检查及影像学检查诊断为左半结肠癌伴肠梗阻后,根据患者病情及个人意愿决定是否行急诊手术,如患者病情允许且患者有行肠道支架置入意愿,则由经验丰富的副主任及以上医师行肠镜下肠道支架置入,并根据肿瘤长度选择相应支架(图1~4)。排除因支架置入失败或出现穿孔、出血等并发症行急诊手术(共两例:一例是因为梗阻处肠管粘连成角(术中发现),近端支架太长致肠壁穿孔;一例支架滑脱是因为置入时未放入梗阻近端肠腔内致滑脱)。如支架置入成功,则在患者症状及体征缓解或消失后嘱患者逐步开放饮食,由流质逐步到半流质,且主要为少渣或无渣饮食,同时予以肠外营养支持及缓泻剂同步行肠道准备。期间关注患者营养情况及水电解质变化,7~10天后进行评估是否可行限期腹腔镜手术。手术方式为腹腔镜左半结肠(或乙状结肠)切除术 + 一期吻合,全部病例无造口患者,急诊组患者入院后排除手术禁忌后行开腹探查 + 左半结肠(或乙状结肠)切除术 + 横/降结肠造口术,择期行二期造口还纳术。术前患者及其家属均签署手术知情同意书。

3、观察指标:1) 患者基线特征;2) 主要终点:术后并发症;3) 次要终点:术中清扫淋巴结数目、肠造口率、术中失血量、手术时间、术后住院时间、术后感染指标等。

4、统计学方法:采用SPSS 26.0软件对样品的基本信息进行分析。对于连续变量,如果数据为正态分布且方差齐性,则可采用独立样本t检验(如失血量、术后住院时间、白细胞计数、白细胞计数、降钙素原PCT等)。如果方差不齐,则使用Mann-Whitney U检验(如手术时间和c反应蛋白CRP)。对于分类变量(如造口形成率),采用卡方检验或Fisher精确检验。采用生存分析技术检测两组间3年PFS和3年OS的差异,P < 0.05认为有统计学意义。

3. 结果

两组均成功手术,支架组无中转开腹手术,两组均无围手术期死亡病例。

1) 患者的基线特征:两组患者在年龄、性别上的分布相似(P < 0.05) (表1)。在支架组中,41例患者中有30例(73.2%)的肿瘤位于乙状结肠,而在急诊组,70例患者中有30例(42.9%)的肿瘤位于同一位置。支架组11例(26.8%)出现降结肠肿瘤,急诊组40例(57.1%)出现降结肠肿瘤。此外,支架组中65.9%的患者和急诊组中44.3%的患者被诊断为III期癌症。

Table 1. Baseline characteristics of patients

1. 患者的基线特征

支架组(n = 41)

急诊组(n = 70)

年龄,平均,岁

68

70

性别(%)

25

46

16

24

分期

I

0

0

II

14

39

III

27

31

IV

0

0

肿瘤位置

乙状结肠

30

30

降结肠

11

40

注:两组间无显著性差异。

2) 住院期间术后并发症的发生情况见下表2。111例患者中,23例(20.7%)发生术后并发症:支架组6例(14.6%),急诊组17例(24.3%),两组在总并发症发生率方面,支架组明显少于急诊组(P = 0.012)。最常见的手术并发症为肠梗阻(4.5%)、切口感染(4.5%)和肺炎(6.3%)。其中主要并发症两组间无明显差异(P = 0.315)。

Table 2. Surgical complications

2. 手术并发症

变量

支架组(n = 41)

急诊组(n = 70)

P

总并发症,n (%)

6 (14.6%)

17 (24.3%)

0.012*

胃肠道并发症(n)

肠梗阻

2

3

吻合口瘘

1

0

造口坏死

0

1

腹膜炎

0

1

腹腔脓肿

0

1

一般并发症(n)

出血

0

0

切口感染

1

4

呼吸系统并发症(n)

肺炎

2

5

呼吸衰竭

0

2

心脏并发症(n)

0

0

主要并发症a,n (%)

1

3

0.315

死亡率,n (%)

0

0

再次手术,n (%)

0

0

30天内再住院,n (%)

0

0

注:我们收集了术后30天内的并发症、死亡率、再住院事件。*具有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。a根据Clavien-Dindo系统记录和分类手术并发症。主要并发症包括III级或IV级并发症。

3) 表3为术中及术后短期观察结果。支架组的平均手术时间比急诊组长31.85分钟(224.75分钟vs. 210.9分钟),差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。支架组术中平均失血量为60 ml,明显低于急诊组的78 ml (P = 0.02)。支架组造口率为0%,急诊组造口率为100%,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。支架组的平均术后住院时间为10.2天,比急诊组短5.9天(P < 0.05)。在术后白细胞(WBC)、血清c反应蛋白(CRP)、降钙素原(PCT)等感染指标方面,除术后第5天CRP外,支架组感染指标均低于急诊组(P < 0.05)。

Table 3. Surgical outcomes and short-term results

3. 手术结果和短期结果

变量

支架组(n = 41)

急诊组(n = 70)

P

术中清扫淋巴结数,平均,n

15.45

13.7

0.044

手术时间,平均,min

242.75

210.9

<0.001

失血量,平均,mL

60

78

0.02

造口率,%

0

100

<0.001

术后感染指标,平均

白细胞(WBC),× 109/L

day 1

9.52

12.31

<0.001

day 3

7.82

9.2

0.003

day 5

6.81

8.35

0.002

C反应蛋白(CRP),mg/L

day 1

72.12

97.53

0.001

day 3

73.98

135.25

<0.001

day 5

56.74

75.73

0.058

降钙素原(PCT),ng/mL

day 1

1.38

2.32

<0.001

day 3

1.21

1.74

0.002

day 5

0.53

0.91

0.001

术后住院时间,平均,天

10.2

16.1

<0.001

Figure 1. Initial obstruction site and guidewire placement

1. 初始梗阻部位及导丝置入

Figure 2. Stent expansion

2. 支架展开

Figure 3. Appearance of the stent after tumor resection

3. 肿瘤切除术后支架的形态

Figure 4. Direct Visualization of Stent Expansion in Obstructed Colonic Lumen

4. 直视下支架扩张梗阻肠段形态观察

4. 讨论

在20世纪90年代,首次出现肠道支架的应用,这也是治疗胃肠道急症患者的一个分水岭[7]-[10]。肠道支架有助于缓解患者的梗阻症状,改善他们的身体状况。它们被用于结肠减压、术前肠道准备和术前全身状况评估,最终降低了急诊手术中并发症和死亡的风险[11]-[14]。使患者可以进行微创手术,如腹腔镜手术和一期吻合。

与急诊手术相比,腹腔镜手术具有视野更宽、创伤少、术后疼痛少、恢复速度快等优点,从而降低了术中出血、疼痛、切口感染的风险,同时缩短了术后恢复时间[15]

然而,支架的使用也有一定的风险。研究表明,肿瘤肿块间质压力的增加可导致细胞扩散、细胞脱离和肿瘤栓塞进入淋巴管,有可能影响患者的长期肿瘤预后。虽然一些研究没有发现有支架的患者和无支架患者之间的3年或5年生存率的差异[1],但Meta分析表明,支架作为手术过渡组可能有较高的局部复发率,但结果没有统计学意义(40.5% vs 26.6%, P = 0.09) [16]。此外,对支架的担忧包括穿孔的可能性,因为一些研究报道显示穿孔率较高[6],对此还需更进一步的随访和研究。

内窥镜技术的不断进步和内窥镜医生在肠支架置入术中专业知识的增加,导致了该手术成功率的提高。根据国际指南,自2014年以来,支架植入术一直是缓解转移性疾病患者梗阻的推荐一线治疗方法。最新的指南表明,在有支架植入术专长的中心,支架植入术可以作为根治性手术的桥梁[17]

本研究旨在探讨肠道支架治疗结肠癌合并肠梗阻的益处。该研究比较了置入肠道支架的患者与急诊手术患者的术后短期疗效。结果显示,支架组的短期效果优于急诊组。

这项研究也有一些局限性。首先,这是一个单中心的回顾性研究,可能导致区域或机构的选择偏倚。其次,由于样本量较小,可能会影响到预期的结果。第三,本研究使用了不同类型的支架,决定放置支架是基于个别特定标准。此外,本研究仅纳入了可根治性切除的肿瘤患者,排除了术前发现有远处器官转移的患者,这可能影响了支架使用的整体评估。

5. 总结

综上所述,肠支架植入术是一种安全有效的治疗方法。它具有良好的短期效果,可以成为梗阻性左结肠癌的推荐选择。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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